文學(xué)名詞解釋版寓言用詩歌或散文講的故事在這個中人物、背景往往代表抽象

英美文學(xué)Allegory:Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresent ideasormoralqualities.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,alilmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.、、Allition:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.Allusion:Areferencetoa ,ace,anevent,oraliryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,liture,orreligion.學(xué)或AmericanNaturalism:Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’slirynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisyedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredecessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnowill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistlituredescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.：。自然主義自然主義是一種新的、更具性的現(xiàn)實主義自然主義是在和影響人們早期信念的社：。的影響之下形成的的自然主義者往往否定了廣為接受的道德真理的正確性他們想達到的客觀與直率更為苛刻的現(xiàn)實主義手法來展現(xiàn)，但是他有時也是為了通過社會來改善。AmericanPuritanism:PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheantChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaenduringinfluenceonAmericanliture.清教主義：清教主義是新的原來的一個分支——清的行為和信仰。在的第一批居民中有很多就是深刻的影響，他對文學(xué)的影響也是頗為持久的。AmericanRealism:InAmericanliture,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.AmericanRomanticism:TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,itsindustrialization,itswestwardexpansion,andavarietyofforeigninfluenceswereamongtheimportantfactorswhichmadeliryexpansionandexpressionnotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitableintheperiodimmediayfollowingthenation’spoliticalindependence.Yet,romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.RomanticvalueswereprominentinAmericanpolitics,art,andphilosophyuntiltheCivilWar.Theromanticexaltationoftheindividualsuitedthenation’srevolutionaryheritageanditsfrontieregalitarianism.化的發(fā)展、西北的不斷擴展和國外的各種影響使浪漫主義作家文學(xué)不但成為一種可能，而且使它成為政治獨術(shù)、和哲學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，浪漫主義者對個人的贊揚正好迎合了的遺風(fēng)和開拓者的品均主義。AmericanTranscendentalism:theemergenceoftheTranscendentalistsasanidentifiablemovementtookceduringthelate1820sand1830s,buttherootsoftheirreligiousphilosophyextendedmuchfartherbackintoAmericanreligioushistory.Transcendentalismandevangelical antismfollowedseparateevolutionarybranchesfromAmericanPuritanism,takingastheircommonancestortheCalvinismoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.TheyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericanspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.Theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.TheyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Transcendentalismisbasedonthebeliefthatthemostfundamentaltruthsaboutlifeanddeathcanbereachedonlybygoingbeyondtheworldofthesenses.Emerson’sNaturehasbeencalledthe“ManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”andhisTheAmericanScholarhasbeenrightlyregardedasAmerica’s“DeclarationofInlectualIndependence”.超驗主義：超驗主義出現(xiàn)的19世紀(jì)20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在史上要遠得多。超驗主義和派新教分別是清教主義的兩個分支，他們的祖先是17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)的神教。超驗主義者主張文化生與死最基本的真理可以感官的世界而獲得。艾默生的《自然》被稱為是“超驗主義的他的《學(xué)ogy:(afigureofspeech)Acomparisonmadebetweentowthingstoshowthesimilaritiesbetweenthem.ogiesareoftenusedforillustrationorforargument.（Anapest:It’smadeupoftwounstressedandonestressedsyllables,withthetwounstressedonesin oropposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;arivaloftheheroorAntithesis:(afigureofspeech)Thebalancingoftwocontrastingideas,wordsphrases,orsentences.Anantithesisisoftenexpressedinabalancedsentence,thatis,asentenceinwhichidenticalorsimilargrticalstructureisusedtoexpresscontrastingideas.