中英具有混合纖維增強(qiáng)塑料片的混凝土梁–柱聯(lián)接部位的加固節(jié)選

外文翻譯1外文原文出處：KennethZammit,UniversityofMalta.June2003具有混合纖維增強(qiáng)塑料片的混凝土梁–柱聯(lián)接部位的加固（節(jié)選）摘要：本篇文章描述了對(duì)加固后標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)試件進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果，該試件代表平面框架結(jié)構(gòu)中的梁–柱聯(lián)接部位。設(shè)計(jì)試驗(yàn)的目的是為了研究在靜載條件下纖維增強(qiáng)塑料被應(yīng)用到梁–柱聯(lián)接部位外表面附近時(shí)對(duì)所測(cè)試件的影響。特別令人感興趣的是在靜載條件下應(yīng)用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料對(duì)增強(qiáng)梁–柱聯(lián)接部位所起的作用。作為研究的關(guān)鍵，為了從外部對(duì)混凝土的連接部分進(jìn)行加固，設(shè)計(jì)了帶有E玻璃無(wú)捻粗紗布和碳布的混合纖維增強(qiáng)塑料復(fù)合物，并且該復(fù)合物結(jié)合了短貼原絲氈和帶有乙烯基酯樹(shù)脂的玻璃纖維帶。結(jié)果顯示，對(duì)于應(yīng)用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料改進(jìn)過(guò)的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵部分能夠?qū)炷两Y(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度和硬度起到增強(qiáng)的作用，同時(shí)也能夠起到在不同類型荷載條件下增強(qiáng)它們的效果。同時(shí)，本篇文章也討論了為改進(jìn)和增強(qiáng)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度和硬度而如何選擇纖維增強(qiáng)塑料和結(jié)構(gòu)類型。關(guān)鍵詞：混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)；加固；修復(fù)；混合纖維增強(qiáng)塑料；繞接技術(shù)1.前言為了對(duì)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，一個(gè)被廣泛采用的技術(shù)是使用鋼外套管放置于現(xiàn)有混凝土柱的周圍，這種使混凝土產(chǎn)生側(cè)向限制的技術(shù)已經(jīng)被廣泛的研究[1，2]；而且已經(jīng)顯示重縮載重承載量和混凝土柱的延性增加。然而，這一個(gè)技術(shù)的缺點(diǎn)是它在實(shí)際的應(yīng)用受到來(lái)自腐蝕和固有的缺點(diǎn)。另一方面，纖維增強(qiáng)塑料日益被采用來(lái)加固混凝土，磚石和木結(jié)構(gòu)。通過(guò)關(guān)鍵部分的外表面采用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料來(lái)加固結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠很明顯提高結(jié)構(gòu)的載重量和結(jié)構(gòu)的效用。最近幾年，纖維增強(qiáng)塑料的材料類型更加的廣泛，有玻璃纖維、碳纖維等。它們提供給設(shè)計(jì)者一個(gè)使用的、有效的構(gòu)造材料，這些材料具有范圍很廣的模數(shù)和強(qiáng)度的特性。和傳統(tǒng)的加固技術(shù)相比，纖維增強(qiáng)塑料復(fù)合物具有特別高的強(qiáng)度和硬度，以及設(shè)計(jì)上的靈活性、在不利的環(huán)境中的可替代性、較強(qiáng)的韌性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。通過(guò)優(yōu)化材料組成和結(jié)構(gòu)，使得纖維增強(qiáng)塑料達(dá)到最好的加固效果是可能的，同時(shí)也是必要的。為了在實(shí)際的加固過(guò)程中充分利用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，優(yōu)化組成材料和結(jié)構(gòu)是非常必要的。研究表明，正方形混凝土柱周圍的碳纖維/環(huán)氧基樹(shù)脂能夠使其負(fù)載能力增加8%—22%，而這種能力的增強(qiáng)是依賴于大量纖維的使用以及對(duì)基層表面的處理。樹(shù)脂注入技術(shù)的使用表明其對(duì)繞接效果的改進(jìn)起了非常重要的作用,研究表明，當(dāng)使用玻璃無(wú)捻粗紗布來(lái)增強(qiáng)繞接效果時(shí)，不僅能顯著提高混凝土的負(fù)載能力同時(shí)也能夠增加混凝土短支柱的變形抵抗能力。此外，通過(guò)使用帶有環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂的玻璃/碳混合增強(qiáng)材料來(lái)加固混凝土，當(dāng)對(duì)混凝土柱進(jìn)行反復(fù)的試驗(yàn)來(lái)檢測(cè)它的最初性能時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)它的負(fù)載能力進(jìn)一步的提高了。根據(jù)復(fù)合物彎曲的方位和厚度，表明在套箍位置處進(jìn)行加固會(huì)產(chǎn)生更好的效果。盡管已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了大量的研究，但是大多數(shù)研究中都存在一個(gè)不足之處，即他們所做的試驗(yàn)僅限于形狀較小較簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)構(gòu)，如混凝土圓柱體，而不是真正的結(jié)構(gòu)。此外，有必要根據(jù)成本其中包括材料和處理方法來(lái)研究使組合結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到最優(yōu)化。這就表明，當(dāng)使用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料來(lái)進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)加固時(shí)，應(yīng)該使用各種材料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，不僅僅是帶有環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂的碳纖維，同時(shí)也應(yīng)該包括玻璃纖維或帶有其它聚合樹(shù)脂的碳/玻璃纖維的復(fù)合物，在這個(gè)試驗(yàn)中為了加固一個(gè)典型的建筑部分，即梁–柱聯(lián)接部位，設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)帶有乙烯基酯樹(shù)脂的碳/E玻璃復(fù)合物。