工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)價譯(檔英文文文)外文：significancecontrolconstructioncostsentireFirst,TheofconstructioncostsmanagesonentireprocessTalkthecontrolonthatfieldaccustomedtoisofaadvanceinfinalaccount.Indeed,rightatpresentreality,whattheofthatthemanagementandtheconstructionisadvanceinfinalaccount.Beintheonthatalreadybeoftheworkingtocalculateprojectamountsapplyamechanically,meterfetchingordesigningtothesheetconstructionafterwellasscenevisaweavesthefinalaccountbeingcompleted.Thisnecessary,useful-1-

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)nodoubt.Butseethataccountspersonnelbudgetthefinalbeingthepaperconstructiontotakeaccordingpictureassothenindonebyfinalpersonnelonlythesecretlyschemingagainstcostproducedbyalterationpreventsupvaluationfromcalculatingboldly.supposeprojectunreasonableonaindecision-making;supposebeoptimumonthetechnology;finalpersonneldonothingforinJoboffinalaccountdoesinadvanceonlyundersystemin,canalreadyproject,canonlybeunderconstructionevidentlyissingle-faceted,insufficient,weoutproceedingsupervisoryonconstructioncostsofbuildingaofourcostofconstructionhaveasfollows:1BenotdecisionintoofconstructioncostsseriouslychargeconstructionThisblowtheuptotalinvestmentforehead0.5%～3%,butthatcanhaveaneffecttoraiseofinvestment.theprojectcarriesoutchoicethatresourcedirect,importanton,benefitofinvestmentefficiencynationalThecountryattachimportanceoninvestmentdecisionstageconstructionstintingbigcapitalofmakingthestudiesonthestageofoutdecisionenergetically,relativelycomparativelyaccurateconstructioncosts,theForalongtime,isthegraveinvestinginswellinginengineeringofourthelimitafeeling-2-

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)constructioncostshigherhigher.causeofisofofbuildingofearlierascertainingconstructiononlythealreadycompletedtoexpertdecision-makersestimatetheprojectconstructioncosts.Becausealotoffactoreffects,the“threesurpass"phenomenoncommon,causeasfollows:(1)factor(2)equipmentinworkingoutaccordingtomarketquotations.(3)constructionunitsbringforwardforadesigncriterion2ofcostsisnotundercontrolofstrictThefaucetinthatprojectconstructioncostsAfterdecisionisbemaderationallythatistheofplantheeconomly.Effectivecostofstrictlyall-roundinEngineeringofcountryputsmovebidding,fairinto,costofconstructiononengineeringtodesignofstandardpartbeinghitthebidunit,oftheadministrationcontrollingonproceedingcountrymajorthatoutthoroughanalysislackonconstructionprojecttechnology,bigmultipletechnologieslightofinbutpresentthatpersonnelisresponsibleonlytodesign,concernedwiththecostsheightnotvery.Optimizeatosuchanextentasnowaytopass,firststepdesigns,roughtotheeffectgeneralofMassanddepthengineeringetc.isalsoinsufficient,inlists,missesnotbyestimatingprojectmomentary,massmakingworkisdifficultthat,havenowaytohaveeffecttocontrolaresultalso.-3-

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)3notadopttheamountsprojectdetailedpricebeingorusedtheroundAdopttheprojectdetailedlistquotedwaybeingintousecommonlyon,isthatcountrycostssystemreformscausetrendreformingtobidsystemininvitationtender.ofcarryingprojectbeingtoeconomyperfectconstructionconstructionfield.Aftertheconstructionisoutallintheeffectisinrespectoftheatimelimitforproject,a,boycottingantendency.ensuredinvitationbidbidder'slawfulrightsinterestsWiththeuninterruptedoriginaltenderstageputsquotapatternintoalreadydoingnot,adoptlistquotedpricebeingputintouseontenderisMinistryofhasprojectlistvaluationmethodprojectlisthasbeeninconstructionprojecttenderjob,personprovidedprojectquantityfrominvitationtobidnationalprojectamounts,quotedprice,havejudgedreasonbiddertryingthelowbidconstructioncostspattern.carryinglistisimportantofitemofcoststhereform,istenderThismethodtochangingoverthat","price"areasdominantstaticapatternprojectamountsindetailedlistnotcompetition,confinedtoonly;BeneficialProjecttoconstructionMaycutlabourcomplicatedoverloadedtheproject;Facilitatethepricejob;Arguedisputebackforthincutting-4-

