自然崩落法全英文六壹

CavingSubsidenceContentsCavingtheorySubsidenceprocessSubsidencezonesSubsidencepredictionDamagecriterionProcess3partcavingprocessDevelopareabigenoughtocaveCaveinitiationCavepropagationInitiationPropagationPropagationRemovalofsupportforthecavingblockMassmobilizationoforecolumnShearingofmajorstructuresin/aroundorecolumnFallsofgroundaroundcavefootprintChimneycavingonweakzonesandstructuresSurfacecrackingSubsidenceasdrawingcommencesPerimeterde-stressingExcavationcollapseduetolossofconfinementPropagationconditions&rates10%oforecolumnmustberemoved8-12%rangefortheabove.25%maximum(Hendersonmine)Majorstructurespresent8-9%Veryfast/notcontrolbydrawafter10%Majorstructures90minweek1m/day(Bartlett1997?)VoiddiffusionnotswellSubsidenceprocess1.Propagatethecavetosurface2.Centresubsidence3.breakbackStage1(PHOTOSCOURTSEYNEWCREST)Stage2Stage3progressionSubsidencezonesMarcodeformations(subsidence&cracking)Microdeformations(Groundtilts&strains)SubsidencezonesMACROMICROGloryholeMacroSubsidencedefinition(kazulavic1999)ImportantdefinitionsAlpha=angleofbreaktosurfacefracturezoneBeta=angleofcavetotheedgeofgloryholeTc=FracturezonearoundthegloryholeTi=undergroundfracturezoneH=muckpileheightAs=finalwidthofgloryholeRulesofsubsidenceWhat'sabovethefootprintisdestroyedWhatinthecrackedareaisdestroyed(angleofbreakzone)Groundtiltsandstrainwilldestroystructuresbeforemacrogroundmovements.Whatneedstobeknownis: -largestfootprintoutlineprojecttosurface

-Angleofbreak -Microdeformationalzone -criticaltilts&strainsofstructures/excavationsMacro/angleofbreak/cavedefinition

AngleofcaveisaFunctionof -Rockmassstrength -Muckpilesupport(H) -Depthofore\body -Majorstructures -Rockmass\shearstrength -HoopstressesAngleofbreak=angleofcave+perimeterfracturezone(Tc)AngleofcaveHastheirbeenanopencutOpencutassumeAngleofbreakNoopencutCavebelowopencutSlopedesign=c=0CavebreakangleCavebreakanglemethodsonlyAngleofbreakopencutHainesandTerbruuge1991slopeangledesign

RockmassstrengthadjustedforcohesionlossduetocavingAng善le糕of機bre匯ak/灘ca疤vin案gExp調(diào)eri射ent企ial物(Sco濱pe)-45積deg蝕ree勁so醉r7刻0d住egr等ees正an巡壽gle宿of泥br寇eakEmp單iri挎cal擠(De案fi堡ne)-L爺aub全sch拉er狡19接90,旁19謝97-K憲avu羊lar鴿vic壁19當(dāng)99Str遣uct狹ura會l(ad嫌ju宵st宋me漲nt)-mod鞠ifi栗es最glo糕ry棕hol須e-云Enl玩arg皺es銷glo欠ry郊hol庸es-顧S吹tr末uc愁tu曬ra繩l忍su文rv地ey-株De軍te義rm民in寒is許ti準c麻an妖al腎ys昆is恒(借St責(zé)ac鍵ey勤&伶S娘wa棵rt黎2惰00夠1)Lau棟bsc堂her富(e塘mpi段ric防al-殼199竭3)ConditionDepth(m)AdjustedMRMR9070503010Nolateralrestraint10080706050405007060504030Lateralrestraintfromcavedmaterial10090807060505008070605040La版ub穩(wěn)sc辣he崗r豬(e祥mp簡ir偶ic敏al蕉-蒙19接97棉)Ka得vu描la天rv波ic阻-揮19盞97Str懂uct丸ura給la歌dju區(qū)stm略ent舊(S匆tac硬ey廢&S塌war瘦t2閱001診)MI明CR寇O/戲Nu好me尾ri行ca敗lMA宇P3賣D,嗓F困LA騎C箏2我&許3D種,閥UD獅EC己,拿3D洋ECCon擊fir座mg悲lor煎yh盟ole抽po議sit鉗ionMod襪el寄str貿(mào)ess刷ef蟻fec良tsFr沈ac貞tu版re壞z匠on旬eGr祖ou譯nd銷t亭il耕ts淡&黃s促tr跨ai或ns蜻a臥ro鏟un扣d柄ho眼leIn黎fl歉ue麻nc表e攔of抄s帥tr隨uc萍tu里re陜s-嚼F昆LA期CSt爐ru龍ct康ur攔es述r腰ed擇uc塵e凡gr媽ou育nd羅s積tr癥ai旦nsExc慚ava點tio攻ns漫tre成ss杠cha急nge酸(1犬0Mp益a?互???顆?)De代fo弄rm僚at響io折ns妄(扎St牙ac地ey錫&開S貴wa廚rt彈2俘00術(shù)0)Num哥eri付cal轉(zhuǎn)(K氏ay南et企al墓199樣1)Mic勸ro頓zon窗ed文ama派ge轟cri啦ter謙ionSh早af繁ts肉-原So壇ut曉h珍Af欄ri先ca麗n支c率ri窯te阻ri寒onBui霜ldi卡ngs王-U杰KS絲式ubs洽ide示nce屯en凍gin粉eer出sh莖and簽bo乓ok父197剩5Me竟ch花an同ic稈s義an旁d苦co吩nc澇re略te弓w籠or蹄k顧fa隱il魄f澇ir勢stFa嗽n耗fo傍un攻da添ti石on室sRe效in墾fo忠rc弄ed鄙c濤ol白la純rs蛙c育an既s含us變ta酒in絮m逮aj醉or缺d淹am拍ag沾eFo械un姨da優(yōu)ti惹on彎s添st候ro嶺ng晉t兼o灣wi精th缺st瞇an顫d司ti筆lt成s穴&達st辱ra歷in匆sFou陶nda補tio啄ns狀fle脂xib攏le借to疲wit贊hst東and雁gr叨oun蘇dm屯ove襲men單ts.Sha疾ft殿dam俗age假cr茅ite桌rio主nTa摟bl苗e寒22看D皂am塞ag宜e夜cr昨it埋er許ia乘f貨or困s凱ha穿ft諒s暢(m川od敢if袋ie弟d乒fr鏡om預(yù)M蕉cK輕in允no緒n,晌1村98慮9)TypeofdamageCriterionReferenceUnspecifieddamagezi<17MPaWilson(1971)Unspecifieddamage,criterionnotbasedonbackanalysiszi<1x10-3Salamon(1974)zi<1x10-3Wagner(1985)zi<1x10-3Daemen(1972)ti<1x10-3Wagner(1985)Steelworkdamageandincreasedshaftmaintenancezi<0,2x10-3Wilson(1971)zi<-0,4x10-3VanEmmenisandMoreO’Ferrall(1971)zi<0,4x10-3Esterhuizen(1980)Tensilefractureofconcreteliningzi<-0,51x10-3to-0,3x10-3Kratzsch(1983)zi<-0,2x10-3Budavari(1986)Compressivefractureofconcreteliningzi<0,7x10-3JagerandRyder(1999)ST掀AN頸D-縫OF顆F燭RU快LE舟SSha芝fts成>袍200廊mf竟rom局ho懷leVe蛾nt唯p隙as勞se麗s循>7遙0m嚇f沈ro燭m妥gl傾or酷y喜ho恭leSur忠fac車eb蜻uil懇din俊gs纖>10炕0m搶