大學(xué)生英語專八聽力MP3輔導(dǎo)材料

第頁共頁大學(xué)生英語專八聽力MP3輔導(dǎo)材料大學(xué)生英語專八聽力MP3輔導(dǎo)材料SECTIONAMINI-LECTUREInthissection,youwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtopleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,you'llbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanother10minutestopletethegap-fillingtask.Nowlistentothemini-lecture.Goodmorning.Today'slectureisaboutthemotivationforwords.First,whatismotivation?Motivationdealswiththeconnectionbetweennameandsense.Inthepreviouslecture,wehavementionedtworivalschoolsofthought:oneschoolistheNaturalists,whobelievedthattherewasanintrinsicconnectionbetweensoundandsense;theotherschoolistheConventionalists,whoheldthattheconnectionbetweensoundandsensewaspurelyamatteroftraditionandconvention.Thefirstmotivationistheonomatopoeicmotivation.ThewordonomatopoeiaisderivedfromtheGreekwordonomatopoeia,whichmeans“word-making”.Onomatopoeicmotivationmeansdefiningtheprincipleofmotivationbysound.Thesoundsofsuchwordsascuckoo,ding-dong,buzzseemtobeappropriatetotheirsenses.Butithastobepointedoutthatonomatopoeicwordsconstituteonlyasmallpartofthevocabulary.AccordingtoStephenUllmann,onomatopoeicformationcanbedividedintoprimaryonomatopoeiaandsecondaryonomatopoeia.Primaryonomatopoeiameanstheimitationofsoundbysound.Herethesoundistrulyan“echotothesense”.Termslikecrack,growl,hum,roar,squeak,whizandagreatmanyfallintothiscategory.Thesecondmotivationissemanticmotivation.Semanticmotivationmeansthatmotivationisbasedonsemanticfactors.Itisakindofmentalassociation.Whenwespeakofthebonofacar,acoatofpaint,orwhenwespeakofpotatoescookedintheirjackets,theseexpressionsaremotivatedbythesimilaritybetweenthegarmentsandtheobjectsreferredto.Inthesameway,whenwesaytheclothfortheclergy,“townandgown”for“townanduniversity”,thereissemanticmotivationduetothefactthatthegarmentsinquestionarecloselyassociatedwiththepersonstheydesignate.Bothtypesofexpressionsarefigurative:theformeraremetaphoricandthelatteraremetonymic.Wecanseethatsemanticmotivationiscloselyconnectedwithfiguresofspeech.HereI'llnamethreeofthem.First,metaphor.Metaphorisafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedparison.Forexle:“hehasaheartofstone”.“Thecurtainofnighthasfallen.”Anotherfigureofspeechismetonymy.Itisadeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes,asincrownforking,theturfforhorse-racing,theWhiteHousefortheUSpresident.Similartometonymyissynecdoche,whichmeansthesubstitutionofapartforawholeorawholeforapart,asinbreadforfood,thearmyforasoldier,etc.Apartfromonomatopoeicmotivationandsemanticmotivation,thereisalsologicalmotivation.Logicalmotivationdealswiththeproblemofdefiningaconceptbymeansoflogic.Adefinitionhastwoforms.Amonformofdefinitionis“Thismeanssuchandsuch.”“Fat”means“havingmuchflesh”.Anotherformofdefinitionis“Thismeansthesameasthat”or“Thisisequivalenttothat”.“Fat”means“thesameasobese'.Thesetwoformsofthedefinitionshowthatadefinitionhastwoparts:thewordbeingdefined,andthedefinitionthatisbeingmade.Givingadefinitioninvolvestwostepstobetaken.Onestepistoidentifytheconceptofagenus,thatis,aclassofthingsmadeupoftwoormoresubordinateclassesorspecies.Theotherstepistoidentifytheattributesdistinguishingonespeciesfromothersimilarspeciesinthesamegenus.Abinationofthesetwoapproacheshelpstodefineaconcept.Forexle,inthe1950's,thereappearedanewcrisisgrippingthemindsofpartoftheAmericanyouth.Theseyoungpeoplefeltdisturbanceandanxietyabouttheirpersonalitydevelopmentandadjustment.Thiscrisisiscalledanidentitycrisis.Theword”crisis'isagenus,whichconsistsoftwoormorespecies,suchasspiritualcrisis,economiccrisis,politicalcrisis,etc.Theexpression“identitycrisis”isusedtodistinguishitselffromothercrisis.Sofarwehavecoveredthethreemotivationsforwords:onomatopoeicmotivation,semanticmotivation,andlogicalmotivation.However,itisnotalwayseasytoidentifyclearlythemotivationforeachwordinourvocabulary.Insuchcase,wemaysaythemotivationislost.Theremaybetwofactorswhichleadtolossofmotivation.Oneisachangeinthemorphologicalstructureofaword,andtheotherfactorischangeofmeaning.SectionBINTERVIEWInterviewer(W):TodayI'dliketoweleEdwardFox,aseasonedreal-estateagent,whoisgoingtotalktousaboutbuyingahouse.Hello,Edward.EdwardFox(M):Hello.W:NowEdward,formostpeoplebuyingahouseisamajorlifeevent,andprobablythesinglemostexpensiveitemtheyareeverlikelytobuy.Whatprecautionsdotheyhavetotakebeforearealpurchase?Canyougivesomesuggestions?M:Youarerightinsayingbuyingahousecostsalot.Butastome,themostimportantthingtoconsiderbeforebuyinganypropertyisthelocation.W:Location?W:Buthousesinthesuburbsarefarmoreexpensivethanthoseincities.M:Theyseemtobe,butactuallyhouseslocatedincitiescanoftenexceedthepriceofsuburbanhouses,socheckouttheprices.Youmaybesurprised.W:Really?Soweshouldconsiderourplaceofworkandpersonalityinchoosingthelocation.Isthatso?W:Oh,Isee.Howmanytypesofhousescanwechoose?M:Therearevarioustypesofhouses.Thefirstiscalleddetachedhouses,whichstandalone,andarenotjoinedbyanotherbuilding.Thentherearesemi-detachedhouses,whicharethemostmon.Thisisbecausetheyare,infact,twohousesjoinedtogether,andthereforetakeuplessspace.Andtherearetownhouses,too,whicharemanyhousesjoinedtogethertoformalongrow.Butdon'tthinkthattownhousesarelessexpensivethansemi-detachedhouses.Theyrarelyare.Thisisbecausetheyareusuallybuiltincitieswherethepriceofpropertyisveryexpensive.W:Thenwhataboutoldhouses?Theymustbecheaperthannewones.M:Maybetheyare.Butifthehouseistooold,youmaybefacedwithexpensiverepairsandrenovationbills.Sohaveahousethoroughlycheckedbyaprofessionalsurveyorbeforeyoudecidetobuy.W:Iagree.It'seconomicaltobuyoldhousesonlywhentheyareingoodcondition.Bytheway,alotofpropertyhasagardenattachedtoit.Doyouthinkit'sagoodchoice?M:It'struethatalotofpropertyhasagarden.Ifyouenjoygardening,that'sfine.Butifyoudon'tenjoygardeningthenyoumaypreferasmallgarden,asopposedtoabigone.Butevenifyoudoenjoygardeningitisimportanttorememberthatgardenstakeupalotofyourtime.Sokeepingagardeningoodordermaybeverydifficultifyouworklonghours.W:Youarequiteright.Anyothersuggestions?M:Onefinalthingisthegeneralfeeloftheplace.Doesithaveagoodatmosphere?Andmostimportantofall,wouldyoufeelfortablelivingthere?W:Edward,IneverknewIhadtoconsidersomanythingswhilebuyingahouse.Thankyouverymuchfortalkingwithus.M:Mypleasure.SectionCNEWSBROADCASTThisisNicodemus,thefirstall-blackpioneertown,establishedontheprairie128yearsago.Everysummerthistinytownholdsahomeingwithagatheringandparadetocelebrateitsheritage.In1877freedslavescametoabarrenspotinKansastomakeaplacewheretheycoulddeterminetheirownlives.Theyhadbeenencouragedtoetothebarrenprairiebyunscrupulouslandagents.Livinginearth-coveredhutsthesettlersusedtheirdeterminationandfarmingskillsandatownbegantotakeshape.Someoftheoriginalstructuresremain.Firstbuiltweretwochurches,thenaschoolhouseandlaterasmallhotelandatownhall.Today,Nicodemusislikemanystrugglingmid-westerntownswheretheyoungpeopleleaveforthecities.ItisnowaNationalHistoricSiteandtouristsandAfrican-Americansfromalloveretoseewhereblackpioneersbuilttheirowntownfromthegroundup.MechanizedcarnivalattractionsdrawbigcrowdsattheMarylandStateFair.Butthereisanothersidetothisevent.Itisascenethatlookslikeitisrightoffthefarm.ThefairisayearlyeventthathelpsAmerica'slargelyurban-dwellingpopulationreconnectwithitsagrarianroots.Fairswereoriginatedhundredsofyearsagoinvariousformsandcertainlythefairasweknowitisaboutahundredyearsold.Itwasaplacefortheagriculturalmunitytogettogetherandshowoffwhattheyhaddoneoverthepastyear.Farmlandsceneslikethishavebeeeverlessmon