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)downprojectsettlement;abywithconvention"controlling,,competingforafee'son"deepenthatmainlychangestakingone'splaceonforourcondition.4stagebeingunderconstructioncontrolslacktoconstructioncostsWanthavestrictdesignalterationinthestagebeingGuardthethatworkingdrawinginjointtrialareabletohaveallsortsofproblems,calltoaintheprocessofconstructionhardisstrictoutofconstructiontheavoidingdoingfirst,isthattheavoidingaroughestimateengineeringofconstructionofconstructionplayswithalink.Atsamesharpeningcontractmanages,mutualbenefitofmethod5beingstage'sprojectinefficientlythefinalaccountbeingthatentireconstructioncoststheofmostimportantencircledconstructionworks.Howfinalbeingcompletedcanreflectprojectcostofconstructionhonestly,havealsoreflectedtheabilityissuingcontractofmethodandmethodconstructioncosts,havefinishedaprojectintimethefinalcollect,data,designingthecertificatematerialchangingnotice,includingtheprojectisandsoonbeingThesedatacollectingpayattentiontowhosevaliditywithevidence,designingrelatedifthealterationknowntolevelsbydesignandvisalabelthegoingonpunitivethatpersonnelhavingconstructionsiteinoffirst-5-

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)ourcountryconstructionprojectsarecompletedinthebeingunderconstructionwhenfinaltheperiodofthefinalbeingmethodconstructioncommonlyinthebookbeingcompletedupanaccount,arecontractofindevicesand,aretriflesphenomenonprojectsomeconfirmationhavingonceandengineeringprojectsigmatismconstructioncosts.Aconstructionprojectincludesfollowingfrombrewing,,designingtocompletionthatprojectletterofstage,appraisethe,designstage,underconstruction,checkstageandthequeenbeingcompletedestimatethat.theconstructioncostsascertainingthatconstructionphaseatthestageadapting,severalbeingallottedforfollowing:investmentstudyingintheprojectletterofadviceisstageestimateinthefirstbudgetthattheweavesinworkingdrawing,buildsoftowithworkingdrawingforbasistenderprojectengineeringcontract,isalsothatformascertainswiththecontract;Projectputtingintopracticebeingbecontractingintakespriceasconsiderscostofrisearousedbyinflationofpricesthe,theprojectbeingdifficulttothattobutinstageintotheexampleestimatingAll-incostingintherealitycheckingandacceptingastage,assemblingengineeringprocessmiddleweavesfinalaccountbeingthecostofconstructionconstructionprojecttofacts.thattwo-valence"is,formerthelatterthelattersupplementstheformer.-6-

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)Whatbuildconstructionadministrationcontrol,itoccurrencecontractingtheinstage,stage,constructionintopracticewithconstructioncoststocontrolcostofconstructionquota,thedeviationatanytime,toensureprojectmanagesthe,getfairlygoodbenefitofsocialinanattemptbeingtomaterialfinancialinbuildingaprojectonebySecond,importanceofstageofprojectintheinvestmentprojectofdecision-making,aswellastheofconstructionprojectsproductionprojecthaveadecisiveonconstructionprojectisanimportantstage.costmanagementasadecision-makinginreportshallbeofproject,selecttheconstructionexampleprogramsandtooptimizeconstructionontheofpreparationofhigh-qualityitemsinvestmentthatprojectconstructionsothattherealofthehasplayedtheroleofinvestment.Theofthedecision-makingphaseofprojectthemaina,ofb,choiceofareas;buildingd,projectthee,technologyf,.SuchastheofisathattorawfuelconsumerThisprojectproduction,youcanavoidrawfuels,finishedlong-haulreducedistancebetoreduceflowoftime,speedflowconducivetobusiness.Ifsize,economiesofscale,standardisareasonable-7-

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)ofproductionvolume,productsunderconditions,wasofeconomicphenomena,thatwithofproductionvolume,unitreduction,revenueTherefore,inordertophaseintheprojecteffective,wedogoodjobinfollowingareas:(1)implementationofprojectlegalsystem,theconstructionprojectfromplanningimplementationoftheprocessofuseofresponsibilitiesthesametimeofmechanisms,bythecompetentauthoritiesoftheindustryestablishmentofgrouptouseoffunds.(2)conductandfromtheofthedecision-making,reducelowerinvestment,fullconsiderationtoprojectsincompetitivenessofthemarketsothatmorebookdesignand(3)Capitalfinancialbecommittedbeputinthetheremusttothatprojectsimplementedonscheduleafterofloansbecarefullytominimizetheinterestpressure.(4)Strengtheningofgeology,asasland,water,transport,environmentalprojectstheworkofofsothatsufficientbasistoestimateinvestment.Atsametime,extensiveresearchbeprojects,acomparisonchoiceofafull-scalestudiesevaluation,thefinalizationoftechnologicallyadvanced,constructioninordertorealisticofamountinordertomakeprojectfromthestartinalevel.thephaseofimportanceproject-8-

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)intheisthekeytotheintechnicalimplementationofprojectacomprehensivearrangement,planningconstructionprocess.advanced,rationalcanreduceprojectconstructionsavingstoefficiency.expertanalysis,generallytheofprojectlife-cyclecostof1%,whichthanofprojectcostforofabove75%.ofthegeneralconstructionofforofcostofinthedesignphaseofarchitecturaltheselectionmaterialsbeenintheofpost-implementationphase,theofthecosta(10%less).thatdesignqualityiscrucialtotheprojectTheconstructionthesameunitworkhavedifferenthaveitisthereforemeetunderthepremiseofdoingaofthroughtechnicalefficiencyoftechnologytheapplicationofrationalthatis,theprocessofoptimization.usedthedesignoftheprogram,alsoasvalueofinfunctionalityimproveofpremise,farasinofalloftheapplicationofvalueconstructioninvestmentwillrequirelotoffinancial,material,thusthevalueofengineeringconstructionworksmatureandeffectivemanagementvalueengineeringinaofhavebeenwidelyinIntheengineeringphaseeconomicbetweenofwecancontrolkeyinvestment,managementwithtolotofeconomiccomparison,inreductionofprojectefforts,-9-

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)engineeringCostinthedesignprocessshouldbetimelyanalysisontheofinformationfeedbackdynamicimpacttheinordertoensureeffectivecontrolinvestment.Atdesignstagetoprojectcostonfollowing(1)todesigntheofbiddingoptimizationapproachTheteamofusinginaccordancewithapplicable,economic,principles,wellastechnologicallyadvanced,well-structuredtothebuildingenergysavingenvironmentalrequirements,aassessmentthemeritsofdesign,ofthebestindeterminingtheEstimatesofprogramingeneraltobetheofconstructionoftwobothensureoftheoftechnologicallyprojectDesignshouldstrivetotheirengineeringcare,intheprojectcostmoretheirbrainsintostrivetoputthestageintheofprojectwithintheinvestmentlimits.(2)activelythelimitTheso-calledcapisaccordancewithofbookisthattheguaranteeundertheofthefunctionalrequirements.budgetcontrol,inaccordancewithapprovedforthedesignandofconstructiontheceilingprofessional,hasatargettheprocess,shouldbetheprogramthetothattechnicallyadvancedbutalsothelimitisnotexceededthetargetinordertoputtheofprojecttothefactoroforconsideroftechnicalrathertheofrationalitytoensureeffectivecostcontrol.-10