（Aphorism:Aconcise,pointedstatementexpressingawiseorcleverobservationaboutApostrophe:Afigureofspeechinwhichanabsentoradead ,an quality,orsomethingnonhumanisaddressed頓呼：或詩歌等中對,常為死者或不在場者,或?qū)M人的事物所說的話Argument:Aformofdiscourseinwhichreasonisusedtoinfluenceorchangepeople’sideaoractions.Writerspracticeargumentmostoftenwhenwritingnonfiction,particularlyessaysorspeeches.Aside:Indrama,linesspokenbyacharacterinanundertoneordirectlytotheaudience.Anasideismeanttobeunheardbytheothercharactersonstage.Assonance:Therepetitionofsimilarvowelsounds,especiallyinpoetry.Assonanceisoftenemployedtopleasetheearoremphasizecertainsounds.Atmosphere:Theprevailingmoodorfeelingofalirywork.Atmosphereisoftendeveloped,atleastinpart,throughdescriptionsofsetting.Suchdescriptionshelptocreateanemotionalclimateforthewriterstoestablishthereader’sexpectationsandattitudes.Autobiography:A ’saccountofhisorherownlife.Anautobiographyisgenerallywritteninnarrativeformandincludessomeintrospection.Ballad:Astorytoldinverseandusuallymeanttobesung.Inmanycountries,thefolkballadwasoneoftheearliestformsofliture.Folkballadshavenoknownauthors.Theyweretransmittedorallyfromgenerationtogenerationandwerenotsetdowninwritinguntilcenturiesaftertheywerefirstsung.Thesubjectmatteroffolkballadsstemsfromtheeverydaylifeofthecommonpeople.Devicescommonlyusedinballadsaretherefrain,incrementalrepetition,andcodelanguage.Alaterformofballadistheliryballad,whichimitatesthestyleofthefolkballad.Balladstanza:Atypeoffour-linestanza.Thefirstandthirdlineshavefourstressedwordsorsyllables;thesecondlineshavethreestresses.Balladmeterisusuallyiambic.Thenumberofunstressedsyllablesineachlinemayvary.Thesecondandlinesrhyme.Biography:Adetailedaccountof ’slifewrittenby Blankverse:VersewritteninunrhymediambicCaesura:AbreakorpauseinalineofCanto:AsectionordivisionofalongCaricature:Theuseofexaggerationordistortiontomakeafigureappearcomicorridiculous.Aphysicalcharacteristic,aneccentricity,a alitytrait,oranactmaybeexaggerated. Character:Inappreciatingashortstory,charactersareanindispensableelement.Charactersarethe spresentedinadramaticornarrativework.Forstdividescharactersintotwotypes:flatcharacter,whichispresentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetail;androundcharacter,whichiscomplexintemperamentandmotivationandisrepresentedwithsubtleparticularity.。。Characterization：themeansbywhichawriterreveals Classicism:Amovementortendencyinart,liture,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,andcesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder.Classicism,withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes,istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandalthemes.秩序。因為古典主義強調(diào)理性和普遍，在傳統(tǒng)上強調(diào)感情和個人的浪漫主義。Climax:Thepointofgreatestintensity,interest,orsuspenseinastory’sturningpoint.Theactionleadingtotheclimaxandthesimultaneousincreaseoftensionintheplotareknownastherisingaction.Allactionaftertheclimaxisreferredtoasthefallingaction,orresolution.Thetermcrisisissometimesusedinterchangeablywithclimax.Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlinglydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovidestheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandinlectualkindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.:Astrugglebetweentwoopposingsorcharactersinashortstory,novel,y,ornarrativepoem.Usuallytheeventsofthestoryareallrelatedtothe ,andthe isresolvedinsomewaybythestory’send.Connotation:Alltheemotionsandassociationsthatawordorphrasemayarouse.Connotationisdistinctfromdenotation,whichisthelilor“dictionary”meaningofawordorphrase.Consonance:TherepetitionofsimilarconsonantsoundsinthemiddleorattheendofCouplet:Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.AheroiccoupletisaniambicpentameterCriticalRealism:Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingcontradictionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.