為了研究帖有纖維增強(qiáng)塑料對(duì)構(gòu)件的影響，在靜載條件下，分別對(duì)通過(guò)纖維增強(qiáng)塑料加固后的試件和沒(méi)有加固的試件進(jìn)行了大量的試驗(yàn)。研究報(bào)告是一個(gè)合作研究項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)組成部分，該項(xiàng)目是有悉尼理工大學(xué)、高級(jí)材料技術(shù)中心和悉尼大學(xué)共同合作研究的關(guān)于應(yīng)用高級(jí)纖維復(fù)合物來(lái)增大混凝土的強(qiáng)度和硬度，由此來(lái)對(duì)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行加固。4．結(jié)論作為研究的結(jié)果，列出了以下結(jié)論：1．對(duì)加固后標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)試件進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)被成功地處理，所設(shè)計(jì)的試件代表了平面框架結(jié)構(gòu)中的梁–柱聯(lián)接部位。通過(guò)平衡校核證明了由該試驗(yàn)所得出的結(jié)論。2.由無(wú)捻粗紗布、碳布、短貼原絲氈和玻璃纖維帶組成的復(fù)合物有效地證明了纖維增強(qiáng)塑料對(duì)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)試件的加固效果。試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果表明由于使用了纖維增強(qiáng)塑料復(fù)合物使得混凝土的硬度和負(fù)載能力有了明顯的提高。結(jié)果也表明用較低的成本加強(qiáng)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)并且使其達(dá)到較好的效果，使結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到最優(yōu)化是很重要的。3.靜載試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果也表明具有較低彈性模量的混合碳/E玻璃纖維復(fù)合物可能會(huì)提供更好的連接。然而，這需要被更多的試驗(yàn)證明。4．研究也表明應(yīng)該進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究，其中包括加固被破壞的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)試件，循環(huán)荷載和使用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)類型。外文原文1Reinforcementofconcretebeam–columnconnectionswithhybridFRPsheet喝Kenn買eth伐Zamm推it,率格Univ升ersi認(rèn)tyo著fMa躲lta.螞Jun業(yè)e20釣03垮Abst欣ract違：拼The調(diào)pape課rde何scri往bes驢the雜resu雞lts令oft訓(xùn)ests甜on引prot啟otyp仙esi廁zer蠅einf某orce往dco嗚ncre俘tef性rame如spe膽cime谷nsw殿hich洪wer赴ede麗sign砍edt則ore怕pres市ent熱t(yī)he拐colu解m尊n上–憤beam交con網(wǎng)nect運(yùn)ions雕in索plan屯efr附ames膝.Th千ete北sts顧were社dev怕ised場(chǎng)to室inve題stig爛ate喪the儉infl陷uenc句eof壘fib耐rer命einf沙orce掩dpl劃asti習(xí)c(無(wú)FRP張rei全nfor漂ceme均nta想ppli很edt紫oex藥tern凳als惱urfa巾ces譜adja工cent仗to嫌the倒bea懼m濕–院colu寺mn眠con射nect辦ion堤ont報(bào)heb盛ehav授iour慧of讀the嗽test芒spe氣cime郵nsu毅nder犯sta避tic拒load兇ing.男Of球part賓icul姨ari年nter刻est含unde源rst喇a(chǎn)tic助loa泳ding分was戒the短inf亦l(xiāng)uen役ceo燥f育FRP豈rei豈nfor役ceme司nto關(guān)nth故est個(gè)reng句tha演nds系tiff窗ness跑of直bea抹m扇–囑colu剖mn館con肢nect辱ion.天As壇ake愿yto牲the剩stu零dy,放the娛hybr習(xí)id巧FRP武comp丘osit塔eso線fE-遲glas蛾swo萬(wàn)ven愈rovi沸ng(倉(cāng)WR)早and色plai造nca宇rbon狐c(diǎn)lo鉗th,遼comb智ined偏wit芹hch暗oppe秒dst具rand屠m(xù)at糞(CS繭M),尤glas龜sfi三ber較tape鬼(GF丟T)w狂ith屋avi面nyl-村e(cuò)ste河rre挑sin耳were腫des污igne亭dto聲ext粒erna轟lly填rein容forc聰eth綿ejo稍int砌oft溪hec闊o(wú)ncr宋ete筍fram蔥e.T者h(yuǎn)er旬esul暗tss限how佛that許ret沾rofi衰ttin雁gcr選itic歷als刪ecti成ons先ofc襯oncr撿ete唯fram屋esw跡ith怎FRP猶rei難nfor膊ceme懸ntc蜂anp證rovi厘des沾igni克fica宋tion拳str遲engt臘heni哭nga腫nds腔tiff豐enin溉gto熄con瞇cret乞efr倆ames房and言imp壘rove宣the助irb卻ehav抓iour械und農(nóng)erd映iffe破rent項(xiàng)typ斧eso躍flo嚼adin意g.T伴hes戲elec數(shù)tion學(xué)sof壓typ巡eso提f根FRP筒and金the彼arc高h(yuǎn)ite肝ctur粱eof藝com司posi疑tes浴ino貪rder籮to晌impr塵ove段the忠bond舒ing巖and貸stre憐ngth催of癥the繳retr搭o-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tu祖dies火has遇bee利nth接att啄hey喉were枝lim冬ited俊to吳simp夫les鋒mall尾siz序eco析mpon五e(cuò)nts呆,su濾cha厭sco惰ncre蠶tec擺ylin柱ders隆,ra貸ther覺(jué)tha桂nre凱als錘truc逃ture鑄s.F題urth桌ermo睬re,打iti衡ses惑sent否ial謠tos摧tudy址the詢opt判imis祥atio卡nof斃com暢posi飲tes平arch回itec淡ture焰sin傍ter傅mso視fco動(dòng)ste揉ffec仇tive鍬ness眉inc甜ludi既ngm庭ater廈ials璃and外pro炕cess涌ing賀meth泥ods.