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(3)theimplementationofofrewardInordertolimitofimplementationintothelimitshouldbesetupsystemdesignedtopunishment.limitthedesigndonewell,controlofinvestmentthereeffectivenessofprojectpersonbeappropriateincentivesanddesigntolimittheoftheoftolimitattentionthecostofficesandthesignificantachievementsofindividuals,shouldbeDonotattachtolimitthedonottaketheinvestment,resultinginthanalimitinvestmentofficesindividualsshouldbegiventoencouragedesignersdeeppotentialeconomictodesigntheofprojectwillbemajorFourththeofthephaseofconstructionproject1,biddingTheimplementationofconstructionisofconstructionprojectstheimplementationphaseofprojectIfwantTodogoodforthefirstshouldmakesurequalificationisclearance,resolutelyputantosuchasallPhenomenondestructionofalldiscipline;shouldtoaccuracyofThird,makethemethodofCalibrationareScientific.whenastandardshouldconcernaboutperiod,companies,considerationswhenweevaluation,thefirststandardassessment,assessment,thisensureopen,fairand2,constructionphaseIntheconstructionphaseconstruction,thegolesbasedprojectbudgetpriceofCivilworksandinstallationworksandcostcontrolofCivilworksandinstallationAttheforsavingshassmall,butit-11

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)likelytotomakeusthemadequateattentiontheofprojectcost.(1)gramcantheperiodofthequalitytheeconomicefficiency.andanalysingtheconstructingprogramfromviewcomparingthethreeindexofcostthroughqualitativeanalysiscantakegoodoffinancialConsequently,goodconstructionmanagementisimportantofall-roundcostmanagement.(2)asoundapprovalIfneedbeweshouldactionfarasinbecausesoonerchange,smallereachdesignthequalityofprojectandthisofIfitbreakthroughthecostestimatesafterthemustbebyreviewoftheshouldsuchdesigntheincreasingprojectcost.(3)strictlywithvisaproceduresofthesiteweprojectmanagementsystemthetheuseofspecializedofprofessionalsfortheproject,thatstaffnoconcerntheeconomicresultingconsequencesasinvestmentisoutofcontrol.ForSeriouslychangesofprocedureswebuildingconstructionamannerthatofthevisa,theoftheeconomyofchangesandtoavoidthedisputestheoffraud.(4)dogoodinthecompletionofaudit-12

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)Clearingreferstoofconstructionenterprisesinaccordancewiththeofcontractbythewithinlandqualityexperience,andaccordancewiththeoutfinalCompletionofprojectauditedsettlementisapprovedinaccordancewiththeconstructionoftheprojectthecompletiontheaverywork,shouldonfollowing:①theaccuracyofprojectcheckofQuantityistheandtheworkprocessoftheofthismustbasedonofprojectplan,ofthe.itstrictlyaccordancewithprovisionstherulesonebyofprojectreviewtopreventofconstructiontoincreasevolumeofinflatedprojectcostinthesettlementonofthe②examinewhethertheadditionalisright.thesub-projectsintheinwithunitprice,checkwhetherthename,specification,contentwithofthevaluationtable;theunitofthefirststepistocheckifthefixedfollowedcheckiftheconversioniscorrect.③iftheforInwiththecostoffixedthecostofpoliciesandregulationsoftheduringFifth,outlookofcostmanagementsystemFromgenerallythecostcontrolofpreparatoryforthecontrolprojectsoncostofconstruction-reviewworkingdrawingsreasonablesettlementCivilprojectandinstallationproject,littlecount,althoughthere,aftertomend",veryInordertocontroleffectively,itisnecessaryforustoshiftedthefocusofcontroltoearlyfirstshoulfthatattachtothisstrengthentheworkofestimatedinvestmentof-13

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)phaseofinantoincreaseofcountoffeasibilitystudy.effectivelyplayoftheconstructionoftotalprojectshouldknowthatbenotonlytoreflectthedesign,ofalsoaffecttheoptimaldesignandroleofofrationaloffunds.Atsametotakedesignestimatesofinvestinprojectdrawingsprice,price,thecompletionoffinalcountingthetwoimplementthemanagementoftheof"pipesectionoftherailwaypolice,"thisneedsofindustrybydeepeningreforms,throughtheoperationofmarketmechanism,wecanprojectcostmanagementsystemwithformationofunified,orderlytoachievethegolesofuseofinvestment,tocontrolcostseffectively,thebestreturnoninvestmentintograduallyestablishaprojectcostmanagementsystemcanthesocialistmarketsystem,alsoadoptthatChina'snationalinwith譯文：工程造價管全過程控制重要性一、工程造價管理全過程控制的必要性談到工程造價的管理和控制我們便習(xí)慣地想到是工程預(yù)決算確實(shí)就目前的體制和現(xiàn)實(shí)而言工程造價的管理和控制工作就是預(yù)決算即預(yù)決算人員根-14

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)據(jù)已經(jīng)確定的施工圖計(jì)算工程量套用定額計(jì)取費(fèi)用或在施工結(jié)束后根據(jù)圖紙和施工組織設(shè)計(jì)以及現(xiàn)場施工簽證記錄等資料編制竣工決算。這固然是必要的，有用的。但我們也要看到，當(dāng)預(yù)決算人員編制施工圖預(yù)算或竣工決算時，建設(shè)方案和設(shè)計(jì)圖紙都已經(jīng)確定了的而施工是以按圖施工為原則那么這時預(yù)決算人員所做的工作只是計(jì)算設(shè)計(jì)變更所產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用變化以及防止高估冒算假如項(xiàng)目在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是不合理的決策存在失誤假如設(shè)計(jì)方案在技術(shù)上不可行或者不是最優(yōu)則預(yù)決算人員無能為力也就是說現(xiàn)行體制下預(yù)決算人員的工作只是事后算帳只能消極地反映已完工程量只能被動地反映設(shè)計(jì)和施工這顯然是片面的，不夠的，我們必須對建設(shè)項(xiàng)目工程造價進(jìn)行全過程監(jiān)控。結(jié)合我國的具體情況，造價管理存在的問題如下：1、不夠重視投資決策階段工程造價的確控投資決策是產(chǎn)生工程造價源頭，這一階段耗資約占總投資額的～3%，但能有效提高項(xiàng)目的投資效益建設(shè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行合理的選擇是對經(jīng)濟(jì)資源進(jìn)行優(yōu)化配置的最直接最重要的手段項(xiàng)目投資效益影響到整個國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的效率和效益發(fā)達(dá)國家對投資決策階段工程造價的確控十分重視不惜花大本錢大力氣進(jìn)行投資決策階段的工程造價研究，作出相對比較準(zhǔn)確的工程造價，進(jìn)行控制。長期以來，我國的工程建設(shè)存在投資膨脹嚴(yán)重的現(xiàn)象，造成工期越拖越長，工程造價越來越高原因是缺乏建設(shè)前期確定工程造價的有效依據(jù)只能依據(jù)專家策者們借鑒已完成的項(xiàng)工程造價進(jìn)行估算又往往因?yàn)橹T多因素影響，三超”現(xiàn)象相當(dāng)普遍，究其原因，主要有：(1)(2)(3)

人為因素造成概算降低。設(shè)備和材料價格的不按市場行情制定。在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過程中，建設(shè)單位提出超過設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的過高要求2、設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價控制不嚴(yán)設(shè)計(jì)階段是建設(shè)項(xiàng)目工程造價控制的龍頭。在投資計(jì)劃得以合理確定以后，進(jìn)入設(shè)計(jì)階段它是把技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)有機(jī)結(jié)合在一起的過程有效控制工程造價要求在施工圖設(shè)計(jì)中嚴(yán)密、全面。當(dāng)前我國的工程設(shè)計(jì)也實(shí)行招投標(biāo)制公平競爭把對設(shè)計(jì)階段有效控制工程造價作為選擇中標(biāo)單位的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一對全過程造價進(jìn)行控制的管理但目-15

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)前我國大部分設(shè)計(jì)單位對工程項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行深入分析不夠設(shè)計(jì)中大多重技術(shù)輕經(jīng)濟(jì)設(shè)計(jì)人員似乎只對設(shè)計(jì)工程的質(zhì)量負(fù)責(zé)對工程造價的高低不太關(guān)心以致無法通過優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方案編制初步設(shè)計(jì)概算起到控制總造價的作用。工程設(shè)計(jì)圖的質(zhì)量和深度等也不夠，工程量清單中的工程量錯算、漏算，也引起暫估項(xiàng)目的增多使招投標(biāo)工作的質(zhì)量難以保證因而也無法有效控制工程造價。3、還未全面采用國際上通用的工程量清單報價方式在招標(biāo)投標(biāo)中采用國際上普遍使用的工程量清單報價方式我國工程造價制度改革和招投標(biāo)制度改革的必然趨勢。在建設(shè)領(lǐng)域推行工程招標(biāo)制度是建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)和完善建筑市場運(yùn)行機(jī)制的重要舉措之一。建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)在我國全面推行后，在縮短建設(shè)工期、確保工程質(zhì)量降低工程造價抵制不正之風(fēng)方面作用明顯也有效地保障了招標(biāo)人和投標(biāo)人的合法權(quán)益隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展原來的招投標(biāo)階段實(shí)行預(yù)算定額計(jì)價模式已不適應(yīng)用國際上普遍使用的工程量清單報價方式進(jìn)行招投標(biāo)是必然趨勢建設(shè)部頒發(fā)了工程量清單計(jì)價方法工程量清單計(jì)價是建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)工作中，由招標(biāo)人按照國家統(tǒng)一的工程量計(jì)算規(guī)則提供工程數(shù)量，由投標(biāo)人自主報價，并經(jīng)評審低價中標(biāo)的工程造價計(jì)價模式。推行工程量清單計(jì)價方法是工程造價深化改革的一項(xiàng)重要措施規(guī)范招投標(biāo)行為的有效措施這種方法有利于改變過去以“量”“價”“費(fèi)”定額為主導(dǎo)的靜態(tài)管理模式使清單中的工程量不進(jìn)入競爭僅限于價格的競爭有利于正確評價企業(yè)實(shí)力有利于保證工程質(zhì)量降低工程造價可減少重復(fù)計(jì)算工程量的繁雜勞動簡化招投標(biāo)報價工作減少工程結(jié)算中扯皮與糾紛逐步與國際上“控制量指導(dǎo)價競爭費(fèi)”的慣例接軌深化工程計(jì)價主要依據(jù)市場變化動態(tài)管理的改革，為我國承包商走向國際市場創(chuàng)造條件。4、施工階段對工程造價控制不夠在施工階段還要嚴(yán)格控制設(shè)計(jì)變更然出于建筑工程的復(fù)雜性難免出現(xiàn)施工圖在會審中或在施工過程中會有這樣那樣的問題，但要求設(shè)計(jì)部門嚴(yán)格把關(guān)，避免先干后變的狀況也是避免工程造價突破概算有效控制工程造價的重耍環(huán)節(jié)。同時加強(qiáng)合同管理，保障發(fā)包方與承包方平等互利。-16

