2018考研閱讀基礎(chǔ)直播詞匯題及推理題

By"EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet"(line1,1),theauthormeans HowdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicWhenmentioning"the$4millionto$10millionrange"2~3,paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout Whycanmanypeoplesee"silverlinings"totheTowhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoBy"EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet"(line1,paragraph1),authormeans SperocanhardlymaintainherSperoistoomuchengagedinherSperohasgrownoutofherbadSperoisnotinadesperateWhenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofher sspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I'magoodeconomicindicator,"shesays,"Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shop atmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowifothersaregoingtoabandonme,too,"sheWhenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofher sspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I'magoodeconomicindicator,"shesays,"Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shop atmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowifother saregoingtoabandonme,too,"shesays.By"EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet"(line1,paragraph1),authormeans SperocanhardlymaintainherSperoistoomuchengagedinherSperohasgrownoutofherbadSperoisnotinadesperateWhenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofher sspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I'magoodeconomicindicator,"shesays,"Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shop atmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowif saregoingtoabandonme,too,"shesays.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomic[A] [B] [C] [D]EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan'sadmissionthatAmerica'sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear'space.Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomic [B] [C] [D]Consumerssaythey'renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,"there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,"saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,"saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Whenmentioning"the$4millionto$10millionrange"(lines2~3,paragraph3)authoristalkingabout gold [B]real [C]stock [D]ventureConsumerssaythey'renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,"there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,"saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,"saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantneedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.

Whycanmanypeoplesee"silverlinings"totheeconomicA.TheywouldincertainB.Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.C.Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.D.Thepurchasingpowerwouldbe00-5Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition—wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif itsreturnswellcompensatefortheitisrewardedwithmoney,fameand1“？？？”（Line.paragraph）mostprobably1“？？？”（Line.paragraph）mostprobably2回Theword"pervasive"(line1,paragraph2)mightmean widespread[B]overwhelming[C]piercing[D]97-3Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.97-5 69.Thesentence"Thisisnoflashinthepan"(line4,paragraph3)meansthat thelowinflationratewilllastforsometheinflationratewillsoontheinflationwilldisappearthereisnoinflationatThisisnoflashinthe ;overthepastcoupleofyears,hasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainand97-551.Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestotheblindcouldbehappierthantheover-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalfascinationmakespeoplelosetheirFewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheidealofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.02-247.Theword"gizmos"(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans [A] [B] [C] [D]Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyin ligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomated lerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.43.Thephrase"makingthebiggest sh"(line1,paragraphmostprobablymeans causingthebiggestexertingthegreatestachievingthegreatestenjoyingthewidestAmongthefirmsmakingthebiggests shinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivatein ysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.04-143.Theexpression"tipservice"(line3,paragraph3)mostprobably [A] [B] [C] [D]Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo—thenbroadenit."Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,"saysanotherexpert."There'snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis. "Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain. "Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,"saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.1“？？？”（Line.paragraph）mostprobably22001WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraphThewriter'sexperimentshowsthat "Jugglingone'slife"probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheUSasaresultof WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImight eapartofanewinternationaltrend.Ala lmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofa ernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming"Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmy

WhichofthefollowingisaccordingtoparagraphFull-timeemploymentisainternationalThewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.C."Ala lmove"meansstepoutoffull-timeemployment.D.ThewriterwasonlytooeagerspendmoretimewithherCuriously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm"downshifting"hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof"haveitall",preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofshemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.

Thewriter'sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting enableshertoherhelpshermoldanewphilosophyoflifeC.promptshertoabandonherhighsocialD.leadshertoacceptdoctrineofSheIhavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof"jugglingyourlife",andmakingthealternativemoveinto"downshifting"bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton"qualitytime".

"Jugglingone'slife"probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby abitofextremeanti-InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting—alsoknowninAmericaas"voluntarysimplicity"—has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-'90sequivalentofdrop

Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheUSasaresultof thequickpacemodernman'sman'ssearchmythicaltheeconomicWhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline—afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate'80s—andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddleclassdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe'80s,downshiftinginthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife—growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone—asa alrecognitionofyour

Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheUSasaresultof thequickpacemodernman'sman'ssearchmythicaltheeconomic2003Accordingtothosewhosupportmergersrailwaymonopolyunlikelybecause Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheintherailItcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that Theword"arbiters"(line6,paragraph4)mostprobablyrefersthose Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryiscausedby Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton- byrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.

Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers monopolyisunlikelybecause costreductionisbasedservicescallfortradeoutsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexistshipperswillhaverailwaybytheSupportersofthenewarguethatthesemergerswill

Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers monopolyisunlikelybecauseforsubstantialcostreductionsand bettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscom thatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.

costreductionisbasedservicescallfortradeoutsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexistshipperswillhaverailwaybytheSupportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscom thatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.

Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerail Railroadstypicallychargesuch"captive"shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederal ernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.

Itcanbeinferredparagraph3that shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroadtherewillsoonbeonly overchargedshippersunlikelytoappealforrate ernmentboardensuresfair yinrailwayRailroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone'scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkee uptheline.It'satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarket ce?"asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.

Theword"arbiters"(line6,paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose whoworkasB.whofunctionaswhowhodetermineManycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail'snetrailwayoperatingein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.

Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby thethegrowingthe1、標(biāo)志：inferlearnfromimplysuggest

————推理多在轉(zhuǎn)折處04-247.WhatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeInbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtoThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZo?Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies'Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtleto1Overthepastcenturyallkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.ButoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrivealphabetismThis,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.2IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcars.Aand3段Thusthe and havestartingwithBandCrespectively;and2697-256.Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialcourteousconventionandindividualinterestaresocialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalAsistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword"friend",theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor'slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.99-361.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor'scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis dependentuponthestartingageofworthtryinginvarioussocialoflittlepracticalattractivetoeverykindofTherearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.99-466.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloning alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinno yfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC'stheissueofhumancloningwillsoonbeNBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywouldappealtopriva fundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill"upintheair."————邏輯是重要的考點(diǎn)201-465.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandthecostsoftheglobalizationprocessarethe ltrustmighthavethreatenedExamplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheUS,whentheStandar trustwasbrokenup.Themergersof panies,such ,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing—witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan—butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.03-144.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that hasprovedStraitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsStraitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliable GeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster'sdream.Lastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisin ."Assoonasthatreportruns,we'llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfrom ,"saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'llhearbackfromsomeofthem."Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficultto lgoodinformationfrombad.That'swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.06-331、TheextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedA、largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingB、smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappearedC、largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.07-227.Whatcanbeinferredabout ligencetestingfromParagraphPeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorof MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableonthemayThetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandmayScientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhuman Thedefiningtermofin ligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIn ScaleandtheWechslerIn ligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).10-224.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelastA）Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.）HisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeeninHisstylecaterslargelytomodernHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateur y,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.②NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.③Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.④Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.⑤Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoples ,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingse