【雙語報(bào)】八年級(jí)英語上冊(cè) 第20期 牛津深圳

第20期語法運(yùn)用Grammarinuse一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與since和for上一單元我們初步學(xué)習(xí)了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),本單元我們來學(xué)習(xí)一下由since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。sincesince+過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：IhavelivedheresinceIwastenyearsold.我從十歲時(shí)就住在這里了。瞬間動(dòng)詞不與“since+過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”連用表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性,應(yīng)改為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。(例句如下)瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定式可以與“since+過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”或“for+一段時(shí)間”連用,表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)已經(jīng)持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間。(例句如下)since如:Jackhasleftschoolsince6o’clock.(×)Jackhasbeenawayfromschoolsince6o’clock.(√)杰克自從六點(diǎn)就離開學(xué)校了。如:Ihaven’tmethimforyears.我已經(jīng)多年沒見他了。Shehasn’tgonetoherhometownsincelastyear.她從去年以來就沒有回過家鄉(xiāng)了。forfor+一段時(shí)間,如:Hehasworkedforsevenhourswithoutrest.他已經(jīng)連續(xù)工作七小時(shí)了。瞬間動(dòng)詞不與“for+一段時(shí)間”連用表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性,應(yīng)改為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如:Shehasleftfortwohours.(×)Shehasbeenawayfortwohours.(√)她已經(jīng)離開兩個(gè)小時(shí)了?！菊Z法筆記】1.瞬間動(dòng)詞表示短暫的動(dòng)作,如:come,go,leave,start,begin,become,receive和die,而持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,如:work,stay,live和learn。2.since除了可以跟表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的名詞或名詞短語構(gòu)成時(shí)間狀語外,也可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,且從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞通常用一般過去時(shí)。如:IhavenotbeenbacktomymiddleschoolsinceIleft.自從我離開我的中學(xué)以后我再也沒有回去過。3.注意since和for不能同時(shí)使用。如:(×)LisahaslivedinCanadaforthreeyearssince2011.二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的比較時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去,但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。謂語動(dòng)詞為:have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)只是陳述過去的事實(shí),不考慮與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。謂語動(dòng)詞為:動(dòng)詞的過去式時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中常用的時(shí)間狀語或詞語:for,since,ever,never,yetbefore,recently,already…一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:yesterday,lastweek,lastyear,oneyearago,in1990,justnow...時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,如:stay,live,be,teach,work,study,如果謂語是瞬間動(dòng)詞,則用其否定式。一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)既可和瞬間動(dòng)詞連用,如:come,go,begin,start,finish,become,也可和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用,如:have,know。實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練I.用since或for填空,完成句子。1.ThemanhasbeenawayfromChina____tenyears.2.Thegirlhascollectedstamps______shewasfiveyearsold.3.IhavestudiedRussian______lastmonth.forsincesince4.Tomhasworked____fivehours.5.MyEnglishisverygoodbecauseIhavelearnedit____sevenyears.6.Williamhaslivedhere_____hegotmarried.7.MissLinhastaughtinthisschool_____2010.forforsincesince8.Mayisinheroffice.Shehasbeenthere______7o’clockthismorning.9.Nobodylivesinthesehouses.Theyhavebeenempty____manyyears.10.Tomhasbeenill____alongtime.Hehasbeeninhospital______October.sinceforforsinceIII.用since、for或括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。MyfatherhaslivedinEngland(11)____1985.Heenjoyedtravellingwhenhewasyoung.Hehasvisitedmanycountries.He(12)_________(play)thepiano(13)____hewaseightyearsold.Heplaysitverywellnow.Whenhewas26yearsold,hemetmymotherandtheygotmarried.They(14)_________(live)happilytogether(15)____thirtyyears.forsincehasplayedsincehavelivedIII.將下列單詞或詞組連接成句。16.have,story,the,many,Chinese,years,told,for,this(.)_______________________________________________________17.in,long,you,Beijing,how,lived,have(?)___________________________________TheChinesehavetoldthisstoryformanyyears.HowlonghaveyoulivedinBeijing?18.I,for,hours,have,Internet,the,two,searched(.)_____________________________________________________19.he,come,married,Jack,got,here,since,hasn’t(.)_____________________________________________________IhavesearchedtheInternetfortwohours.Jackhasn’tcomeheresincehegotmarried.20.ago,he,took,his,to,the,mother,days,flowers,three(.)_______________________________________________________21.she,been,how,the,long,in,MusicClub,has(?)________________________________________________Hetooktheflowerstohismotherthreedaysago.HowlonghasshebeenintheMusicClub?22.back,not,his,left,he,to,he,has,hometown,been,since(.)_______________________________________________________________Hehasnotbeenbacktohishometownsinceheleft.短語收藏夾PhrasecollectionUnit6短語聚會(huì)1.comeon (用于命令)快;加油;加把勁2.falseteeth假牙3.withastart猛地一驚4.intheearlymorning 在清晨5.beunderattack 受到攻擊6.thinkof 想到,想起7.fill...with...把……裝滿……8.Thankyoufor...謝謝你……9.befullof充滿10.give...animportanttask給……一個(gè)重要的任務(wù)11.asksb.todosth.要求某人干某事【操練場(chǎng)】根據(jù)句意從上面選擇適當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z并用其正確形式填空,補(bǔ)全句子。1.He______thebottle_____winelastnight.2.Yourgarden_____________greengrassandbeautifulflowersnextspring.3.Theminister_____theguards_________________.filledwithwillbefullofgaveanimportanttask4.Dorothy,_________.Nevermindyourshoes.They’llsoondryoff.5.Hewokeup__________justnowandfeltafraid.6.It’sgoodtojog(慢跑)_____________________.7.Theenemies(敵人)______________________eonwithastartintheearlymorninghavebeenunderattack8.Thatoldmancan’tchew(嚼)withouthis__________.9.Ican’t________abetterwaytospendmytime.10._____________yourkindinvitation.ThankyouforfalseteeththinkofForUnit6SectionA(ForGrammar)I.用since或for填空。1.Ihavelivedhere____morethantwentyyears.2.I’veknownhim______wewerechildren.3.JimhasbeeninIreland_____Monday.forsincesince4.Lisaisinthemeetingplace.Shehasbeenthere______8o’clock.5.Nobodylivesinthatoldvillage.Ithasbeenempty____manyyears.6.TheyhavelearntEnglish______theywenttoschool.7.LouiehasstudiedChinese______hewassixyearsold.sinceforsincesince8.Dalehastalkedonthephone____fiveminutes.9.Shehasbeenawayfromthecity____abouttenyears.10.---HowlonghaveyoulivedinChina?---IhavelivedinChina______Iwasborn.sinceforforII.把下面各句的短暫性動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換成持續(xù)性動(dòng)作。11.HegottoBeijingfiveminutesago.He__________Beijingfor______________.12.ImovedtotheUSAlastyear.I____________theUSAsince__________.hasbeeninfiveminuteshavelivedinlastyear13.Iwenthomeyesterday.I_________homefor_________.14.Theycameherelastweek.They__________heresince___________.15.Ibecameateacherin2000.I_________ateacherfor________________.fourteenhavebeenonedayhavestayedlastweekhavebeenyearsIII.用所給詞的正確時(shí)態(tài)填空。Mygrandparents(16)______(move)tothecountrysidesixyearsago.They(17)_________(live)thereforsixyears.Theylikethelifetherebecausethereisfreshair.Theylovedtravellingwhenthey(18)____(be)young.Sofar,they(19)____________(visit)manycountries,suchasJapan,France,AmericaandThailand.Inthepast,myparentsandIoften(20)_____(go)backtothecountrysidetomovedhavelivedwerehavevisitedwentvisitthem.Butwe(21)___________(notsee)themsincelastyearbecausemyparents(22)_____________(busy)withtheirworkandI(23)___________(work)hardonmystudies.Mygrandmotheronce(24)_____(call)us.Theyhavemissedussomuch.Infact,wehavealsomissedthem.Sowe(25)____________(decide)togobackthisSpringFestivalsincewereceivedthatcall.I’msurewe’llhaveahappynewyear.havedecidedhaven’tseenhavebeenbusyhaveworkedcalledIV.用括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞的正確形式完成對(duì)話。Nick:(26)_______________(you/speak)toMikeabouttheparty?Tom:Yes,Ihave.(27)_______(I/speak)tohimyesterday.Hewillbringsomesoftdrinks.Nick:(28)_______________(you/ask)Lucytobringsomedrinkstoo?HaveyouspokenIspokeHaveyouaskedTom:No,Ihaven’t.But(29)__________(she/promise)tobringsomeCDs.(30)_________(I/phone)herlastnight.Nick:Isee.Andwho(31)___________________(you/forget)toinvitesofar?Tom:(32)_____________(I/plan)everything.Nick:No,(33)_________________(you/not/invite)me!youhaven’tinvitedshepromisedIphonedhaveyouforgottenIhavepannedSectionB(ForSpeaking)根據(jù)漢語提示寫單詞,補(bǔ)全句子。每空一詞。1.我爺爺不能吃硬的食物因?yàn)樗麕Я艘桓奔傺?。Mygrandfathercan’teathardfoodbecausehewearsasetof__________.falseteeth2.我從后面拍了他一下,他猛然一驚看著我。WhenIpattedhimfromtheback,helookedatme___________.3.加把勁,你將會(huì)是第一個(gè)到達(dá)終點(diǎn)的人。________,andyou’llbethefirstonetogettotheend.withastartComeon4.我媽媽去超市買東西了。Mymother__________thesupermarkettobuythings.5.當(dāng)他們見到想見的人之后就開船走了。They__________aftertheymetthepersontheywantedtomeet.hasgonetosailedaway6.如果你累的話你可以坐在那塊石頭上休息一下。Youcan_____thestonetohavearestifyouaretired.7.無論發(fā)生什么,我們都不應(yīng)該放棄希望。Nomatterwhathappens,weshouldnot_______hope.giveupsitonSectionC(ForWriting)根據(jù)漢語提示寫單詞,補(bǔ)全句子。每空一詞。1.每天早上上班時(shí)間,這輛公交車上擠滿了人。Whenit’stimeforworkeverymorning,thebus________people.isfullof2.士兵們爬出了木馬占領(lǐng)了城市。Thesoldiers_____________thewoodenhorseandcapturedthecity.3.因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)盒子太重了,他不得不把它拖進(jìn)房間。Becausethatboxistooheavy,hehasto____it____theroom.climbedoutofpullinto4.孩子們等到媽媽回來才上床睡覺。Thechildrendidn’t__________untiltheirmothercameback.5.我聽從他的建議是一個(gè)大錯(cuò)誤。Itwas____________formetofollowhisadvice.6.