gmat語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)課詞性和成分

GMAT語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)課金栩竹詞性和成分一、區(qū)分開(kāi)連詞和副詞二、熟練識(shí)別同位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)授課目標(biāo)目錄一、必須認(rèn)識(shí)的七種詞性~~~詞性和成分的關(guān)系詞性英語(yǔ)名稱作用例詞

名詞Nouns表示人、事物或抽象概念的名詞house,pen,London動(dòng)詞Verbs表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)see,are形容詞Adjectives表示人或事物的特征tall,beautiful副詞Adverbs表示動(dòng)作特征或性狀特征quickly,very代詞Pronouns代替名詞、數(shù)詞等we,each介詞Prepositions表示名詞、代詞等與其他詞的關(guān)系for,with連詞Conjunctions連接詞與詞或句與句子and,but必須認(rèn)識(shí)的七種詞性名詞-表示人、事物或抽象概念，可以按照可數(shù)不可數(shù)來(lái)劃分。

名詞可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞必須認(rèn)識(shí)的七種詞性之名詞情況加法例詞

一般情況加-sflowers,books以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞加-esbuses,foxes以“輔音+y”結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-eslady-ladies,country-countriesboys,toys,ways可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)之規(guī)則變化不規(guī)則變化的復(fù)數(shù)形式mouse-micemedium-mediadatum-datastratum-strataanalysis-analysesbasis-basesfish-fishthesis-thesesVIP-VIPs/VIP’sCEO-CEOs/CEO’sphenomenon-phenomena可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)之不規(guī)則變化有些集合型名詞一般被認(rèn)為是單數(shù)名詞，通常跟單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)People:agency,army,audience,class,committee,crowd,orchestra,teamItems:baggage,citrus,equipment,fleet,fruit,furniture

不可數(shù)名詞注意事項(xiàng)以-s結(jié)尾的疾病，學(xué)科名稱，國(guó)家名稱，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

diabetes（糖尿?。?arthritis（關(guān)節(jié)炎），acoustics(聲學(xué))，linguistics(語(yǔ)言學(xué))，politics(政治)UnitedStates（美國(guó)），Laos（老撾），Netherlands（荷蘭）不可數(shù)名詞注意事項(xiàng)英語(yǔ)中有許多名詞可加‘s來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，（某人）的。Mark’snewbookIsthisMr.Black’soffice?所有格修飾的詞，如剛剛提過(guò)則可以省略，以避免重復(fù)Whoseseatisthis?It‘sMary’s.Shehadviewsquitedifferentfromherfather’s.Somescientistscontendthatmanyspeciesofdinosaurhadametabolismmorelikeawarm-bloodedmammal’sthanacold-bloodedreptile’s.

名詞的格必須認(rèn)識(shí)的七種詞性之動(dòng)詞類(lèi)別作用例詞例句實(shí)義動(dòng)詞能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)buy,control,discoverI

methimyesterday.能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)remain,die,happenHe

workshardinthefactory.系動(dòng)詞能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)be,e,feelShe

looksveryhappy.助動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)do,be,have,willIhavewrittentwoletterstoday.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)can,may,mustItmayraintonight.動(dòng)詞-表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)按其意義及作用來(lái)劃分按其與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系來(lái)劃分類(lèi)別作用例句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，并與句子的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致Theyarestudents.能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，并與句子的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致He

worksinthefactory.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，不受主語(yǔ)的限制，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。Hewantedtofinish(不定式)hisworkbeforedark.不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，不受主語(yǔ)的限制，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。The

manstanding(現(xiàn)在分詞)atthegateismyteacher.不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，不受主語(yǔ)的限制，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。Allthenovelswritten（過(guò)去分詞）byhimareverypopular.不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，不受主語(yǔ)的限制，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。He

suggestedgoing(動(dòng)名詞)home.形容詞-用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞所表示的人或事物是什么樣的。常見(jiàn)的形容詞：active，beautiful,clean,deep,expensive,fat,general,heavy,important,

joyful,kind,local,modern,north,official,political,quick,ready,short,terrible,useful,visible,warm,young必須認(rèn)識(shí)的七種詞性之形容詞原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)highhigher

highesthappyhappierhappiesthothotterhottestcarefulmorecarefulmostcarefuleffectivemoreeffectivemosteffectivegood,wellbetter

