歷年考研英語閱讀中的難句翻譯參考

TheAanizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.[參考譯文]的經(jīng)濟(jì)是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟(jì)為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中消費(fèi)者很大程度上通過在市場(chǎng)上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)來決定什么應(yīng)該被制Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmento izeprofitsandthedesireofindividualsto izetheires,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeacontractwithanotherprivateindividual.些特定的權(quán)利，如確定一個(gè)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和與另一個(gè)私人(經(jīng)濟(jì)單位)自由簽定合同的權(quán)利Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowing nelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalns.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.ExceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameageForthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothoseThegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.[參考譯文]30Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveApartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamenternthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.[參考譯文]除去議會(huì)有27件法案來規(guī)范的條件，沒有任何一個(gè)正式的商敢于Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformationandthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive-advertisingwoundbesoboringthatnoonewoundpayanyattention.味，那么就會(huì)如此地乏味以至于沒有人會(huì)關(guān)注它。Theworkerswhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowforthereefforts.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time--consuming,andsometimesevenoverwhelming.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethrougheconferencing,andproblemsindisputebesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconference Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.結(jié)構(gòu)里面競爭的A類好像在某個(gè)方面要比他們B類的同輩更勝一Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisyedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapubliclyfundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogramsarenowthesubjectofanationwidedebateinThedebatewaslaunchedbytheernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewertosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkee. Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofesssignalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.代人(公司)的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常會(huì)毀掉那些公司的。Suchlarge,imalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners:andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.[參考譯文]這樣巨大而非個(gè)人的對(duì)和產(chǎn)業(yè)的極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"classeswhohadretiredontheir es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders?meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.[參考譯文]像伯恩茅斯和本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的"舒適"階會(huì)，向管理層口授一下令之外，跟社會(huì)的其他階層毫無瓜葛。The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythe inwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthe wasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliar alknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassing工人們也沒有那種熟識(shí)的私人之間的了解而在現(xiàn)在正在的古老公司的那種更加家Amongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry?sexcellentelementaryschools:alabor edthenewtechnology；thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthings：技術(shù)的勞動(dòng)者們發(fā)明者的做法；而且最重要的是人在對(duì)那些技術(shù)性事物的非言語的、"空間性的"思考方面的天賦（安通學(xué)校提供）：AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor..,areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist".RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheel,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea".Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogramsand,tactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes-andallwoundbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolution，[參考譯文]在這本杰出的書的外紙封面上?杰伊?寫道："這本書本身就代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話，一切就辦了。，Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia?sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.]Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.團(tuán)體和澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)地這個(gè)法案指責(zé)法案的通過過于匆忙但是大勢(shì)已定，InAustralia-whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallyedtheirpartotherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.[參考譯文]在澳大利亞--人口化，延長的技術(shù)和變化看的社會(huì)態(tài)度，這些因Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small--mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andillmanneredanaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.[參考譯文]我們一種藥品()的醫(yī)學(xué)用途和社會(huì)用途都很廣泛的社會(huì)里：一Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdis."Isthiswhatyouintendedto plishwithyourcareers?"SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek."Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?"[參考譯文]上星期參議員多爾質(zhì)問時(shí)代華納公司的高級(jí)管理人員們："難道這是希望能夠成就的事業(yè)?已經(jīng)了自己的，但是難道還非要我們的"Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn´,"liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesdomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesDuringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth´sstockholders´meeting,Levinassertedthat"musicisnotthecauseofsociety´sills"andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.[參考譯文]在-上個(gè)月的股東大會(huì)上關(guān)于搖滾歌詞的討論中，宣稱說："音樂不是會(huì)問題的原因"，他甚至還以他的兒子為例。他的兒子是紐約州克斯的一個(gè)教師，并用說唱音樂與學(xué)生們。Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetary,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"of"atouchonthebrakes"，makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.[參考譯文]有很多用于描述貨幣政策的詞匯，例如"輕踩剎車"以"經(jīng)濟(jì)"，使EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,since,conventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica´s,havelittleproductiveslack.Themostthrillingexnationis,unfortunay,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkce--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining,Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,chopoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-term[參考譯文]他的同事?說，有太多的公司已經(jīng)用一種機(jī)械的方式實(shí)行公司Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightScienceandReason",heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and"ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.[參考譯文]1995逃離科學(xué)與理性"6月在布法羅附近召開的"(錯(cuò)誤)信息時(shí)代的科學(xué)"（安通學(xué)校提供Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,from whoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxtoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.[參考譯文]一項(xiàng)關(guān)于1996年的顯示，反科學(xué)的還可以貼在許多其人(都被貼上了反科學(xué)的)。The´trueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrllchofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyears-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica´smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation´sheadcounting.[參考譯文]這種發(fā)展--以及其對(duì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)在未來幾年的潛在的強(qiáng)有力的影響一Oftentheychoose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmogcrimeandothersofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California´sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970´s,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960´sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.Unlikemostoftheworld?svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingtesthatmakeuptheearth?ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofate[參考譯文]跟世界上的大多數(shù)火山不同的是，它們(熱點(diǎn))Therelativemotionofthetescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionoftheteswithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth?sinterior.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsseedfissurescracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.（略）Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginctions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn?tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.[參考譯文]盡管警告常常是適當(dāng)而且必須的--比如對(duì)于藥物相互作用的提出警告-許多警告還是按州或規(guī)定要求給出的然而(我們)并不清楚如果顧客受到時(shí)，Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademics mendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.[參考譯文]與此同時(shí)，法律--由一群、和理論專家組成，他們的險(xiǎn)，也不必連篇累牘地一再提請(qǐng)他們注意一些可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的（安通學(xué)校提供）Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards, ,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinctivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents?careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationreform.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois ifhecannotcompetentlyaccesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofBesides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetohumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrinceton ShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswith mendationsforanationalonhumancloning.長哈羅得?為首的獨(dú)立的專家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報(bào)關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國家政Inadraftprefacetothe mendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning".，參考譯文]在5月17日的會(huì)議上所討論的這份的序言草案中提出，專，Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo?slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.[參考譯文]因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)今的法律已經(jīng)使用基金克隆胚胎(人類后裔在出生前Ifexperimentsarennedandcarriedoutaccordingtonasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.[參考譯文]如果試驗(yàn)是像科學(xué)上的報(bào)告所示的那樣如實(shí)地根據(jù)計(jì)劃規(guī)劃和實(shí)施話，那么對(duì)管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的（安Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeeoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththe[參考譯文]如果科學(xué)家對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像 的寫作所反映的一樣那么管理層就不該因研究者中的"思維與眾不同的人"，喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的"團(tuán)隊(duì)Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoff-spring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classcomparedtothetribe.[參考譯文]人與人在很大程度上的--即面對(duì)自然淘汰法則人人機(jī)會(huì)均等，并Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybeevenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiture.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexnatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers,"Pluff!Pluff!"Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms."[參考譯文]Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-domiatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavyalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJanpan?srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.[參考譯文]戰(zhàn)后一代的步入成年以及女性打入主導(dǎo)的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)使得青少LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents".Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan?s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,tow-generationhouseholds.：：的、只由兩代人組成的家庭。Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.[參考譯文]如果野心的傳統(tǒng)具有生命力，那么這傳統(tǒng)必會(huì)為許多人；尤其會(huì)受到自Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,cenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.[參考譯文]當(dāng)然，人們現(xiàn)在對(duì)成功及其各種標(biāo)志的似乎并不亞于先前。消夏別墅Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.：候都更供應(yīng)充足式物質(zhì)主義的者卻擁有位于南安普頓的避暑山莊：激進(jìn)書籍的出：Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword"amateur"doescarryaconnotationthatconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotshareitsThetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedkingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.[參考譯文]將過去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)英國地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的物做一下比較，(我們)就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn) Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetoo