2018考研英語閱讀基礎(chǔ)課程講義

20182018考研英語一閱讀基礎(chǔ)課2018考研英語（主講人：簡介 畢業(yè)于西安外國語大學(xué)，外國語言與應(yīng)用語言學(xué)專業(yè)，主修同聲傳譯。原考研英語金牌培訓(xùn)師，新銳測試專家，資深考研四六級輔導(dǎo)專家。獨(dú)創(chuàng)“形合尋讀，現(xiàn)榮氏掌門人先生以及中文化交流促進(jìn)協(xié)會會長孔太和先生進(jìn)行絲綢文化項(xiàng)目，擔(dān)任“陪同口譯”。：：語法長難課程目的：掌握基本的閱讀解題技巧，為強(qiáng)化課程打基礎(chǔ)課程安排：閱讀做題方法展示；方法講解和分段練習(xí)；綜合練習(xí)第一部分：閱讀方法展TextComeon—Everybody’sngit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood—drinking,drugsandcasual.Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasloveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromote amongtheirTheideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardnaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers—teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheloveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas asupplementtothesocial [B]astimulustogroup[C]anobstacletoschool [D]acauseofundesirableRosenbergholdsthatpublic-healthadvocatesshould A]recruitprofessionallearnfromadvertisers’stayawayfromcommercialrecognizethelimitationsofIntheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto adequayprobesocialandbiologicaleffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialillustratethefunctionsofstateproducealong-lastingsocialParagraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors isharmfultoournetworksofwillmisleadbehavioraloccurswithoutourrealizingcanproducenegativehealthTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis [B] [C]profound[D]Adealisadeal—except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.The amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations.Instead,the hasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot：challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinfederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerntrunning.It’sastunningmove.Thehasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowernt,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,the agreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionofthent’slicensebesubjecttotheVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,the wentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthe misleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthe issuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaytheVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. seemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearntisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,the appliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission（NRC）reviewsthe ’sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Thephrase“renegingon”（Line3,Para.1）isclosestinmeaningto [B] [C] [D]Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto seekfavorfromthefederalacquireanextensionofitsbusinessgetpermissiontopurchaseapowerAccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits managerial [B]technical[C]financial [D]businessIntheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitsthenatureofstates’patchworkthefederalauthorityovernuclearthelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbeEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouth[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbe第二部分：方法講解和分段InMay1989,spaceshuttle“Atlantis”releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe“Megallan,”whichisnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.Anewphaseinspaceexplorationhasbegun.ThenetVenusisonlyslightlysmallerthanEarth;itistheonlyotherobjectinthesolarsystem,infact,thatevencomesclosetoearth’ssize.Venushasasimilardensity,soitisprobablymadeofapproximaythesamestuff,andithasanatmosphere,completewithclouds.Itisalsotheclosestnettoearth,andthusthemostsimilarindistancefromthesun.Inshort,Venusseemstojustifyitslong-heldnicknameof“earth’sVenusissimilartoEarthin sizeanddistancefromthehavingalloftheTouristsweresurprisedtoseeawomandrivingahugeorangetractordownoneofRome’smainavenues.Italy’spoliticalleadersandsomeofitsmaleunionchiefsaresaidtohavebeenevenmorepuzzledtoseethatthetractorwasfollowedbyabout200,000womeninaparadingprocessionthattookmorethanthreehourstosnakethroughcentralRome.Theexpression“snakethroughcentralRome”probablymeans“toquietlythroughcentralviolentlythroughcentralinalongwindinglinethroughcentralataleisurelypacethroughcentralShoutingslogans,wavingflagsanddancingtodrumbeats,thewomenhadcometothecapitalfromalloverItalytodemonstratefor“ajobforeachofus,adifferentofjob,andasocietywithout.”Sofar,actiontoimprovewomen’sopportunitiesinemploymenthasbeentheprovinceofcollectiveindustrialbargaining.“Butthereisagrowingawarenessthatthisisnotenough,”saysaresearcheronfemalelaborattheernment-fundedInstitutefortheDevelopmentofProfessionalTrainingforWorkers.About200,000womeninRomedemonstratedfor morejobagreatervarietyof“equaljob,equalbothAandWomen,whoconstitute52percentofItaly’spopulation,todayrepresentonly35percentofItaly’stotalworkand33percentofthetotalnumberofItalianswithjobs.However,theirpresenceintheworkceisgrowing.Theemploymentofwomenisexpandingconsiderablyinservices,nexttothepublicadministrationandcommerceastheirprincipalworkce.Officialstatisticsalsoshowthatwomenhavealsomadesignificantstridesinself-employment.Moreandmorewomenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves.Manyyoungwomenareturningtobusinessbecauseofthegrowingoverallinemployment.Itisalsoafactthattodaymanyprejudiceshavedisappeared,sothatbanksandotherfinancialinstitutesmakejudgmentsonpurelybusinessconsiderationswithoutcaringifitisamanorawoman.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTherearemorewomenthanmeninInItaly,womenarechieflyemployedinInItaly,womenarestillatadisadvantageinInItaly,abouttwo-thirdsofthejobsareheldbyTheoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyears,and,therefore,aresubjectedtofailureandatworst,mentalillnessisunfounded.Asamatteroffact,theoutstandingthingthathappenstobrightkidsisthattheyareverylikelytogrowintobrightadults.Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyears trueinallrefutedbythemedicallyabeliefoftheTofindthisout,l,500gifted swerefolloweduptotheirthirty-fifthyearwiththeseresults:onadultinligencetests,theyscoredashighastheyhadaschildren.Theywere,asagroup,ingoodhealth,physicallyandmentally.84percentoftheirgroupweremarriedandseemedcontentwiththeirlives. ligencetestsshowedthat brightchildrenwereunlikelytobementallybetweenchildhoodandadulthoodtherewasaconsiderablelossof talentedchildrenweremostlikely egiftedwhentalentedchildrengrewintoadults,theymadelowSomepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonlywastherethetragicinvolvingthemurderofathletes,buttheGameswerealsoruinedbylesserscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.Accordingtotheauthor,recentOlympicGameshave createdgoodwillbetweenthebredonlyfalsenationalbarelyshowedanyinternationalledtomoreandmoremisunderstandingandTheperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinasocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause thedefinitionofmaturityhastheindustrializedsocietyismoremoreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaborareceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicInmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenrecedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenrecedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivence graduationsfromschoolsandsocialsocio-economiccertainbehavioralItisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airne,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadulthissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmoredomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.NoneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofNoonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis elevenyearssixteenyearstwenty-oneyearsbetweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsStartingfrom22, onewillobtainmorebasictheolder es,themorebasicrightshewillonewon’tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheisonewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbyIslanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hotodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.ThepurposeofFrederickII’sexperimentwas toprovethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytotodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumantofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldyinteachingachildtotoprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningaTodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.Thereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobably theyareincapableoflearninglanguagetheyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageattheirmothersrespondinadequaytotheirattemptstotheirmothersarenotinligentenoughtohelpExpertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrr.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewillinfuture haveahighbelessinbeinsensitivetoverbalnotnecessarilybeAnimportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.Thefirsttwosentencesinthis lusthat producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedconsumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducersdecidethepricesofsupplyanddemandregulateTheimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleatprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeacontractwithanotherprivateAccordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterized privatepropertyandrightsmanpowerandnaturalresourcesaroundtheownershipofproductivecontractsandOnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhos,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon--it’salreadyAccordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankasheobtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopleenjoygreatertrustfromthecashmoneywhereverhewishesFromthelastsentenceofthisparagraphwelearnthat inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcreditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatesnowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayinitisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanWhilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Computer-marketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Thephrase“ringupsales”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans makeanorderofrecordsalesonacashcallthesaleskeeptrackofthegoodsinEducationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.Thereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthat theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthethey eaburdenofthetheyshouldfullydeveloptheirdisabledchildrendeservespecial“Allmenarecreatedequal.”We’vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythisequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren-therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren--disabledornot--toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.Fromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptional isnowenjoyinglegaldisagreeswiththetraditionofthewasclearlystatedbythecountry’swillexertgreatinfluenceovercourtWithasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes(),areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff, escancerous.Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes thatarealwaysinoperationinawhichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotthatcanbedrivenoutofnormalwhichnormalcellscan’tturnTheword“dormant”inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans curiosityaboutmorepromptnessinself-open-mindednesstonewavoidanceofinternalfearsandMoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byheltoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofSecuringgreaterProvidingmoreEnhancinglivingReducingnewspaperInadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Theword“it”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto thelackofstablethebreakdownofinformalinformationtheincreasedmobilityofthegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromcetoLikewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcaninligentlynwheretosellyourservices.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause thatisthefirststeptopleasethethatistherequirementoftheitenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisitshim eclearlyawareofWiththestartofBBCWorldServiceevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogrammesandfiforanannuallicensefee￡83perItisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years--yettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedasthekeyissue?ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarProgrammesasthesubjectofanation-widePotentialsforfurtherinternationalItsexistenceasabroadcastingDefendersoftheCorporation--ofwhomtherearemany--arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain’tbroke,don’tfixit.”TheBBC“ain’tbroke,”theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels–ITVandChannel4--wererequiredbytheThatcherernment’sBroadcastingActto morecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsalitechannels--fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’subscriptions--whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongTheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan theemergenceofcommercialTVthe mentofBroadcastingActby theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandthechallengeofnewsaliteInthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“l(fā)abour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasrecedbyalimitedliability withabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestotheIt’strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat theywerespoiledbytheyoungertheyfailedforlackofindividualtheylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderntheycouldsupplyadequateservicestotheWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchastheegraph,theboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools:alabor edthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,“spatial”thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto elementaryenthusiastictheattractivepremiumaspecialwayofAreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld, rudetaxidriversarerarelyseeninthesmall-mindedofficialsdeserveaseriousCan