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)5、工程竣工結(jié)算階段的工程造價控制不力建筑工程竣工決算是整個工程造價控制最重要的一環(huán)工決算如何能忠實(shí)地反映整個工程的實(shí)際造價，也反映了發(fā)包方和承包方對工程造價管理的能力，及時辦好工程竣工決算必須收集整理竣工結(jié)算資料包括工程竣工圖設(shè)計(jì)變更通知各種鑒證材料等這些資料的收集和取證還必須注意其有效性如設(shè)計(jì)變更通知書必須由原設(shè)計(jì)單位下達(dá)的有設(shè)計(jì)人員的簽名和相關(guān)印鑒場監(jiān)理的簽證必須有甲方工地負(fù)責(zé)人的簽章并征得設(shè)計(jì)人員的認(rèn)可等國大多數(shù)工程項(xiàng)目在工程竣工決算時施工承包方在竣工決算時施工承包方在竣工結(jié)算書中普遍多算，發(fā)包方千方百計(jì)亂砍一通，扯皮現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，工程結(jié)算一拖再拖，有的一拖就是幾年，大大影響工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的使用和建設(shè)工程造價的確認(rèn)。一個建設(shè)項(xiàng)目從醞釀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)到建成投產(chǎn)包括以下程序即項(xiàng)目建議書階段、可行性評估階段、設(shè)計(jì)階段、施工階段、竣工驗(yàn)收階段以及后評估。相應(yīng)地工程造價的確定與工程建設(shè)階段性工作相適應(yīng)一般分為以下幾個階段在項(xiàng)目建議書和可行性研究階段編制投資估算在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段編制設(shè)計(jì)概算在施工圖設(shè)計(jì)階段編制施工圖預(yù)算對以施工圖預(yù)算為基礎(chǔ)招投標(biāo)的工程承包合同價也是以經(jīng)濟(jì)合同形式確定的建安工程造價工程實(shí)施階段要按承包實(shí)際完成的工程量以合同價為基礎(chǔ)同時考慮物價上漲所引起的造價提高考慮到設(shè)計(jì)中難以預(yù)計(jì)而在實(shí)施階段實(shí)際發(fā)生的工程和費(fèi)用例題確定估算價在竣工驗(yàn)收階段全面匯集在工程建設(shè)過程中實(shí)際花費(fèi)的全部費(fèi)用編制竣工決算如實(shí)體現(xiàn)該建設(shè)工程的實(shí)際造價。"四算兩價"互相關(guān)聯(lián)，前者制約后者，后者補(bǔ)充前者。所謂建設(shè)工程造價的管理與控制就是在投資決策階段設(shè)計(jì)階段建設(shè)項(xiàng)目承包階段和建設(shè)實(shí)施階段把建設(shè)工程造價的發(fā)生控制在批準(zhǔn)的造價限額以內(nèi)，隨時糾正發(fā)生的偏差以保證項(xiàng)目管理目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)以求在各個建設(shè)項(xiàng)目中能合理使用人力、物力、財(cái)力，取得較好的投資效益和社會效益。二、投資決策階段工程造價控制的重要性在建設(shè)項(xiàng)目投資決策階段項(xiàng)目的各項(xiàng)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)決策對建設(shè)工程造價以及項(xiàng)目建成投產(chǎn)后的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益有著決定性的影響是建設(shè)工程造價控制的重要階段。-17

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)作為工程造價管理人員在決策階段應(yīng)編制可行性研究報告對擬建項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)評價選擇技術(shù)上可行經(jīng)濟(jì)上例題的建設(shè)方案并在優(yōu)化建設(shè)方案的基礎(chǔ)上編制高質(zhì)量的項(xiàng)目投資估算使其在項(xiàng)目建設(shè)中真正起到控制項(xiàng)目總投資的作用。決策階段影響工程造價的主要因素有：a、建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水平的確定;b、建設(shè)地區(qū)的選擇;c、建設(shè)地點(diǎn)（廠址）的選擇;d、項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī);e、工藝評選f、設(shè)備選用。如建設(shè)地區(qū)的選擇，有一個基本原則，即靠近原料、燃料和消費(fèi)地的原則。這樣在項(xiàng)目建成投產(chǎn)后，可避免原料、燃料和成品的遠(yuǎn)途運(yùn)輸，減少費(fèi)用，降低成本；可縮短運(yùn)輸距離，減少流通時間，加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)，有利于企業(yè)經(jīng)營。如項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是指產(chǎn)品的合理生產(chǎn)批量一些產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)在一定條件下呈"收益遞增"的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象隨生產(chǎn)批量的擴(kuò)大位成本降低，收益上升。因此為了在投資決策階段做到有效控制工程造價必須做好以下幾方面的工作：(1)

推行建設(shè)項(xiàng)目法人責(zé)任制，將建設(shè)項(xiàng)目從籌建到實(shí)施全過程中的資金使用和償還責(zé)任落實(shí)到人同時建立與項(xiàng)目法人制度相配套的監(jiān)督機(jī)制由行業(yè)主管部門和監(jiān)督部門共同設(shè)立監(jiān)察組，監(jiān)督項(xiàng)目資金的使用情況。(2)

實(shí)事求是地進(jìn)行市場分析，避免項(xiàng)目決策的盲目性，減少和降低投資風(fēng)險充分考慮建設(shè)項(xiàng)目在未來市場中的競爭力使設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書更具科學(xué)性和可靠性。(3)

資本金融資必須有正式的承諾文件，投資各方必須做到資金到位，必須有資金文件確保項(xiàng)目得到批準(zhǔn)后能按期實(shí)施對各項(xiàng)貸款的條件應(yīng)進(jìn)行認(rèn)真細(xì)致地分析比較，盡量減輕利息負(fù)擔(dān)和還貸壓力。(4)

加強(qiáng)工程地質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)以及征地、水源、供電、運(yùn)輸、環(huán)保等工程項(xiàng)目外部條件的工作深度使投資估算有充分依據(jù)同時應(yīng)廣泛調(diào)查研究比較同類項(xiàng)目認(rèn)真進(jìn)行功能分析多方案比較和選擇經(jīng)過充分的技術(shù)論證和經(jīng)濟(jì)評價后，最終確定技術(shù)先進(jìn)、功能可靠、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的項(xiàng)目建設(shè)方案，從而計(jì)算出-18

工程造價管理外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)較為準(zhǔn)確切合實(shí)際的投資估算額使工程造價從一開始就定位在一個較為合理的水平上。三、設(shè)計(jì)階段工程造價控制的重要性在項(xiàng)目作出投資決策后控制工程造價的關(guān)鍵就在于設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)是在技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)上對擬建工程的實(shí)施進(jìn)行全面的安排也是對工程建設(shè)進(jìn)行規(guī)劃的過程技術(shù)先進(jìn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的設(shè)計(jì)能使項(xiàng)目建設(shè)縮短工期、節(jié)省投資、提高效益。據(jù)專家分析，設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)一般只相當(dāng)于建設(shè)工程全壽命費(fèi)用的以下，而這1%下的費(fèi)用對工程造價的影響度卻占75%以上。因?yàn)閷τ谝话憬ㄔO(shè)工程，材料和設(shè)備選用占工程成本50%以上，而在設(shè)計(jì)階段建筑形式、結(jié)構(gòu)類別、設(shè)備和材料的選用已經(jīng)確定，在建設(shè)后期實(shí)施階段，對工程造價的影響很?。ㄒ韵拢?。由此可見，設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量對整個工程建設(shè)至關(guān)重要。同一建設(shè)項(xiàng)目同一單項(xiàng)單位工程以有不同的方案從而有不同的造價，因此，有必要在滿足功能的前提下，做多個方案，通過技術(shù)比較、經(jīng)濟(jì)分析和效益評價，選用技術(shù)選進(jìn)適用、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的設(shè)計(jì)方案，即設(shè)計(jì)方案的優(yōu)化過程。設(shè)計(jì)方案優(yōu)化常采用價值工程又稱價值分析法在滿足功能或盡可能提高功能的前提下盡可能降低成本。一切發(fā)生費(fèi)用的地方都可應(yīng)用價值工程工程建設(shè)需大量投入人財(cái)物，因而價值工程在工程建設(shè)方面大有可為一種相當(dāng)成熟而又行之有效的管理方法，價值