在我小的時(shí)候,我奶奶常常給我講故事。WhenIwasyoung,mygrandmotherusually____stories___me.gotosleepabigmistaketoldto7.你應(yīng)該在你爸爸回來之前想出一個(gè)好主意。Youshould________agoodideabeforeyourfathercomesback.8.我們應(yīng)該努力保護(hù)這些古建筑。Weshould______protecttheseancientbuildings.trytothinkofSectionD(ForMorePractice)I.從方框中選擇合適的短語,并用其適當(dāng)?shù)男问酵瓿删渥?。intheearlymorning,beunderattack,ask...to...,fill...with...,order...to...,take...to...1.Don’t______me_____doanything,andyoushouldgivemeadvice.orderto2.Thecity______________now,andthesoldiersaretryingtofightagainstenemies.3.Wesetout___________________.4.____thebottle_____enoughwaterbecausefivepeopleneedtodrinkit.isunderattackintheearlymorningFillwith5.Myyoungerbrotheroften____me__helphimtoplaybaseball.6.Whenitbegantorain,mymotheraskedmeto_____anumbrella___mybrotheryesterday.toaskstotakeII.根據(jù)漢語提示寫單詞,補(bǔ)全句子。每空一詞。7.明天我就把那本書給你帶來。I’ll__________________tomorrow.8.你不可能在三天之內(nèi)完成這個(gè)工作。It’simpossibleforyoutofinishthework____________.9.在河的那邊有一大片森林。_________________theriver,there’sabigforest.bringyouthebookinthreedaysOntheothersideof10.最近我的數(shù)學(xué)進(jìn)步了很多,謝謝你幫助我。MyMathshasimprovedalotrecently.___________________me.11.我們學(xué)校有2,500多名學(xué)生。Thereare__________2,500studentsinourschool.morethanThankyouforhelping參考答案語法運(yùn)用–實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

I. 1.for 2.since 3.since 4.for 5.for6.since7.since8.since9.for10.for;sinceII. 11.since 12.hasplayed 13.since 14.havelived 15.forIII.16.TheChinesehavetoldthisstoryformanyyears.17.HowlonghaveyoulivedinBeijing?18.IhavesearchedtheInternetfortwohours.19.Jackhasn’tcomeheresincehegotmarried.20.Hetooktheflowerstohismotherthreedaysago.21.HowlonghasshebeenintheMusicClub?22.Hehasnotbeenbacktohishometownsinceheleft.短語收藏夾 1.filled;with 2.willbefullof 3.gave;animportanttask 4.comeon 5.withastart 6.intheearlymorning 7.havebeenunderattack 8.falseteeth 9.thinkof 10.ThankyouforSectionA

I. 1.for 2.since 3.since 4.since 5.for6.since7.since8.for9.for10.sinceII. 11.hasbeenin;fiveminutes 12.havelivedin;lastyear 13.havebeen;oneday 14.havestayed;lastweek 15.havebeen;fourteenyearsIII. 16.moved 17.havelived 18.were 19.havevisited 20.went21.haven’tseen22.havebeenbusy23.haveworked24.called25.havedecidedIV.

26.Haveyouspoken 27.Ispoke 28.Haveyouasked 29.shepromised 30.Iphoned 31.haveyouforgotten 32.Ihavepanned 33.youhaven’tinvitedSectionB

1.falseteeth 2.withastart 3.Comeon 4.hasgoneto 5.sailedaway 6.siton 7.giveupSectionC

1.isfullof 2.climbedoutof 3.pull;into 4.gotosleep 5.abigmistake 6.told;to 7.thinkof 8.trytoSectionD

I. 1.order;to 2.isunderattack 3.intheearlymorning 4.Fill;with 5.asks;to 6.take;toII. 7.bringyouthebook 8.inthreedays 9.Ontheothersideof 10.Thankyouforhelping 11.morethan八年級(jí)英語Unit6聽說題

I. 1.B 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.BII.6.TheGreeks.7.Becausetheysucceededincapturingthecitythroughaclevertrickinsteadoffighting.8.Weshouldmakefulluseofthethingsinourlife.Whenyouwanttosucceed,becarefulandtakethechances.III.9.Europeans.10.Theywerelikesmallwolvesinancienttimes.11.Becausetheyareourfriends.

IV.請(qǐng)用英語描述下圖,至少六句話。Oneday,afewboyswereflyingkitesalongariver.Suddenly,aboy’skitefellintotheriverandherantogetit.Buttheboywassocarelessthathefellintotheriver.Justthen,apolicemanpassedbyandjumpedintotherivertohelptheboyoutofthewater.Thenhetoldtheboytokeepsafeandstayawayfromtheriverwhentheywerehavingfun.寫作一招鮮writingtips【一展身手】假設(shè)媽媽給你講了一個(gè)倫敦大火的故事,你想把它講給你的朋友聽。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下提示用英語講述故事。要求:80詞左右,可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。提示:1.倫敦大火開始于1666年9月2日。2.由于當(dāng)時(shí)倫敦大多數(shù)房子都是木頭建造的,所以大火蔓延得很快。3.大火在四天之內(nèi)燒毀了倫敦大約1/6的建筑,有幾個(gè)人在大火中喪生?；馂?zāi)后,超過1萬人無家可歸。4.最后,國王命令軍隊(duì)拆除成百上千的建筑,以形成一條隔離帶,但這一辦法未能奏效。直到第4個(gè)夜晚風(fēng)停了,大火才熄滅。寫作本篇作文可能用到的詞匯、短語:theGreatFireofLondon,bemadeof,spread(蔓延),burn,homeless(無家可歸的),takedown(拆除),anisolationstrip(隔離帶)。TheGreatFireofLondonstartedonSeptember2nd,1666.AsmostofthehousesinLondonweremadeofwoodatthattime,thefirespreadveryquickly.Thefireburntabout1/6ofthebuildingsinthecityinfourdays.Therewereseveralpeoplediedinthefire.Afterthefire,morethantenthousandpeoplebecamehomeless.Atlast,thekingaskedthearmytotakedownhundredsofbuildingstomakeanisolationstrip.Butitdidn’twork.Thefiredidn’tbeputoutuntilthewindstoppedonthefourthnight.

Thankyou第二單元配合物的形成和應(yīng)用課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)航1.了解人類對(duì)配合物結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)識(shí)的歷史。2.知道簡單配合物的基本組成和形成條件。3.掌握配合物的結(jié)構(gòu)與性質(zhì)之間的關(guān)系。4.認(rèn)識(shí)配合物在生產(chǎn)生活和科學(xué)研究方面的廣泛應(yīng)用。新知初探自學(xué)導(dǎo)引自主學(xué)習(xí)(2)配位鍵：共用電子對(duì)由一個(gè)原子單方向提供而跟另一個(gè)原子共用的共價(jià)鍵叫配位鍵。配位鍵可用A→B形式表示，A是_________________的原子，叫做電子對(duì)給予體，B是____________________的原子叫接受體。(3)形成配位鍵的條件提供孤電子對(duì)接受孤電子對(duì)①有能夠提供_______________的原子，如______________等。②另一原子具有能夠接受__________的空軌道，如___________________________等。孤電子對(duì)N、O、F孤電子對(duì)Fe3＋、Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Ag＋想一想1.在水溶液中，Cu2＋與氨分子是如何結(jié)合成［Cu(NH3)4］2＋的呢？2.配位化合物(1)寫出向CuSO4溶液中滴加氨水，得到深藍(lán)色溶液整個(gè)過程的反應(yīng)離子方程式。____________________________________;___________________________________________________________________________.Cu(OH)2+4NH3·H2O===［Cu(NH3)4］2++2OH-+4H2O(2)［Cu(NH3)4］SO4的名稱為_______________________,它的外界為__________，內(nèi)界為________________，中心原子為______，配位體為_______分子，配位數(shù)為_______。(3)配合物的同分異構(gòu)體：含有兩種或兩種以上配位體的配合物，若配位體在____________________不同，就能形成不同幾何構(gòu)型的配合物，如Pt(NH3)2Cl2存在______和______兩種異構(gòu)體。硫酸四氨合銅［Cu(NH3)4］2＋Cu2+NH34空間的排列方式順式反式想一想2.順式Pt(NH3)2Cl2和反式Pt(NH3)2Cl2的化學(xué)式相同，它們的性質(zhì)也相似嗎？提示：不同，由于結(jié)構(gòu)不同，所以其化學(xué)性質(zhì)不相同。二、配合物的應(yīng)用1.在實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中，人們常用形成配合物的方法來檢驗(yàn)__________、分離物質(zhì)、定量測(cè)定物質(zhì)的組成。(1)向AgNO3溶液中逐滴加入氨水的現(xiàn)象為:_________________________________。產(chǎn)生的配合物是____________________。金屬離子先生成沉淀，然后沉淀再溶解［Ag(NH3)2］OH(2)向FeCl3溶液中滴入KSCN溶液的現(xiàn)象：____________________________。產(chǎn)生的配合物是______________。2.在生產(chǎn)中，配合物被廣泛用于________、______、___________、___________領(lǐng)域。3.生命體中的許多金屬元素都以配合物形式存在。4.配合物在醫(yī)療方面應(yīng)用也很廣泛。5.模擬生物固氮也與配合物有關(guān)。有血紅色溶液出現(xiàn)Fe(SCN)3染色電鍍硬水軟化金屬冶煉自主體驗(yàn)1.配合物［Zn(NH3)4］Cl2的中心原子的配位數(shù)是()A.2 B.3C.4 D.5解析：選C。配合物［Zn(NH3)4］Cl2的中心原子是Zn2＋，配位體是NH3，配位數(shù)是4。2.下列不能形成配位鍵的組合是()A.Ag＋、NH3 B.H2O、H＋C.Co3＋、CO D.Ag＋、H+解析：選D。配位鍵的形成條件必須是一方能提供孤電子對(duì)，另一方能提供空軌道，A、B、C三項(xiàng)中，Ag＋、H＋、Co3＋能提供空軌道，NH3、H2O、CO能提供孤電子對(duì),所以能形成配位鍵，而D項(xiàng)Ag＋與H＋都只能提供空軌道，而無法提供孤電子對(duì),所以不能形成配位鍵。3.下列不屬于配離子的是()A.［Ag(NH3)2］＋ B.［Cu(CN)4］2－C.［Fe(SCN)6］3－ D.MnO－4解析：選D。MnO－4無配位原子。4.向下列配合物的水溶液中加入AgNO3溶液,不能生成AgCl沉淀的是()A.［Co(NH3)4Cl2］Cl B.［Co(NH3)3Cl3］C.［Co(NH3)6］Cl3 D.［Co(NH3)5Cl］Cl2解析：選B。在配合物中，內(nèi)界以配位鍵結(jié)合很牢固，難以在溶液中電離；內(nèi)界和外界之間以離子鍵相結(jié)合，在溶液中能夠完全電離。不難看出A、C、D三項(xiàng)中配合物在水中均電離產(chǎn)生Cl-，而B項(xiàng)無外界離子，不能電離。要點(diǎn)突破講練互動(dòng)探究導(dǎo)引1指出配合物[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2的配離子、中心離子、配位體、配位數(shù)及配位原子。提示：配離子指配合物的內(nèi)界，中心原子指提供空軌道的原子或離子，要點(diǎn)一配合物的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)配位體指提供孤電子對(duì)的分子或離子，配位數(shù)是配位體的總個(gè)數(shù)，配位原子指配位體中提供孤電子對(duì)的原子。配合物[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2的配離子為[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]2＋,中心原子是Pt4＋，配位體是NH3、Cl－，配位數(shù)為6，配位原子為N和Cl。探究導(dǎo)引2配離子[Ag(NH3)2]＋是如何形成的？提示：配離子[Ag(NH3)2]＋是由Ag＋和NH3分子反應(yīng)生成的，由于Ag＋空的5s軌道和5p軌道形成sp雜化軌道，接受2個(gè)NH3分子提供的孤電子對(duì)，形成直線形的[Ag(NH3)2]＋，該過程圖示如下。