best形容詞的比較級(jí)副詞-主要用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及其他語(yǔ)法成分，表示程度、方式、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等等。類(lèi)別例詞ago,always,before,lately,now,often,then,abroad,away,here,overseas,undergroundaccurately,confidently,illegally,privatelyabsolutely,greatly,rather,quiet,veryanyway,fortunately,interestingly,unbelievably疑問(wèn)副詞how,where,when,why（常出現(xiàn)在特殊疑問(wèn)句的開(kāi)頭）連接副詞how,where,when,why（常出現(xiàn)在名詞性從句的開(kāi)頭）關(guān)系副詞where,when,why（常出現(xiàn)在定語(yǔ)從句的開(kāi)頭）必須認(rèn)識(shí)的七種詞性之副詞accordingly,also,anyway,besides,certainly,consequently,conversely,finally,furthermore,hence,however,incidentally,indeed,instead,likewise,meanwhile,moreover,nevertheless,next,nonetheless,once,otherwise,similarly,specifically,still,subsequently,then,therefore,thus那些用來(lái)“騙人”的副詞（不能引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)句子）CharlesLindbergh,forhisattemptatasolotransatlanticflight,wasveryreluctanttohaveanyextraweightonhisplane,hethereforerefusedtocarryevenapoundofmail,despitebeingoffered$1,000todoso.(A)CharlesLindbergh,forhisattemptatasolotransatlanticflight,wasveryreluctanttohaveanyextraweightonhisplane,hetherefore(B)WhenCharlesLindberghwasattemptinghissolotransatlanticflight,beingveryreluctanttohaveanyextraweightonhisplane,he(C)Sincehewasveryreluctanttocarryanyextraweightonhisplanewhenhewasattemptinghissolotransatlanticflight,soCharlesLindbergh(D)BeingveryreluctanttocarryanyextraweightonhisplanewhenheattemptedhissolotransatlanticflightwasthereasonthatCharlesLindbergh(E)Veryreluctanttohaveanyextraweightonhisplanewhenheattemptedhissolotransatlanticflight,CharlesLindbergh例1ManyentomologistssaythatcampaignstoeradicatethefireantintheUnitedStateshavefailedbecausethechemicalsthatwereusedwereeffectiveonlyinwipingouttheant'snaturalenemies,whichmadeiteasierforthemtospread.(A)whichmadeiteasierforthem(B)whichmakesiteasierforit(C)thusmakingiteasierforthem(D)thusmakingiteasierfortheant(E)thereby,itwasmadeeasierfortheant例2Hespeaksnaturally.Hegaveherthemoneyreluctantly.Theysecretlydecidedtoleavethetown.I’vejustreturnedfromShanghai.Howarethingsgoing?Actually，shehadalteredmuchlessthanI.I’mawfullysorryforwhathashappened.副詞的位置決定你修飾的對(duì)象是否準(zhǔn)確OnlyheknowssomeEnglish.Hecanonlyread.Hecan’tspeak.Diabetes,togetherwithitsseriouscomplications,ranksasthenation’sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,surpassedonlybyheartdiseaseandcancer.Diabetes,togetherwithitsseriouscomplications,hastherankofthenation’sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,onlysurpassedbyheartdiseaseandcancer.only可放在與它想表達(dá)意思最密切的詞之前Since1975somanypeoplehavebeenmovingtoUtahsuchthatMormonswhowereonce75percentofthepopulationarenowonlyaccountingforhalfofit.(A)somanypeoplehavebeenmovingtoUtahsuchthatMormonswhowereonce75percentofthepopulationarenowonlyaccountingforhalfofit(B)manypeoplehavebeenmovingtoUtah,soMormonsonce75percentofthepopulationarenowaccountingforonlyhalf(C)thatmanypeoplehavebeenmovingtoUtah,suchthattheMormonsthatwereonce75percentofthepopulationarenowaccountingforonlyhalfofit(D)manypeoplehavebeenmovingtoUtahsuchthattheMormons,whooncerepresented75percentofthepopulation,nowonlyaccountforhalf(E)somanypeoplehavebeenmovingtoUtahthattheMormons,whooncerepresented75percentofthepopulation,nowaccountforonlyhalf例3代詞-用來(lái)代替名詞的，在句子中起名詞的作用。類(lèi)別例詞I,me,you,you,he,him,she,her,it,it,they,themmyself,ourselves,himself,herself,itself,themselvesoneanother,eachotherthis,that,these,thosesomebody,anyone,everyone,nothing疑問(wèn)代詞who,whom,whose,what,which（常出現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)句句的開(kāi)頭）連接代詞who,whom,whose,that,which（常出現(xiàn)在名詞性從句的開(kāi)頭）關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,that,which（常出現(xiàn)在定語(yǔ)從句的開(kāi)頭）必須認(rèn)識(shí)的七種詞性之代詞Letmeintroducemyself.Shelookedatherselfinthemirror.RankedasoneofthemostimportantofEurope’syoungplaywrights,FranzXaverKroetzhaswritten40plays;hisworks—translatedintomorethan30languages—areproducedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyothercontemporaryGermandramatist.代詞的例句介詞-表示名詞、代詞等與其他詞的關(guān)系。aboutaboveacrossafteragainstalongamongaroundasatbeforebehindbelowbeneathbesidebesidesbetweenbeyondbutbydespitedownduringexceptforfrom

inintoinside

likenearofoffonoppositeoutoverpastperplusroundsincethanthroughtilltotoward(s)underunlikeuntilupviawithwithinunderneathwithout必須認(rèn)識(shí)的七種詞性之介詞In

1713,AlexanderPopebeganhistranslationoftheIliad,aworkthattookhimsevenyearsuntilcompleteandthatliterarycriticSamuelJohnson,Pope'scontemporary,pronouncedthegreatesttranslationinanylanguage.LiketheBrontesandBrownings,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolfareoftensubjectedtothekindofvenerationthatblursthedistinctionbetweentheartistandthehumanbeing.介詞的例句Among

theobjectsfoundintheexcavatedtempleweresmallterra-cottaeffigiesleftbysupplicantswhowereeitheraskingthegoddessBonaDea'saidinhealingphysicalandmentalillsorthankingherforsuchhelp.Quasars,at

billionsoflight-years

fromEarththemostdistantobservableobjectsintheuniverse,arebelievedtobethecoresofgalaxiesinanearlystageofdevelopment.介詞的例句InaplantostoptheerosionofEastCoastbeaches,theArmyCropsofEngineersproposedbuildingparalleltoshoreabreakwaterofrocksthatwouldrisesixfeetabovethewaterlineandactasabuffer,absorbingtheenergyofcrashingwavesandprotectingthebeaches.ResearchersinGermanyhaveunearthed400,000-year-oldwoodenspears

from

whatappearstobeanancientlakeshorehuntingground,stunningevidencethathumanancestorssystematicallyhuntedbiggamemuchearlierthanbelieved..介詞的例句LiketheidolizationaccordedtheBrontesandBrownings,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolfareoftensubjectedtothekindofvenerationthatblursthedistinctionbetweentheartistandthehumanbeing.(A)LiketheidolizationaccordedtheBrontesandBrownings,(B)AstheBrontes’andBrownings’idolization,(C)LikethataccordedtotheBrontesandBrownings,(D)AsitisoftheBrontesandBrownings,(E)LiketheBrontesandBrownings,例4連詞-用來(lái)連接詞與詞或句與句子。并列連詞for，and，but，or，yet，so(fanboys)(both)…and…(either)…or…(neither)…nor…not(only)…but(also)…(whether)…or…從屬連詞after,although,as,asif,because,before,evenif,if,Inorderthat,since,sothat,though,unless,until/till,while必須認(rèn)識(shí)的七種詞性之連詞Thereareseveralwaystobuildsolidwallsusingjustmudorclay,butthemostextensivelyusedmethodhasbeentoformthemudorclayintobricks,and,aftersomepreliminaryairdryingorsundrying,tolaytheminthewallinmudmortar.Inlate1997,thechambersinsidethepyramidofthePharaohMenkaureatGizawereclosedtovisitorsforcleaningandrepairbecausemoistureexhaledbytouristshadraisedthehumiditywithinthemtosuchlevelthatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizingandfunguswasgrowingonthewalls.連詞的例句句子由主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等成分構(gòu)成，其中前三項(xiàng)是句子的靈魂。Ateamofscientistshas

providedevidence.Ateamofscientistshasrecentlyprovidedevidence.Ateamofscientists,whoaretheprofessorsfromTsinghuaUniversity,hasrecentlyprovidedevidence.Takingadvantageofthelatest

technology,ateamofscientists,whoaretheprofessorsfromTsinghuaUniversity,hasrecentlyprovidedevidence.Takingadvantageofthelatest

