科技英語.學(xué)習(xí)

科技英語作業(yè)姓

名：班級：學(xué)號：院系：電

話：1.Howdoyouwriteagoodabstract?AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiversionofthepaper.Itshouldbeabriefbutaccuraterepresentationofthecontentsofapaper.Itisnormallyoneparagraphwith100-400wordswhichisstructuredintoseveralsentences.Ifthecallforabstractsdidnotincludeatemplateofsuggestedorrequiredsubheadingsbesureyousystematicallyapproachthesequenceoftheabstractcontent.Trythesegenericsubheadingstoprovidestructureforyourabstract:(1)Purpose/aims/researchquestion:Beginlikethis:”Thepurposeofthis(study/project/investigation)isto…”or“Thequestionguidingthis(study/project/investigation)is…”or“Theaimofthis(study/project/investigation)is…”Yougetthepicture.Threesentencesatmostshouldcoverthis.(2)Background:Nomorethan5sentenceshere,explainingwhythisstudyisimportant,whatitwilladdtothescience,orwhyyourprojectmatters.Youmayciteacriticalreferencehereifcrucialtosubstantiatingthesignificanceofthiswork.Contentinthissectionshouldrelatedirectlytothepurpose/aims/question.(3)Methods:Ifthisisaresearchstudy,includethedesign,thesetting,thesample,themeasurementtools,andtheanalysisapproach.Iftheabstractisforaproject,includethesetting,thecompositionofyourteam,theparticipantsyouworkedwith,yourprojectintervention,andyourevaluationstrategy.Theseshouldbeappropriatetothepurpose/aims/questions.

(4)Results:Hereyoustatejustthefacts.Ifaresearchstudy,includefinalsamplesizeandcomposition,simplifieddemographics,primaryresults.Ifaproject,whatwasdoneandwhatdidtheevaluationshow.Thisshouldflowdirectlyfromthemethodsandbeconsistentwiththepurpose/aims/questions.(5)Discussion:Relateyourresultsdirectlybacktoyourpurpose/aims/researchquestion.Thisiscritical.Didyouachieveyourpurpose,eitherinyourresearchorproject?Ifnot,whynot?Howwasyourquestionanswered?Istheanswerwhatyouexpected?Whyorwhynot?Whatwerethemajorlimitationsofthestudyorproject(everystudy/projecthasthem,sodon’tleavethisout).(6)Implications/Conclusions:Thismaybefoldedintothediscussionsection,butwhatarepractice/research/educationimplicationofyourstudy?Shouldnursesadoptthisintervention?Ifmoreresearchisneeded,whatarethequestionsthatshouldbeaddressednext?2.Howdoyouwriteanintroduction?Thepurposeofanintroductioninapsychologypaperistojustifythereasonsforwritingaboutyourtopic.Yourgoalinthissectionistointroducethetopictothereader,provideanoverviewofpreviousresearchonthetopic,andidentifyyourownhypothesis.Theintroductionstartswithabroadbasisandthennarrowsitdowntoyourparticularfieldofstudy,explainingtherationalebehindeachstep.Thinkofitasaninvertedpyramid,whereyoustartwithawideoverviewbutmovetowardsthethesisstatementorhypothesis,whichshouldbethefinalelementoftheintroduction.Theintroductiondoesnothaveastrictwordlimit,unliketheabstract,butitshouldbeasconciseaspossible.Itcanbeatrickypartofthepapertowrite,somanyscientistsandresearchersprefertowriteitlast,ensuringthattheymissnomajorpoints.Thereareafewtipsthatcanhelpustowriteastrongintroduction,arousinginterestandencouragingthereadertoreadtherestofyourwork.(1)KeepitShort:Alongandramblingintroductionwillsoonputpeopleoffandloseyoumarks.Stickcloselytoyouroutlineforthepaper,andstructureyourintroductioninasimilarway.(2)DefinetheProblem:Theentireintroductionshouldlogicallyendattheresearchquestionandthesisstatementorhypothesis.Thereader,bytheendoftheintroduction,shouldknowexactlywhatyouaretryingtoachievewiththepaper.Inaddition,yourconclusionanddiscussionwillreferbacktotheintroduction,andthisiseasierifyouhaveaclearlydefinedproblem.(3)Organization:Asyouwritethepaper,youmayfindthatitgoesinaslightlydifferentdirectionthanplanned.Inthiscase,gowiththeflow,butmakesurethatyouadjusttheintroductionaccordingly.Somepeopleworkentirelyfromanoutlineandthenwritetheintroductionasthelastpartoftheprocess.ThisisfineifitworksforyouAllobservationsaretobeexplainedasmuchaspossible,focusingonthemechanismintheexperimentalorlaboratorysubject.Inclinicalstudiesinvolvingpatients,age,sex,pastdisorders,otherpresentdisorders,hereditaryorfamilialdisorders,environment,geographicalconsiderationandpersonalhabitsmakeallthedifferencesinthestudythoughprimarydataregardingthediseaseorprocedureofthesubjectstudiedremainsthesame.Thus,firstexplainthedataasperyourresultsanddiscussthiswiththehelpofavailableliterature.Ifthisisnotpossibleorifitleadstoadifferenttopicofdiscussion,mentionthisclearly,givingsuggestionsforfurtherstudies.3.Whatarethecriteriaindistinguishingaresultfromaconclusion?Theconclusionofthepaperisthethumbprintofyourwork.Itshouldgivethemessageofyourhypothesis,beliefandworkinclearwordsandshortsentences.Ambiguityshouldbeavoidedandwordssuchas"maybe"or"possibilityof"shouldbeavoided.Theconclusionshouldbepreciseinsummarizingtheresultsofthestudyandexplaintheiragreementordisagreementwiththehypothesisstatedintheabstract.ThereareusuallytwoingredientsoftheResultssection.First,weshouldgivesomekindofoveralldescriptionoftheexperiments,providingthe“bigpicture,”without,however,repeatingtheexperimentaldetailspreviouslyprovidedinMaterialsandMethods.Second,weshouldpresentthedate.Ourresultsshouldbepresentedinthepasttense.(1)Theresultssectionhasseveralimportantpointsbelow:?Theresultsareactualstatementsofobservations,includingstatistics,tablesandgraphs.?Indicateinformationonrangeofvariation.?Mentionnegativeresultsaswellaspositive.Donotinterpretresults-savethatforthediscussion.?Layoutthecaseasforajury.Presentsufficientdetailssothatotherscandrawtheirowninferencesandconstructtheirownexplanations.

?UseS.I.units(m,s,kg,W,etc.)throughoutthethesis.

?Breakupyourresultsintologicalsegmentsbyusingsubheadings?Keyresultsshouldbestatedinclearsentencesatthebeginningofparagraphs.

Itisfarbettertosay"XhadsignificantpositiverelationshipwithY(linearregressionp<0.01,r^2=0.79)"thentostartwithalessinformativelike"ThereisasignificantrelationshipbetweenXandY".

Describethenatureofthefindings;donotjusttellthereaderwhetherornottheyaresignificant.

Introductionsandconclusionscanbethemostdifficultpartsofpaperstowrite.Whilethebodyisofteneasiertowrite,itneedsaframearoundit.Anintroductionandconclusionframeyourthoughtsandbridgeyourideasforthereader.Justasyourintroductionactsasabridgethattransportsyourreadersfromtheirownlivesintotheplaceyou’reyouranalysis,yourconclusioncanprovideabridgetohelpyourreadersmakethetransitionbacktotheirdailylives.Suchaconclusionwillhelpthemseewhyallyouranalysisandinformationshouldmattertothemaftertheyputthepaperdown.Yourconclusionisyourchancetohavethelastwordonthesubject.Theconclusionallowsyoutohavethefinalsayontheissuesyouhaveraisedinyourpaper,tosummarizeyourthoughts,todemonstratetheimportanceofyourideas,andtopropelyourreadertoanewviewofthesubject.Itisalsoyouropportunitytomakeagoodfinalimpressionandtoendonapositivenote.Yourconclusioncangobeyondtheconfinesoftheassignment.Theconclusionpushesbeyondtheboundariesofthepromptandallowsyoutoconsiderbroaderissues,makenewconnections,andelaborateonthesignificanceofyourfindings.(2)Yourconclusionshou