現(xiàn)實主義：現(xiàn)實主義在19世紀(jì)40年代達到?，F(xiàn)實主義作家們往往把從的角度批評和資Dactyl:It’smadeupofonestressedandtwounstressedsyllables,withthestressedinDenotation:The lor“dictionary”meaningofaDenouement:The eofaplot.Thedenouementisthatpartofay,shortstory,novel,ornarrativepoeminwhichsareresolvedorunraveled,andmysteriesandsecretsconnectedwiththeplotareexined.Diction:Awriter’schoiceofwords,particularlyforclarity,effectiveness,andDissonanceAharshordisagreeablecombinationofsounds;discord.Dramaticmonologue:Akindofnarrativepoeminwhichonecharacterspeakstooneormorelistenerswhoserepliesarenotgiveninthepoem.Theoccasionisusuallyacrucialoneinthespeaker’salityaswellasthethatisthesubjectofthepoem.Elegy:Apoemofmourning,usuallyoverthedeathofanindividual.Anelegyisatypeoflyricpoem,usuallyformalinlanguageandstructure,andsolemnorevenmelancholyintone.Emblematicimage:AverbalpictureorfigurewithalongtraditionofmoralorreligiousmeaningattachedtoEnlightenmentWiththeadventofthe18thcenturyinEngland,asinotherEuropeancountriestheresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentonthewholewasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressivetoceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople.Epic:Alongnarrativepoemlingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichoriginated.ManyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittenEpigramAshortwittypointedstatementoftenintheformofapoem.EpilogueAshortadditionorconclusionattheendofa rywork.Epiphany:Amomentofillumination,usuallyoccurringatorneartheendofaEpitaph:AninscriptiononagravestoneorashortpoemwritteninmemoryofsomeonewhohasEpithet:AdescriptivenameorphraseusedtocharacterizesomeoneorEraofModernism:Theyearsfrom1910to1930areoftencalledtheEraofModernism,forthereseemstohavebeeninbothEuropeandAmericaastrongawarenessofsomesortof“break”withthepast.Thenewssharedadesiretocapturethecomplexityofmodernlife,tofocusonthevarietyandconfusionofthe20thcenturybyreshaandsometimesdiscardingtheideasandhabitsofthe19thcentury.TheEraofModernismwasindeedtheeraoftheNew.現(xiàn)代主義時期：從1910到1930年這一段時間被稱作現(xiàn)代主義時期，因為在這一時期，不論是在還是在歐洲人都認識到一種與過去的“決裂新藝術(shù)家們都渴望反映現(xiàn)活的復(fù)雜性，都渴望通過重新構(gòu)建，有時候甚至1920世紀(jì)的多樣性和困惑之上。Essay:Apieceofprosewriting,usuallyshort,thatdealswithasubjectinalimitedwayandexpressesaparticularpointorofessayaretheinformalessayandtheformalessay.Aninformalessayisusuallybriefandiswrittenasifthewriteristalkinginformallytothereaderaboutsometopic,usingaconversationalstyleandaalorhumoroustone.Bycontrast,aformalessayistightlyorganized,dignifiedinstyle,andseriousintone.Exemplum故事:Atale,usuallyinsertedintothetextofasermonthatillustratesamoralFable:Afableisashortstory,oftenwithanimalsasitscharacters,whichillustrateaFarce:Atypeofcomedybasedonaridiculoussituation,oftenwithstereotypedcharacters.Thehumorinafarceislargelyslapstick—thatis,itofteninvolvescrudephysicalaction.Thecharactersinafarceareoftenthebuttsofpracticaljokes.Figurativelanguage:Languagethatisnotintendedtobeinterpretedinalilsense.Byappealingtotheimagination,figurativelanguageprovidesnewwaysoflookingattheworld.Figurativelanguageconsistsofsuchfiguresofspeechashyperbole,metaphor,metonymy,oxymoron, ification,si,andsynecdoche.Flashback:Asceneinashortstory,novel,y,ornarrativepoemthatinterruptstheactiontoshowaneventthathappenedFoil:AcharacterwhosetsoffanothercharacterbyFoot:Itisarhythmicunit,aspecificcombinationofstressedandunstressedForeshadowing:Theuseofhintsorcluesinanarrativetosuggestwhatwillhappenlater.Writersuseforeshadowingtocreateinterestandtobuildsuspense.Sometimesforeshadowingalsopreparesthereaderfortheendingofthestory.Verse:Versethathaseithernometricalpatternoranirregular美差距。20世紀(jì)初，在英國詩法中自由詩已經(jīng)流行。Hyperbole:Afigureofspeechusingexaggeration,oroverstatement,forspecialIamb:ItisthemostcommonlyusedfootinEnglishpoetry,inwhichanunstressedsyllablecomesfirst,followedbyastressedIambicpentameter:Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.Imagism:It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.意象主義：意象主義是在1909到1917年之間在英國和的一次詩歌運動。意象主義主張在詩歌通過“直接描寫Incrementalrepetition:Therepetitionofapreviousline,orlinesbutwithaslightvariationeachtimethatadvancesthenarrativestanzabystanza.Thisdeviceiscommonlyusedinballads.Inmediasres:Atechniqueofplungingintothemiddleofastoryandonlylaterusingaflashbacktolwhathashappenedpreviously.isLatinfor“inthemiddleofthings”.Inversion:Thetechniqueofreversing,orinverting,thenormalwordorderofasentence.Writersmayuseinversiontocreateacertaintoneortoemphasizeaparticularwordoridea.ApoetmayinvertalinesothatitfitsintoaparticularmeterorrhymeIrony:Acontrastoranincongruitybetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant,orbetweenwhatisexpectedtoandwhatactuallyhappens.Threekindsofironyare(1)verbalirony,inwhichawriterorspeakersaysonethingandmeanssomethingentirelydifferent;(2)dramaticirony,inwhichareaderoranaudienceperceivessomethingthatacharacterinthestoryorydoesnotknow;(3)ironyofsituation,inwhichthewritershowsadiscrepancybetweentheexpectedresultsofsomeactionorsituationanditsactualresults.（2）（3）Kenning代稱:InOldEnglishpoetry,anelaboratephrasethatdescribes s,things,oreventsinametaphoricalandindirectway.LocalColorism:ThedefinitionoflocalcolorismismadeclearbyHamlinGarlandinhisCrumbleIdols,heclaimsthatithas“suchqualityandtextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherceoranyoneelsethananative.”Here“text”referstotheelementswhichcharacterizesalocalculture,elementssuchasspeech,customs,andmorespeculiartooneparticularce.Andhis“background”coversphysicalsettingandthosedistinctivequalitiesoflandscapewhichconditionhumanthoughtandbehavior.Theultimateaimofthelocalcolorismistocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitiesthatdiffersfromtheworldoutside.LostGeneration:Thistermhasbeenusedagainandagaintodescribethepeopleofthepostwaryears.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinpoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.TheyoungEnglishandAmericanexpatriates,menandwomen,werecaughtinthewarandcutofffromtheoldvaluesandyetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Theywanderedpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,bullfightandbeautiesofnature,buttheywereawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaninglessandfutile.Theirwholelifeisundercutanddefeated.的洗禮，他們和舊的價值觀完全的然而又無法融入這個社會文明瘋狂發(fā)展的。他們漫無目的不停地游Lyric:Apoem,usuallyashortone,thatexpressesaspeaker’s althoughtsorfeelings.Theelegyodeandsonnetareallformsofthelyric.抒情詩：一種比較短小的用來表達作者個人思想或感情的詩。挽歌、頌歌、和十四行詩都是抒情詩。Masque:AnelaborateandspectaculardramaticentertainmentthatwaspopularamongtheEnglisharistocracyinthelate16thandearly17thcenturies.Masqueswerewrittenasdramaticpoemsandmakeuseofsongs,dances,colorfulcostumes,andstartlingstageeffects.絢麗的舞臺效果來觀眾Melodrama:Adramathathasstereotypedcharacters,exaggeratedemotions,andathatpitsanall-goodherooreagainstanall-evilvillain.Thegoodcharactersalwayswinandtheevilonesarealwayspunished.Also,eachcharacterinamelodramahadathememelody,whichwasyedeachtimeheorshemadeanappearanceonstage.后好人總是取勝而總會得到懲罰。每一個人物在劇中都有一個曲，這個曲子在他或她每次出場的時候都會演Metaphor:Afigureofspeechthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwothingsthatarebasicallydissimilar.Unlikesi,ametaphordoesnotuseaconnectivewordsuchaslike,as,orresemblesinmakingthecomparison.“l(fā)ike“asMetaphysicalpoetry:ThepoetryofJohnDonneandother17thcenturypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.poetryischaracterizedbyverbalwitandexcess,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.玄學(xué)詩：?多恩的詩或17世紀(jì)其他詩人寫的相同風(fēng)格的詩。玄學(xué)詩多使用巧智，結(jié)構(gòu)精巧，韻律多變，語言口Meter:Agenerallyregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesin音語言中，如日耳曼語。它只計詩行內(nèi)重音或重讀音節(jié)的數(shù)目。重音-音節(jié)詩體是英文詩的常見格式，它把音節(jié)一抑揚都是一個非重讀音節(jié)后面跟一個重讀音節(jié)。自由詩則沒有遵循規(guī)則的韻律形式。Metonymy:Afigureofspeechinwhichsomethingverycloselyassociatedwithathingisusedtostandfororsuggestthethingitself.Miracley:ApopularreligiousdramaofmedievalEngland.MiracleyswerebasedonstoriesofthesaintsoronsacredMockepic:Acomicliryformthattreatsatrivialsubjectinthegrand,heroicstyleoftheepic.Amockepicisalsoreferredtoasamock-heroicpoem.Moralityy:Anoutgrowthofmiracleys.Moralityyswerepopularinthe15thand16thcenturies.Inthem,virtuesandviceswere Motivation:Thereasons,eitherstatedorimplied,foracharacter’sbehavior.Tomakeastorybelievable,awritermustprovidecharacterswithmotivationsufficienttoexinwhattheydo.Charactersmaybemotivatedbyoutsideevents,ortheymaybemotivatedbyinnerneedsorfears.MultiplePointofView:ItisoneofthelirytechniquesWilliamFaulknerused,whichshowswithinthesamestoryhowthecharactersreacteddifferentlytothesame orthesamesituation.Theuseofthistechniquegavethestoryacircularformwhereinoneeventwasthecenter,withvariouspointsofviewradiatingfromit.Themultiplepointsofviewtechniquemakesthereaderrecognizethedifficultyofarrivingatatruejudgment.做出不同的反應(yīng)。這種技巧使得故事中以一個為中心向四周輻射的圓周結(jié)構(gòu)，多角度敘述法使讀者很難做出真正Myth:Astory,oftenaboutimmortalsandsometimesconnectedwithreligiousrituals,thatisintendedtogivemeaningtothemysteriesoftheworld.Mythsmakeitpossibleforpeopletounderstandanddealwiththingsthattheycannotcontrolandoftencannotsee.Narration:Likedescription,narrationisapartofconversationandwriting.Narrationisthemajortechniqueusedinexpositorywriting，suchasautobiography.Successfulnarrationmustgrowoutofgoodobservation,to-the-pointselectionfromobservation,andcleararrangementofdetailsinlogicalsequence,whichisusuallychronological.Narrationgivesanexactpictureofthingsastheyoccur.Narrativepoem:Apoemthatlsastory.Onekindofnarrativepoemistheepic,alongpoemthatsetsforththeheroicidealsofaparticularsociety.Narrator:Onewhonarrates,orls,astory.Astorymaybetoldbyafirst- narrator,someonewhoiseitheramajororminorcharacterinthestory.Orastorymaybetoldbyathird- narrator,someonewhoisnotinthestoryatall.Thewordnarratorcanalsorefertoacharacterinadramawhoguidestheaudiencethroughthey,oftencommentingontheactionandsometimesparticipatinginit.Naturalism:Anextremeformofrealism.Naturalisticwritersusuallydepictthesordidsideoflifeandshowcharacterswhoareseverely,ifnothopelessly,limitedbytheirenvironmentorheredity.Nonfiction:Itreferstoanyprosenarrativethatlsaboutthingsastheactuallyhappenedorthatpresentsfactualinformationaboutsomething.Thepurposeofthiskindofwritingistogiveapresumablyaccurateaccountingofa ’slife.Writersofnonfictionusethemajorformsofdiscourse:description(animpressionofthesubject);narration(thelingofthestory);exposition(exnatoryinformation);persuasion(anargumenttoinfluencepeople’sthinking).Forms:autobiography,biography,essay,story,editorial,letterstotheeditorfoundinnewspaper,diary,journal,travelliture.形式：自傳，傳記，小品文，故事，，報紙中致編輯的信，，期，游記文學(xué)。Novel:Abook-lengthfictionalprosenarrative,havingmanycharactersandoftenacomplexOde:Acomplexandoftenlengthylyricpoem,writteninadignifiedformalstyleonsomeloftyorserioussubject.Odesareoftenwrittenforaspecialoccasion,tohonora oraseasonortocommemorateanevent.Oxymoron:afigureofspeechthatcombinesoppositeorcontradictoryideasorterms.Anoxymoronsuggestsaparadox,butitdoessoverybriefly,usuallyintwoorthreewords.，，Paradox:Astatementthatrevealsakindoftruth,althoughitseemsatfirsttobeself-contradictoryandParallelism:(afigureofspeech)Theuseofphrases,clauses,orsentencesthataresimilarorcomplementaryinstructureorinmeaning.Parallelismisaformofrepetition.（Parody:Thehumorousimitationofaworkofliture,art,ormusic.Aparodyoftenachievesitshumorouseffectthroughtheuseofexaggerationormockery.Inliture,parodycanbemadeofaplot,acharacter,awritingstyle,orasentimentorPastoral:AtypeofpoemthatdealsinanidealizedwaywithshepherdsandrusticPathos:Thequalityinaworkoflitureorartthatarousesthereader’sfeelingsofpity,sorrow,orcompassionforacharacter.Thetermisusuallyusedtorefertosituationsinwhichinnocentcharacterssufferthroughnofaultoftheirown.憐憫：文學(xué)或藝術(shù)作品中的人物激起讀者惋惜、悲傷或同情的性質(zhì)，這個術(shù)語通常指的人忍受不白之冤的那些Pictorialism:It’sanimportantpoeticdevicecharacterizedbyeffortstoachievestrikingvisualeffects.Amongitsfeaturesareirregularityofline,contrastorenchantmentoflight,colorandimage.Othermeansofpictorialisminclude juxtapositionandthematchingofcolorswithverbsofaction.Plot:Plotisthefirstandmostobviousqualityofastory.Itisthesequenceofeventsoractionsinashortstory,novel,y,ornarrativepoem.Forthereader,theplotistheunderlyingpatterninaworkoffiction,thestructuralelementthatgivesitunityandorder.Forthewriter,theplotistheguidingprincipleofselectionandarrangement. ,astruggleofsomekind,isthemostimportantelementofplot.Eacheventintheplotisrelatedtothe ,thestrugglethatthemaincharacterundergoes.maybeexternalorinternal,andtheremaybemorethanoneformof inawork.Astheplotadvances,welearnhowthe isresolved.Actionisgenerallyintroducedbytheexposition,informationessentialtounderstandingthesituation.Theactionrisestoacrisis,orclimax.Thismovementiscalledtherisingaction.Thefallingaction,whichfollowsthecrisis,showsareversaloffortunefortheprotagonist.Thedenouementorresolutionisthemomentwhenthe endsandthe eoftheactionisclear.則。(一種)是情節(jié)最重要的元素。情節(jié)中的每一個都是和相聯(lián)系的，是主要人物所以經(jīng)歷。矛而后的回落有展現(xiàn)了主人公命運的逆轉(zhuǎn)。結(jié)局或收尾是的得以解決并交代事情的結(jié)果的時刻。Poetry:Themostdistinctivecharacteristicofpoetryisformandmusic.Poetryisconcernedwithnotonlywhatissaidbuthowitissaid.Poetryevokesemotionsratherthanexpressfacts.Poetrymeanshavingapoeticexperience.Imaginationisalsoanessentialqualityofpoetry.Poetryoftenleadsustonewperceptions,newfeelingsandexperiencesofwhichwehavenotpreviouslybeenaware.Pointofview:Thevantagepointfromwhichanarrativeistold.Therearetwobasicpointsofview: and.Inthefirst- pointofview,thestoryistoldbyoneofthecharactersinhisorherownwords.Thefirst- ofviewislimited.Inthethird- pointofview,thenarratorisnotacharacterinthestory.Thenarratormaybeanomniscient.Ontheotherhand,thethird- narratormightlastoryfromthepointofviewofonlyonecharacterinthestory.Pre-Romanticism:ItoriginatedamongtheconservativegroupsofmenandlettersasareactionagainstEnlightenmentandfounditsmostmanifestexpressioninthe“Gothicnovel”.Protagonist:Thecentralcharacterofadrama,novel,shortstory,ornarrativepoem.Theprotagonististhecharacteronwhomtheactioncentersandwithwhomthereadersympathizesmost.Usuallytheprotagoniststrivesagainstanopposing,orantagonist,to plishsomething.的人物。主人公通常在故事中與人物作以得到某個東西。PsalmAsongorlyricpoeminpraiseofGod.PsychologicalRealism:Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters’thoughtsandmotivations.HenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.HisnovelTheAmbassadorsisconsideredtobeamasterpieceofpsychologicalrealism.Pun:Theuseofawordorphrasetosuggesttowormoremeaningatthesametime.PunsaregenerallyQuatrain:Usuallyastanzaorpoemoffourlines.Aquatrainmayalsobeanygroupoffourlinesunifiedbyarhymescheme.Quatrainsusuallyfollowanabab,abba,orabcbrhymescheme.RealismTheattemptinlitureandarttorepresentlifeasitreallyis,withoutsentimentalizingoridealizingit.RealisticwritingoftendepictstheeverydaylifeandspeechofordinarypeopleThishasled,sometimes,toanemphasisonsordiddetails.Refrain:Awordphrase,lineorgroupoflinesrepeatedregularlyinapoem,usuallyattheendofeachstanza.Refrainsareoftenusedinballadsandnarrativepoemstocreateasonglikerhythmandtohelpbuildsuspense.Refrainscanalsoservetoemphasizeaparticularidea.Rhyme:It’soneofthethreebasicelementsoftraditionalpoetry.Itistherepetitionofsoundsintwoormorewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem.Iftherhymeoccursattheends