technology,ateamofscientists,whoaretheprofessorsfromTsinghuaUniversity,hasrecentlyprovidedevidencethatEarthisbombardeddailywithasmanyas40,000smallcometsthatvaporizeintheupperatmosphereandfalltoEarthasrain.詞性和成分的關(guān)系例句Theboyisplayingfootball.Wearelearninggrammar.Fiveisanoddnumber.Tolearngrammarwellisnoteasy.Swimmingismyfavoritesport.WhatIsaidistrue.詞性和成分的關(guān)系之主語(yǔ)類(lèi)別例句簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)IlearnEnglish.Heislookingforhispen.復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)Hemusthavearrivedbyair.Itsoundsagoodidea.詞性和成分的關(guān)系之謂語(yǔ)例句HecanspeakFrench.Theteacheristalkingtoher.Ilike23.Hewantstobuyabook.Shelikesswimming.Idon’tunderstandwhatyoumean.詞性和成分的關(guān)系之賓語(yǔ)例句HeneedsanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Thisismybook.Thereare4policemenonthestreet.Thisisaredapple.Ihavealotofworktodo.It’saboringbook./Sheisanursetrainedbyus.Thisisaswimmingpool.ThestudentsintheclassroomareformClass8.IlovethebookthatMarkwrote.詞性和成分的關(guān)系之定語(yǔ)例句Hesecretlydecidedtoleavethetown.Theytraveledallovertheworld.HecametoBeijingtovisitafriend.HoweveroftenItry,Ican’tfindtheanswer.詞性和成分的關(guān)系之狀語(yǔ)例句MyauntLisaisstayingwithme.Hehimselfdidit.Wetwowillgoshopping.Wehaveproofthatthismancommittedthecrime.詞性和成分的關(guān)系之同位語(yǔ)名詞性解釋同位Theory/evidence/belief+thatComputersefaster,sotooaremodems,thedevicesthatallowtwoormorecomputerstoshareinformation.名詞重復(fù)性同位a+thatDarwinfoundatheorythatthespeciesmostresponsivetochangewillsurvive,atheorythatiscallednaturalselection.同位語(yǔ)的分類(lèi)代詞性同位one/ones+thatThescientistshavefoundachemicalelement,onethatwillpromotethechemicalfieldtoanotherera.概括性同位aprogram/information/theory+thatSomeonethinksthatEarthisthecenterofuniverse,atheorythatmanypeopleinlaterperioddisagreewith.同位語(yǔ)從句（名詞性從句）SomeonehasatheorythatEarthisthecenterofuniverse.同位語(yǔ)的分類(lèi)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句為一個(gè)句意完整的陳述句。that不能省略，沒(méi)有具體的意思，不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。Iheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.I’vecomefromMr.Wangwithamessagethathewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon.Thedifficultyliesinthefactthatweareshortofmoney.SomeonehasatheorythatEarthisthecenterofuniverse.同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句的that只是引導(dǎo)詞，沒(méi)有其他語(yǔ)法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；而定語(yǔ)從句中的that除了引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句外，還是定語(yǔ)從句中的一個(gè)成分，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。I’vegotananswerthatAisright.I’vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.如何區(qū)分that引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句還是定語(yǔ)從句？Theideathatsomepeoplesaresuperiortoothersissheernonsense.Theideathatheproposedatthemeetingissheernonsense.Nooneishappywiththefactthathefoundout.Nooneishappywiththefactthathewilletheirboss.同位語(yǔ)從句例句Themajorityofstudentsenteringlawschoolthisfallareexpectedtobewomen,atrendthatwillultimatelyplacemorewomeninleadershippositionsinpoliticsandbusiness.Thediscoverythatglasscanbeexpandedandshapedbyhumanbreathrevolutionizedglassworkingtosuchanextentthattoday"glassblowing"hasethegenerictermforallglassworking,whethertheglassisblownorformedbyothertechniques.同位語(yǔ)從句例句Oneoftheearliestknownbirdswithabeakandcontourfeathers,Confuciusornissanctus,withlargeclawlike"thumbs"onitswings,whichprobablyhelpedthemtoclimbuptoalaunchingpositionforflight.

(A)withlargeclawlike"thumbs"onitswings,whichprobablyhelpedthemto(B)withlargeclawlike"thumbs"ontheirwings,whichprobablyhelpeditto(C)hadlargeclawlike"thumbs"onitswings,whichprobablyhelpedthem(D)hadlargeclawlike"thumbs"onitswings,probablytohelpit(E)hadlargeclawlike"thumbs"ontheirwings,probablytohelpit例5Mostofthepurportedhealthbenefitsofteacomesfrompoundsalsofoundinbetacarotene,vitaminE,andvitaminCthatinhibittheformationofplaquealongthebody'sbloodvessels.

(A)comesfrompoundsalsofoundinbetacarotene,vitaminE,andvitaminCthat(B)comesfrompoundsthatarealsofoundinbetacarotene,vitaminE,andvitaminC,andthey(C)comefrompoundsalsofoundinbetacarotene,vitaminE,andvitaminC,and(D)comefrompoundsthatarealsofoundinbetacarotene,vitaminE,andvitaminCandthat(E)comefrompoundsalsofoundinbetacarotene,vitaminE,andvitaminC,andthey例6AgroupofpaleontologistsrecentlyannouncedthatasiteinUtahhasyieldedfossilsofsomeofthebiggestarmoreddinosaurseverfound,andthattheywereatleast25millionyearsolderthananysimilardinosaurtypepreviouslyfoundinNorthAmerica.

(A)andthattheywereatleast25millionyearsolderthananysimilardinosaurtypepreviously(B)andtheyareatleast25mil