壯Thi翼sim館plie槽sth浴att鞠her嘴einf李orce蜓ment錄of他infr識(shí)astr摔uctu閘rew啟ith犁FRP六comp于osit爛ess臭houl肥dut箭ilis蘆eth換ead楚vant零ages沫of體vari溪ous跪mate女rial甚s,n埋oto穗nly陡carb仆onf祝iber鑒swi堡the聰poxy剪res仿in,丈but丟also芝gla換ssf衫iber蜘or今hybr稍ido器fca肅rbon寫/gla樸ssf盲ibre脖swi互tho況ther番pol是ymer辣res笛ins.底In鋪this換exp投erim睬enta苗lin勢(shì)vest畫igat叛ion,犬a(chǎn)h錄ybri座dof驚car逼bon/勒E傭-gla鼓ssw授ith臥viny枕l-es蹄ter詞resi捷nco烈mpos冤ites指jac抽ket暗was命desi厲gned源to來(lái)rein校forc秒ea蔬typi夢(mèng)cal宗buil澡ding伯com隱pone位nts,豐nam議ely漲aco尸lum欺n捐–悠beam哨con怕nect叔ion.偏Sta嶄tic疫test戒swe妻r(nóng)et俗hen鞭cond戲ucte百don們FRP索rei詠nfor槳ced教and玻non-治rein抱forc敘eds究peci通mens約wit泄hex勾tens墓ive羊inst畜rume妄ntat格ion齡tos恥tudy泥the研inf清luen晚ceo株fth預(yù)ede魔sign堡edc標(biāo)ompo瞧site儀rei江nfor被ceme稍nt.TheinvestigationreportedinthepaperformspartofacollaborativeresearchprogrambetweentheUniversityofTechnology,SydneyandtheCentreforAdvancedMaterialsTechnology,theUniversityofSydneyinrelationtoapplicationofadvancedfibrecompositestostrengthen,stiffenandhencerehabilitateconcretestructures.2.ExperimentalproceduresThreeprototypesizereinforcedconcreteframespecimens,representingtypicalconcretecolumn–beamconnection,weredesignedforthisstudy.GeometryofthespecimenswithlocationofFRPcompositereinforcementisillustratedinHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.1.Amongthreespecimens,twoofthemareas-isconcretebeam–columnconnectiontype(nonecomposites-reinforced(Non-CR)specimens)andonespecimenwasreinforcedbythehybridofcarbonfiberandglassfibrecompositesaroundthecolumn–beamjoint(composites-reinforced(CR)specimen).Allthreespecimenswerepre-castusingstandardcommercialmixgrade40concrete.ThesteelreinforcementoftheconcretespecimensarealsoshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.1.ConcretecompressiontestsbasedontheAustralianStandard(AS1012–1986)wereconductedonthesamplestakenduringtheconcretepourinordertodeterminethemodulusofelasticityandultimatecompressionstrength(UCS)oftheconcrete.Fig.1.Geometrydetailsoftestspecimens(notoscale).2.1.CompositesarchitectureOneofthethreeconcreteframespecimenswasreinforcedwithhybridcomposites.Thehybridcompositesconsistsoffourbasicarchitectures,namelyE-glasswovenroving(WR/600g/m2),choppedstrandmat(CSM-300g/m2),carboncloth(plainweave-200g/m2)andglassfibretape(GFT-250g/mm2).ThedetailsofthecompositesarchitectureareshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Table1andHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.2.Detailsoflay-upareillustratedinHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.3.WRandcarbonclothareamulti-directionalreinforcementwithbiaxialplainweavingwhichprovideequivalentstrengthinbothaxialandhoopdirections.Theyplaythebasicreinforcementroleinthiscompositesarchitecture.GFTapplyingathoopdirectionprovidesverygoodconfinementandenhancesstructuralintegrity.Theselectionofresincuringsystemsismainlyconcernedwiththeresingel-timeatambienttemperature,whichiscriticaltowrappingprocess.Ingeneral,coldsettingresinsystems(ambienttemperaturecuring)canbeusedwhenwetlay-upprocessisapplied.Sincenolay-upmachineisavailableforthewrappingprocessdescribedinthisstudy,thehandlay-upmethodwasused.Thevinyl-esterresin,Dastar-R/VERPVE/SW/TP,wasmixedwith1.5%ofMEKP(methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide),0.4%ofCoNap(Cobaltnapthenate),and0.5%ofDMA(Dimethylaniline)atambienttemperature.Theresincuresatambienttemperature.Theweightratiobetweenresinandfibrelayerswas1:1.5forWR/CSMlayersand1:0.8forcarboncloth,respectively.Theconcreteframewaswrappedbyalames-woolrollerandaconsolidatingroller.Beforelayingthefirstfibrelayer,theconcretesurfaceswerecleanedupusingacetone,andathinresincoatwasappliedtosealmicroholesonthesurfaceofconcretecolumns.However,furthersurfacetreatmentsuchassandingsurfacetoexposetheaggregateswasintentionallyavoided.Eachcompositelayerwaswettedwiththeresinandrolledontotheconcreteframetoensurefullconsolidation.Table1.DetailsoffivecompositesystemswithacompositearchitecturesFig.2.SchematicillustrationofFRPcompositesarchitectureusedinthisstudy.Fig.3.SomedetailsofFRPcompositeslay-up.2.2.DesignofstatictestsThestatictestsoftheconcreteframespecimensweresetupinahorizontalplane.Thethreesupportsoftheconcreteframe(noloadapplied)wererollertypeasshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.4.Theendatwhichloadwasappliedwasalsoarollertypesupport,however,horizontalmovementswereobviouslynotprevented.Inordertoprovidetheidealrollertypeboundaryconditionsateachendasdesigned,aspecialsetupwasdevelopedwithcombinationofrollersandaswivelheadateachsupporting/loadingpoint(HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.5).Four1000-kN-hydraulicjackswereusedinthetests.Amongthem,theonlyactivejackwasthejackthatappliedloads,whileothersweresimplyactingasadjustablepackingtoprovidingthereactions.Fig.4.Illustrativesketchoftestset-upforstatictest.Fig.5.Set-upforstatictestofconcreteframe.2.3.InstrumentationanddataloggingAppliedloadaswellasreactionforcesweremeasuredusingfour998.8kNloadcellslocatedineachoffoursupporting/loadingpositions.Inordertoobtaindetailedflexuraldeflectioncurvesfortheconcreteframespecimens,twelvelinearvariabledisplacementtransducers(LVDTs)witharangefrom±2.5to±50mmwereusedatstrategiclocationstomeasuretheflexuraldeflections.ExtensivestraingaugingwasdesignedtocapturethestressdistributionofthetestingspecimensinordertovalidatetestsandgainaninsightintothebehaviouroftheconcreteframewithorwithoutFRPreinforcement.Thetotalnumberofstraingaugeswas56foreachspecimen,inwhich28straingauges(5mm)werelocatedonsteelrebarsandtherest(30mmstraingauges)werelocatedontheexternalsurfaceoftheconcreteframespecimens.Locationsofthestraingaugeswerearrangedsothatthestrainsonvariouspointsofthecrosssectionscouldbecaptured.AtypicalstraingaugearrangementformostmeasuredcrosssectionsisshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.6.LocationsofstraingaugesinsidethesectionareshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.7.Fig.6.Locationofcrosssectionsoftheconcreteframeforstraingauging.Fig.7.Locationofstraingaugesinbothbeamandcolumnsections.2.4.TestprocedureDesignationsoftestspecimensandabriefdescriptionaregiveninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=