要點(diǎn)歸納1.配合物的組成內(nèi)界：中心體(原子或離子)與配位體，以配位鍵成鍵。外界：與內(nèi)界電荷平衡的相反離子。有些配合物不存在外界，如[PtCl2(NH3)2]、[CoCl3(NH3)3]等。另外，有些配合物是由中心原子與配位體構(gòu)成，如[Ni(CO)4]、[Fe(CO)5]等。2.配合物的結(jié)構(gòu)配位數(shù)雜化軌道類型空間構(gòu)型結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖實(shí)例2sp直線形[Ag(NH3)2]＋[Cu(NH3)2]＋配位數(shù)雜化軌道類型空間構(gòu)型結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖實(shí)例4sp3正四面體形[Zn(NH3)4]2＋[ZnCl4]2－dsp2(sp2d)平面正方形[Ni(CN)4]2－[Cu(NH3)4]2＋6sp3d2(d2sp3)正八面體[AlF6]3－[Co(NH3)6]3＋即時(shí)應(yīng)用1.化學(xué)家維多克·格利雅因發(fā)明了格氏試劑(RMgX)而榮獲諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。RMgX是金屬鎂和鹵代烴反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物，它在醚的稀溶液中以單體形式存在，并與二分子醚絡(luò)合，在濃溶液中以二聚體存在，結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖：上述2種結(jié)構(gòu)中均存在配位鍵，把你認(rèn)為是配位鍵的用“→”在結(jié)構(gòu)圖中標(biāo)出。解析:配位鍵是由孤電子對(duì)與空軌道形成的,Mg最外層有兩個(gè)電子，可以與R、X形成離子鍵，而O原子中存在孤電子對(duì)，所以兩個(gè)O(C2H5)2可以與Mg形成配位鍵。在二聚體中，同理，一個(gè)Mg與R、X相連，則另外一個(gè)X和O(C2H5)2，則與Mg形成配位鍵。答案：要點(diǎn)二配合物的性質(zhì)探究導(dǎo)引現(xiàn)有兩種配合物晶體[Co(NH3)6]Cl3和[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2，一種為橙黃色，另一種為紫紅色。請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)方案將這兩種配合物區(qū)別開來。提示：在[Co(NH3)6]Cl3中Co3＋與6個(gè)NH3分子配合成[Co(NH3)6]3＋，3個(gè)Cl－都是外界離子。而[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2中Co3＋與5個(gè)NH3分子和1個(gè)Cl－配合成[Co(NH3)5Cl]2＋,只有兩個(gè)Cl－是外界離子。由于配合物中內(nèi)界以配位鍵結(jié)合很牢固，難以在溶液中電離，而內(nèi)界和外界之間以離子鍵結(jié)合，在溶液中能夠完全電離。不難看出，相同質(zhì)量的兩種晶體在溶液中能夠電離出的Cl－數(shù)是不同的，我們可以利用這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)行鑒別。要點(diǎn)歸納1.配合物的顏色：當(dāng)簡單離子形成配合物時(shí),其性質(zhì)往往有很大的差異，顏色發(fā)生改變就是一種常見的現(xiàn)象，多數(shù)配離子都有顏色，如[Fe(SCN)6]3－為血紅色、[Cu(NH3)4]2＋為深藍(lán)色、[Cu(H2O)4]2＋為藍(lán)色、[CuCl4]2－為黃色、[Fe(C6H6O)6]3－為紫色等等。我們根據(jù)顏色的變化就可以判斷配離子是否生成，如Fe3＋離子與SCN－離子在溶液中可生成配位數(shù)為1～6的硫氰合鐵(Ⅲ)配離子，這種配離子的顏色是血紅色的，反應(yīng)如下：Fe3＋＋nSCN－====[Fe(SCN)n]3－n，實(shí)驗(yàn)室通常用這一方法檢驗(yàn)鐵離子的存在。2.配合物的溶解性:有的配合物易溶于水，如[Ag(NH3)2]OH、[Cu(NH3)4]SO4、Fe(SCN)3等。利用配合物的這一性質(zhì)