中考英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法：動(dòng)詞不定式

中考英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法：動(dòng)詞不定式1不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)詞不定式指通常由to加上動(dòng)詞原形(如towrite)所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行體和完成體(如上tobewriting，tohavewritten)，也有被動(dòng)態(tài)(如tobewritten)，所有的主動(dòng)詞，不論是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，也不論是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞還是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，都有不定式形式。助動(dòng)詞除be和have外，沒(méi)有不定式形式。動(dòng)詞不定式在語(yǔ)法功能上可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。2不定式的用法1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ).TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago..Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge.在上述情況下，如果不定式較長(zhǎng)，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(yǔ)(形式主語(yǔ)it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。如：1.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.2.Johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，即不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，通常可以通過(guò)forsb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：1.Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview.2.Itisnotdifficultfotthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.在某些形容詞(如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式后可以加of來(lái)引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語(yǔ)：1.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.2.Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.2)不定式作賓語(yǔ)不定式作賓語(yǔ)有兩種：一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，另一種是“及物動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+帶to的不定式。及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care，claim，decidedemand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem..Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway..Mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)代（副）詞+不定式：這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有advise，decide，findout，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)代（副）詞有:what，when，where，which，how，whether等。.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart..Youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有時(shí)，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：動(dòng)詞（如find，think，consider，feel等）+it+形容詞+不定式。1.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.2.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o'clock.3）不定式做表語(yǔ)一種情況為主語(yǔ)是不定式（表示條件）；表語(yǔ)也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）：.Toseeistobelieve..Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.另一種情況為主語(yǔ)是以aim,duty,hope,ideajob,blem.purpose,thing,wish等名詞為中心的短語(yǔ)，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式表語(yǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用；例如：.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture..Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice..WhatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience.4）不定式作定語(yǔ)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作名詞詞組修飾語(yǔ)主要有三種類型：第一種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。例如：.Therewasreallynothingtofear..Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread.如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面就得加相應(yīng)的介詞。例如:.Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith..Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout..Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento..Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes，Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon.第二種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)；例如：.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect..Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending.第三種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的同位結(jié)構(gòu)。這類名詞通常是表示企圖、努力、傾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意義的名詞：ability,attempt,effort,impulse,inclination,wish等。例如:I.Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher.2.Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.3.NeitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithMary.5）不定式作狀語(yǔ)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ)通常都能轉(zhuǎn)換為限制性狀語(yǔ)從句。例如作原因狀語(yǔ):.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea..Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea..Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark..Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark.作目的狀語(yǔ)：I.Sheraisedhervoicetobehearedbetter..Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter..WewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam..WewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam.作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians..TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians..Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone..Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone.3不帶to的不定式的使用動(dòng)詞不定式通常帶to，但在有些搭配中不帶to，在另一些搭配中可帶to可不帶to。歸納起來(lái)，以下情況下使用不帶to不定式：1）在can/could,/may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,need,dare等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。2）在表示感覺(jué)意義的動(dòng)詞，如see初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)，feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后，或是表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞，如have,let,make等后，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。例如：1.Ioftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard.2.Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes.但是，當(dāng)這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，后面的不帶to不定式一般轉(zhuǎn)換為帶to不定式。例如：.Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard..Afterhehadfinishedspeaking,hewasmadetoanswerinnumerablequestions.3）在動(dòng)詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式。例如：I.Helptheoldlady（to）carrytheheavybox.4）在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut等搭配之后初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)，動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to。例如：I.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight.2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehaviour.5）在makedomakebelieve，letdrop，1etfall，1etflyJetslipJetdrive,letgooff,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。例如：.Theyletgooftherope.他們松開(kāi)了繩子。.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.約翰朝我痛罵了一頓。3.I'veheardtellofhim.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他。4.Someofthefacultywereletgoforlackofthestudents.由于生源不足，一些教職員工被解雇了。6）在介詞but初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)，except之后，如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，其后不定式一般不帶to,反之則必須帶to,表示“不得不初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)，只能“。例如：.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm..Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender..Thespywasbothhungryandcold;therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein.4.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.下面一些短語(yǔ)是固定搭配，不帶to：cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut。例如：Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight.如果是下面一個(gè)固定搭配，就帶to：Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.7）緊跟在why或whynot之后的動(dòng)詞不定式總是不帶to。但是，緊跟在who,what，which，whether等連接詞后的不定式帶to。例如：Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon'tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn'tdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience.4不定式的完成式和進(jìn)行式1）構(gòu)成完成式：to+havedone進(jìn)行式：to+bedoing2）用法完成式：如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）發(fā)生在主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)，那么不定式就要用其完成式。進(jìn)行式：如果主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作（情況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，那么不定式就要用其進(jìn)行式。例如：I.Shefeelsrelaxedtohavefinishedwritingherthesisbeforethedeadline..TheVikingsarebelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica..Whenyoucalledmelastnight,Ihappenedtobeworkingonthecomputer.5不定式的被動(dòng)形式當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：I.Fortwelveyears,SpanishcensorshipdidnotallowLorca'snametobementionedandhisworktobepublished.2.Thesnowwassupposedtohavebeenblownoffthemountain.6不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的標(biāo)志to前加not。例如：1.Idecidednottoaskhimagain.2.Pleaseremembernottoleavethelightsonwhenyouareout.7單項(xiàng)選擇練習(xí).theseedsandtheywillgrow.A.WaterB.TowaterC.WateringD.Watered.Thepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbutworkforyoungpeople.A.provideB.toprovideC.providingD.provided.Hearrivedattheofficeearly,agoodexampletotheothers.A.setB.tosetC.tobesetD.havingset.Pleasemakemyexcuseattomorrow’smeeting—I'vegottoomuchwork.A.todotocomeB.doingcomingC.todocomingD.todocoming.Welookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhereA.tofindB.tohavefoundC.tobefoundD.beingfound.Afterdescribingtheplannedimprovements,shewentonhowmuchtheywouldcost.A.toexplainB.explainingC.tobeexplainingD.havingexplained.Totesteggs,theminabowlofwater:iftheyfloatthey'rebad,iftheysinkthey'regood.A.putB.puttingC.toputD.tobeputting.PleaseremembertheplantswhileI'maway.A.wateringB.tobewateringC.towaterD.beingwatering.wine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.A.MakingB.TomakeC.TobemakingD.Make10.I'veneverbeensopoorabletoaffordameal.A.astobenotB.notastobeC.asnottobeD.astonotbe11.Idon'tknowwhethertostayinteachingoranotherjob.A.tryinggettingB.totrytogetC.tryingtogetD.tryget12.I'llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout-Idon'twantlikethis.A.toseeB.tobeseeingC.tobeseenD.beingseen13.Infact,shewasthefirstwomantosuchapost.A.toelectB.tobeelectingC.tohaveelectedD.tohavebeenelected14.I'dlikeovertheAlpsandlookingdownatthemountains.A.flyingB.beingflyingC.tobeflyingD.beflyingI’mlearningacake.Canyouexplainone?A.tomake,tomakeB.howtomake,tomakeC.tolearn,howtomakeD.making,making.Whomwouldyouratherwithyou,JimorJack?A.havegoB.havetogoC.havegoneD.hastogo.Thehusbandadvisedtothesouth,buthiswifeadvisedhimuptheidea.A.moving,givingB.tomove,togiveC.moving,togiveD.tomove,giving.“Wouldyouliketocomeforawalkwithme?”“I’dprefer―,thankyou.”A.notto