免疫學名詞解釋英

免疫名詞解釋歷年題Recirculationoflymphocytes(淋巴細胞再循環(huán))Itmeansthecontinueusmovementoflymphocytesacrossthesitesthroughoutbloodandlymphaticvessels,anditiscriticalfortheinitiationandeffectorphasesofimmuneresponse.hapten(半抗原)antigenwhichcancombinewiththecorrespondingAborsensitizedTlymphocytebutcannotevoketheimmuneresponseindependently.TD-Ag(thymusdependentAg)AgstimulatesBcellstoproduceAbwiththehelpofTcellsandmacrophage.TI-Ag(thymusindependentAg)AgstimulatesBcellstoproduceAbwithoutthehelpofTcellsandmacrophage.heterophileAg(異嗜性抗原)commonantigenssharedbydifferentspeciesandplayanimportantroleinimmunopathologyanddiagnosis.HVR(hypervariableregion)超變區(qū)MostofsequencedifferencesamongantibodiesareconfinedtothreeshortstretchesintheVregionsofheavyandlightchainsarecalledHVRCDR(complementarydeterminantregio口)互補決定區(qū)ThesequencesoftheantibodiesformanantigenbindingsurfacethatiscomplementarytothethreedimensionalstructureoftheboundantigenItisalsocalledcomplementarydeterminantregions.idiotype(獨特型)IgsproducedbyeachBcellsclonepossessinguniquestructurerespectivelyinHVRorCDR,theuniquestructureiscalledidiotypeofIg.monoclonalAb(mAb單克隆抗體)Itispreparedbyhybridomatechnique.Immunizedspleencells(Bcells)fusewithmyelomacellsandformhybridomawithpropertyofproliferatingAbconformationaldeterminants構象決定簇Theyarecomposedofaminoacidresiduesarenotinasequencebutbecomespecialjuxtaposedinfoldedprotein.TheyareusuallyonthesurfaceofantigenandberecognizedbyBcellsandAb.ADCC(antibodydependentcellmediatedcytotoxicity)ItisaprocessinwhichNKcellsaretargettoAbcoatedcells,resultinginlysesAbcoatedcells.FcRIIIisexpressedonNKcellmembraneandmediatebindingofIgG.MACmembraneattackcomplex攻膜復合體Alyticcomplexoftheterminalcomponentsofcomplementcascade,IncludingC5678andmulticopiesofC9,whichformsinthemembraneoftargetcellsMACcauseslethalionicandosmoticchangesincells.CKcytokine細胞因子Agroupoflowmolecularweightpolypeptidesorproteinswhicharesecretedbyactivatedimmunocytesorsomematrixcellsandpossesshighactivityandvariousfunctions.Theirmajorfunctionsaretomediateandregulationimmuneresponseandinflammationreaction.CAMorAMcelladhesionmolecules黏附分子Thecellsurfacemoleculeswhosefunctionistopromoteadhesiveinteractionwithothercellsortheextracellularmatrixandplayacrucialroleincellinteraction,recognition,activationandmigration.CDclusterofdifferentiation分化簇Itisagroupofcellsurfacemoleculesassociatedwiththedevelopmentanddifferentiationofimmunecells.MHCmajorhistocompatibilitycomplex主要組織相容性復合體Itisagroupofgeneswhichencodeformajorhistocompatibilityantigensandrelatetoimmuneresponse.HLAhumanleukocyteantigen人類白細胞抗原Themajorhistocompatibilityantigensforhumanbodieswhichassociatedwithhistocompatibilityandimmuneresponse.HLAcomplexTheMHCofhuman,aclusterofgeneswhichencodeforHLAandrelatedtohistocompatibilityandimmuneresponse.MHCrestrictionIninteractionofTcellandAPCortargetcells,TcellsnotonlyrecognizespecificantigenbutalsorecognizepolymorphicresidulesofMHCmolecules.PAMP(pathogenassociatedmolecularpattern)病原相關分子模式distinctstructuresorcomponentsthatarecommonformanypathogens,suchasLPS,dsRNAofvirusesetc.PRR(patternrecognitionreceptor)ThereceptorsthatcanrecognizePAMP,locatedonthesurfaceofmacrophage,includingmannosereceptor,scavengerreceptor,tolllikereceptoretc.APCagroupofcellswhichcanuptakeandprocessantigenandpresentantigen-MHC-I/IIcomplextoTcells,playinganimportantroleinimmuneresponse.TCRcomplexagroupofmembranemoleculesonTcellsthatcanspecificallybindtoantigenandpassanactivationsignalintothecell,consistingofTCR(apy6),CD3(Y￡6￡)and。-6。ITAM(immunoreceptortyrosine-basedactivationmotif)免疫受體酪氨酸活化基序ITAMtransducedeactivationsignalsfromTCR,composingoftyrosineresiduesseparatedbyaround18aas.WhenTCRspeciallybindtoantigen,thetyrosinebecomephosphorylatedbythereceptorassociatedtyrosinekinasestotransductactivelysignals.immunotolerance免疫耐受atypeofspecificunresponsivenesstoagivenantigenpreviouslyexposureofspecificlymphocytestothatantigenbutresponsenaturallytootherantigens.clonalanergy克隆無能astateoffunctionalinactivationwithoutcelldeathofTlymphocytesinducedbyrecognitionofantigenintheabsenceofco-stimulatorysignal.AICD(activationinducedcelldeath)活化誘導細胞死亡repeatedstimulationtoTBlymphocytesbypersistentantigenresultsindeathoftheactivatedellprocessofapoptosis.FasLonactivatedTcellbindingtoFasonactivatedTcellandinduceTcellapoptosis.Hypersensitivity超敏反應aharmfulimmuneresponsewhenasensitizedindividualencountersthesameantigenagain,subsequentlyproducetissueinjuryordisorderoffunctionandmaycauseseriousdisease.TSAtumorspecificAntigen腫瘤特異抗原antigensthatareonlyexpressedontumorcellsbutnotonnormalcells,havinghighspecificity.directrecognition直接識別IntransplantationimmunologyTcellisactivatedbyrecognitionofanintactMHCmoleculesdisplayedbydonorAPCinthegraft.ItisacrossreactionofanormalTCR.Innormalcondition,itrecognizeselfMHCmoleculesplusforeignpeptides,butnow,itrecognizeanallogenicMHCpluspeptide.luqisAseuniuiuilesooniu1sepouL|diuA|1U99|dssuqBiiue01puodsejpueuiepisejS9iAooL|diuA|apue11EL|1S91IS9L|1SSnSSI}pUESUEBjOpiOL|dluA|AjEpUOOQSJOSUEBjOeuniuiuilEJQLldUQcl'LLSniuAL|J_PUBMOJJELU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cesformanantigen-bindingsurfacethatiscomplementarytothethree-dimensionalstructureoftheboundantigen,HVRarealsocalledComplementarity-determiningregions,CDRsLchainpossesses3CDRs：CDR1,CDR2andCDR3HChainpossesses3CDRs:CDR1,CDR2andCDR331、CDR,complementarity-determiningregionsThethreeshortstretchesintheVregionsofIgthatcontainmostofthesequencedifferencesamongIgsarecalledCDRbecausethesesequencesformanantigen-bindingsurfacethatiscomplementarytothethree-dimensionalstructureoftheboundantigen32、domainofIg:thePolypeptidechainsofIgarefoldedbyintrachains-sbondintoglobularshapeineach110aaregionswhichiscalledadomain,33、PolyclonalAb:amixtureofAbswithdifferentspecificitiesandaffinities.generatedinanaturalresponseorartificialimmunization34、MonoclonalAb:AbsproducedbysingleBcellclone(oronehybridomaclone)possesssamestructureandspecificity35、mAb/McAb:Preparedbyhybridomatechnique:Immunizedspleencells(B)fusewithmyelomacellsandformhybridomawithpropertyofproliferatingandproducingantibody36、geneticengineeringAb:Abspreparedbythemethodofgenerecombination37、IsotypeofIg:theepitopeofIginallhealthyindividualsofaspeciesiscalledasisotypeThisisakindofspeciesspecificitywhichexistsinCregionofimmunoglobulin,includingclass,subclass,type,subtype38、Allotype:Thepropertyofagroupofantibodymoleculesdefinedbytheirsharingaparticularantigenicdeterminantfoundontheantibodiesofsomeindividualsbutnotothersofaspecies.ThisisakindofindividualspecificitywithinaspecieswhichexistsinCregionofimmunoglobulin39、IdiotypeofIg:IgsproducedbyoneBcellclonepossessuniquestructurerespectivelyinhypervariableregion(HVR),theuniquestructureofIgiscalledidiotypeofIg40、complementsystem:Asystemofserumandcellsurfaceproteins(includingmorethan30proteins)thatinteractwithoneanotherandwithothermoleculesoftheimmunesystemtogenerateimportanteffectorsofinnateandadaptiveimmuneresponse.41、MAC:alyticcomplexoftheterminalcomponentsofthecomplementcascade,includingC5,6,7,8andmultiplecopiesofC9,thatformsinthemembraneoftargetcells.TheMACcauseslethalionicandosmoticchangesincells.MAC:C5678942、Cytokines(CK):groupoflowmoleculeweightproteinswithhighactivityandmultiplefunctionsthatareproducedbymanydifferentkindsofcellsandthatmediateimmuneresponseandinflammatoryreactionLymphokines(淋巴因子)monokines(單核因子)43、Cell-adhesionmolecules(CAMs):thecellsurfacemoleculeswhosefunctionistopromoteadhesiveinteractionswithothercellsortheextracellularmatrixandplaycrucialrolesincellinteraction,recognition,activationandmigration.Leukocytesexpressvarioustypesofadhesionmolecules,suchasselectins,integrins,andmembersoftheIgsuperfamily,cadherin.44、CD,clusterofdifferentiationCellsurfacemoleculesexpressedonvariouscelltypesthataredesignatedas‘clusterofdifferentiation'orCDnumber(usesofMcAb)TheCDmoleculesisagroupofcellsurfacemoleculesassociatedwiththedevelopmentanddifferentiationoftheimmunecells.CD1-33945、.MHC(Majorhistocompatibilitycomplex)Aclusterofgeneswhichencodeformajorhistocompatibilityantigensandrelatetoimmuneresponse.46、.HLA(humanleucocyteantigen)Themajorhistocompatibilityantigensofhumanwhichareassociatedwithhistocompatibilityandimmuneresponse.47、HLAcomplexTheMHCofhuman,aclusterofthegeneswhichencodeforHLAandrelatetohistocompatibilityandimmuneresponse48、Anchorsitesbindingsitesofanantigenpeptideboundwithantigen-bindinggroovesofMHCmolecules49、anchorresiduesaminoacidsintheanchorsitesbindtoantigen-bindinggroovesofMHCmolecules.50、innateimmunityIt'sreferedtotheprotectionagainstinfectionsthatreliesontheabilitythatexistbeforeinfection,andbecapableofrapidresponsetopathogens..Innateimmunityisthefirstlineofdefenceagainstinfection51、PAMP:distinctstructuresorcomponentsthatarecommonformanypathogense.g.LPS,proteoglycan,N-formylatedpeptides,doubleRNAofvirusesetal.52、Patternrecognitionreceptors,PRR:thereceptorsthatcanrecognizepathogenassociatedmolecularpatterns,locatingonthesurfaceofmacrophages.e.g.mannosereceptor,scavengerreceptor,CD14,Tolllikereceptorsetal.53、Antigen-presentingcells:cellsthatcanprocessandpresentantigens(MHC-peptide)toTcellsnonprofessionalAPCProfessionalAPCDendriticcellMacrophageBlymphocyte54、APC:expressingMHC-IIandco-stimulatorymolecules,presentexogenousantigenstoCD4+Tcells,Includingmacrophages,dentriticcellsandBcells55、TCR-CD3complex:agroupofmembranemoleculesonTcellsthatcanspeciallybindtotheantigenandpassanactivationsignalintothecells,consistingofTCR(ba,dg)andCD3(eg,ed,zzorzq)56、TCR:akindofmembranemoleculeonTcellsthatcanspeciallybindtotheantigen(RecognizespecificallywithAg-MHCcomplex)57、BCRcomplexagroupofmembranemoleculesonBcellsthatcanspecificallybindtotheantigenandpassanactivationsignalintoBcells,consistingofBCRandIga-Igbheterodimer58、BCRmembraneimmunologlobulinonBcell,mIg:IgM,IgD,Iga-Igb,(CD79),ITAM,transduceanactivationsignal59、Allelicexclusion:onlyoneofthetwoallelesinhomologouschromosomescanbeexpressed..60、isotypicexclusion:onlyoneofthetwotypesoflightchaingenescanbeexpressed61、adaptiveimmuneresponse:Itmeansaprocessinwhich,afterantigenrecognition,lymphocytesareactivated,proliferate,anddifferentiateintoeffectorcells(orlosttheabilityofactivation)thatexertimmuneeffect.62、CTL(cytotoxicTlymphocyte)/(Tc)Developmentofmembrane-boundcytoplasmicgranulesthatcontainproteins,includingperforinandgranzymes,whosefunctionistokillothercells.Secretionofcytokines,IFN-y63、ImmunologicalTolerance:Atypeofspecificunresponsivenesstoanantigeninducedbytheexposureofspecificlymphocytestothatantigen,butresponsetootherantigensnormally.64、Tolerogens:antigensthatinducetolerance65、Clonalanergy:functionalinactivationwithoutcelldeath:lackco-stimulatorysignal66、immunologicalignorance:reactivelymphocytesandtheirtargetantigenarebothdetectablewithinanindividual,yetnoautoimmuneattackoccurs.67、immunologicalprivilege:Privilegedsites,Suchaseyes,CNS(centralneuralsystem),placenta,andtestis.68、Imm