專業(yè)英語四級閱讀-試卷156

專業(yè)英語四級（閱讀）-試卷156（總分：30.00,做題時間：90分鐘）一、READINGCOMPREHENSION（總題數(shù)：11,分數(shù)：30.00）.PARTVREADINGCOMPREHENSION解析：.SECTIONAInthissectionthereareseveralpassagesfollowedbytenmultiple-choicequestions.Foreachquestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.解析：Americansoftensaythatthereareonlytwothingsapersoncanbesureofinlife:deathandtaxes.Americansdonothaveacorneronthe"death"market,butmanypeoplefeelthattheUnitedStatesleadstheworldwiththemosttaxes.Taxesconsistofthemoneywhichpeoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment.TherearegenerallythreelevelsofgovernmentintheUnitedStates:federal,state,andcity;therefore,therearethreetypesoftaxes.Salariedpeoplewhoearnmorethanafewthousanddollarsmustpayacertainpercen-tageoftheirsalariestothefederalgovernment.Thepercentagevariesfrompersontoperson.Itdependsontheirsalaries.Thefederalgovernmenthasagraduatedincometax,thatis,thepercentageofthetax（14to70percent）increasesasaperson,sincomeincreases.Withthehighcostoftaxes,peoplearenotveryhappyonApril15,whenthefederaltaxesaredue.Thesecondtaxisforthestategovernment;NewYork,California,NorthDakota,oranyoftheotherforty-sevenstates.Somestateshaveanincometaxsimilartothatofthefederalgovernment.Ofcourse,thepercentageforthestatetaxislower.Otherstateshaveasalestax,whichisapercentagechargedtoanyitemwhichyoubuyinthatstate.Forexample,apersonmightwanttobuyapacketofcigarettesfortwenty-fivecents.Ifthereisasalestaxofeightpercentinthatstate,thenthecostofthecigarettesistwenty-sevencents.Thisfigureincludesthesalestax.Somestatesuseincometaxinadditiontosalestaxtoraisetheirrevenues.Thestatetaxlawsarediverseandconfusing.Thethirdtaxisforthecity.Thistaxcomesintwoforms:propertytax（peoplewhoownahomehavetopaytaxesonit）andexcisetax,whichischargedoncarsinacity.Thecitiesusethesefundsforeducation,policeandfiredepartments,publicworksandmunicipalbuildings.SinceAmericanspaysuchhightaxes,theyoftenfeelthattheyareworkingonedayeachweekjusttopaytheirtaxes.Peoplealwayscomplainabouttaxes.Theyoftenprotestthatthegovernmentusestheirtaxdollarsinthewrongway.Theysaythatitspendstoomuchonuselessandimpracticalprograms.AlthoughAmericanshavedifferentviewsonmanyissues,theytendtoagreeononesubject;taxesaretoohigh.（分數(shù)：6.00）.Whatdoesthesentence"Americansdonothaveacorneronthe'death,market"inParagraph1mean?（分數(shù)：2.00）A.Americanscannotmonopolizethe"death"market.VB.Americansdonothaveasecretplacetokeepfromdeathintheirlife.C.Americansarenotgoodatdoingbusinessinthe"death"market.D.Thereisnosuchaplaceasa"death"marketintheU.S.解析：.WhichofthefollowingisCORRECTaboutthepercentageofthefederaltaxandthestatetax?（分數(shù)：2.00）A.Theyhavethesamepercentage.B.Thepercentageofthestatetaxishigherthanthatofthefederaltax.C.Thepercentageofthefederaltaxishigherthanthatofthestatetax. VD.Itisnotmentionedinthepassage.解析：.WhichofthefollowingusagesofthetaxesisNOTmentionedinthepassage?（分數(shù)：2.00）A.Forraisingtheirrevenues.B.Forpublicworksandmunicipalbuildings.C.Forpoliceandfiredepartments.D.Forsustainingdevelopment.V解析：AccordingtotheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociation,smostrecentannualnationalsurvey,30percentofcollegestudentsreportedfeeling"sodepressedthatitwasdifficulttofunction"atsometimeoverthepastyear.Nearlythreefourthsofrespondentsina2011NationalAllianceonMentalIllnessstudyofcollegestudentsdiagnosedwithmentalhealthconditionssaidtheyexperiencedamentalhealthcrisiswhileinschool.TheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct（ADA）andotherfederaldisabilitylawsprohibitdiscriminationagainststudentswhosepsychiatric精神病的）disabilities"substantiallylimitamajorlifeactivity"andmandatesthatcollegesanduniversitiesprovidethemwith"reasonableaccommodations"一suchaslowercourseloadsandextendeddeadlines.Despitethatveryclearlystatedlaw,dozensofcurrentstudentsacrossthecountrytoldNewsweektheywerepunishedforseekinghelp:kickedoutofcampushousingwithnowhereelsetogo,abruptlyforcedtowithdrawfromschoolandeveninvoluntarilycommittedtopsychiatricwards."Collegesareveryaccustomedtoaccommodatinglearningandphysicaldisabilities,buttheydon,tunderstandsimplewaysofaccommodatingmentalhealthdisabilities,"saysProfessorPeterLake,anexpertonhighereducationlawandpolicywhoseeswidespreadfearandreluctanceacrosstheboardto"promotediversitythatencompassesmentaldisabilitiesandmooddisorders."Lakeoftentellsskepticsaboutamanwhosufferedfromclinicaldepressionandconstantlytalkedaboutsuicide:HisnamewasAbrahamLincoln."Wedon,twanttoremovethesepeople,"Lakesays."Wewanttoexpandthedefinitionofdiversitytomakesurethey,reincluded."Mostlifetimecasesofmentalhealthconditionsbeginbytheageof24,andthankstoavarietyoffactors,includingrisingantidepressant（抗抑郁藥）prescriptionratesandstigmareductionefforts,collegestudentsaremoreandmorelikelytoaskcampuscounselorsforassistance.Thenumberofstudentsseekingcounselingfor"severe"psychologicalproblemsjumpedfrom16percentin2000to39percentin2012;thepercentageofstudentswhoreportsuicidalthoughtshasrisenalongwithit."Schoolsshouldencouragestudentstoseektreatment.ButalotofpoliciesIseeinvolveexcessiveuseofdisciplineandinvoluntaryleavesofabsence,andtheydiscouragestudentsfromaskingforthehelptheyneed,"saysKarenBower,aprivateattorneywhospecializesindisabilitydiscriminationcasesinhighereducation."Ultimately,thatmakesthecampuslesssafe."Twolarge-scalestudiesfoundthataround10percentofcollegestudentrespondentshadthoughtaboutsuicideinthepastyear,butonly1.5percentadmittedtohavingmadeasuicideattempt.Combinedwithdatafromotherstudies,thatsuggeststhattheoddsthatastudentwithsuicidalthoughtswillactuallycommitsuicideare1,000to1."Thus,policiesthatimposerestrictionsonstudentswhomanifestsuicidalthoughtwillsweepin999studentswhowouldnotcommitsuicideforeverystudentwhowillendhisorherlife,"PaulS.AppelbaumwritesinLaw&Psychiatry:"Depressed?GetOut!""Collegesdon,twantpeoplewhoaresuicidalaround,sowhat'ssupposedtohappentothem?"saysIraBurnim,legaldirectoroftheDCBazelonCenterforMentalHealthLaw."We,regoingtolocktheminabombshelter?"Kickingstudentsoffcampusformentalhealthissuestypicallydoesmoreharmthangoodbyisolatingthemfromtheirsupportsystemswhenwhattheyreallyneedisstabilityandempathy,hesays.Moreover,it,softenacompletelyunnecessaryoverreaction.（分數(shù)：6.00）.StudentswithmentaldisabilitiesmightbepunishedinthefollowingwaysEXCEPT.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.gettingoutofcampusdormsB.droppingoutofschoolsC.stayinginpsychiatricwardsD.prolongingacademicyearsV解析：.Increasingcollegestudentsturntoprofessionalcounselorsforhelpbecause.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.greateffortshavebeenmadetoweakenthefeelingofdisgraceVB.itisencouragedtodecreasethedoseofmedicineC.itismoreeconomicalforstudentswithoutincomeD.mentalhealthconditionsbecomemoreseverethanbefore解析：解析：細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句可知，多虧一些因素，包括抗抑郁處方受眾率的提高及減少歧視的努力，大學(xué)生越來越愿意向咨詢師尋求幫助，故選［A］,同時排除［B］。［C］和［D］均未提及，故可排除。（3）.AccordingtoParagraph5,itcanbeconcludedthat.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.suicideshouldbetakenasthemostseriousissueB.10%ofthestudentshavemadeasuicideattemptC.mostofthestudentswithsuicidalthoughtwillneverdoitVD.schoolsshouldimposesevererestrictionsonthesuicideissue解析：解析：推理題。第五段第二句提到，與其他的研究數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合起來看，這一差距說明，在有過自殺想法的人中，只有千分之一的人最終自殺了，故選［C］。［A］在文中并未提及，故排除；根據(jù)第五段第一句可知，有大約10%的大學(xué)生受訪者曾想過自殺，同時，僅有1.5%的人坦然承認曾有過自殺的嘗試，故排除［B］；［D］在文中并未提及，故排除。ConservativecommentatorCharlesKrauthammer,snewbookisflyingofftheshelves—andnobodyknowsexactlywhy.SittingatoptheNewYorkTimesnonfictionbestsellerlistfortwomonthsnow,theconservativeWashingtonPostcolumnist,sThingsThatMatter:ThreeDecadesofPassions,PastimesandPolitics,acollectionofhiswritings,isnotthekindoffiery,rashconservativecommentarythatgenerallyclimbstothetopofthebestsellers,lists.Andyet,thecollectionhassoldenoughtomakepublicistsandpundits（時事評論員，）alikescratchtheirheads.Itis,asconservativepublisherAdamBellowtoldNewsweek,"aphenomenon".PublishedOctober22byCrownForum,aRandomHouseimprintthatspecializesinconservativeauthors,itfirsthittheTimesbestsellerlistinNovember.Withintwoweeks,ithadsurpassedthelatestworksofconservativesGlennBeckandFoxNews,sBillO,ReillyandBrianKilmeadetoclimbtoNo.1.Andthereitremains.ItranksNo.8onAmazon,slistofbest-sellingbooksof2013.AccordingNielsen,thebookhassold601,000hardcovercopiesintheUnitedStatesalone.CrownsaysThingsThatMatterisinits18thprinting,with970,000copiesinprint."WasIsurprised?Iwassurprised,"saidBellow,whorunsHarperCollins,sconservativeimprintBroadsideBooks."Thecollectivewisdominpublishingisthatanthology（選集）collectionsdon,tsell."TheKrauthammercompendiums^略）appearstobesurfingaparticularlyviciouswave.Theconservativepublishingindustryhasflourishedinrecentyearsandbooksbyconservativeauthorsroutinelymakethebestsellers,lists.ButfewbookssellasmanyasKrauthammer,s,particularlyanthologiesofpreviouslypublishedwork."Anythingatthatlevelislargelyserendipitous,"Bellowsaid.Success,itseems,begetsevenmoresuccess."Onceabookbecomesnumberoneonthebestsellerlist,itfunctionsasaformofadvertising,"Bellowexplained."MorecopiesarestockedatBarnes&Noble.Whenconsumerswalkintothestore,theyseebigpilesofthemand,likeinsomeexperimentcreatedbyB.F.Skinner（theAmericanpsychologistwhoarguedthatfreewillisanillusion）,theyreachoutandbuyit."ButwhenyougettotheheadylevelKrauthammerhasreached,itbeginstolookasifitisfarmorethanjustthemarketingmachineatwork.AndtherearealmostasmanytheoriesaboutKrauthammer,ssuccessasbookssold.Howyoufeelaboutthebook,spopularitylargelydependsonhowyouviewtheauthor.Tomany,Krauthammerisathinkingconservative,incontrasttotheblusterofthemodern-dayTeaPartyandquick-firefigureslikeRushLimbaughandGlennBeck.Tothosewhoaretryingtomakesenseoftheriseoftheconservativemovement,Krauthammer'ssuccessisatriumphfortemperate,smartconservatism.Americansthirstyforasubtle,intellectualdebatearebuyinghisbookindroves.（分數(shù)：4.00）.AdamBellowbelievesallofthefollowingstatementsEXCEPT.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.thesuccessofThingsThatMatterisaphenomenonB.thesuccessofThingsThatMatterissurprisingC.anthologycollectionsdon'tsellusuallyD.conservativeauthorsrarelymakethebestsellers'listsV解析：解析：細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第七段第二句可知，近幾年，保守派出版市場變得繁榮起來，保守派作家的書時常登上暢銷書榜單，所以［D］“保守派作者的作品鮮少登上暢銷榜單”的表述錯誤，而且這也不是貝婁的觀點，故選［D］。根據(jù)第三段可知，貝婁稱該文集的暢銷已經(jīng)成為一種現(xiàn)象，故排除［A］；根據(jù)第六段首句可知，貝婁對于文集的暢銷感到驚訝，故排除［B］；根據(jù)第六段最后一句可知，貝婁認為，出版界的集體經(jīng)驗是，文集的銷路不會太好，故排除［C］。.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph9that.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.successiscloselyrelatedtoadvertisingB.beingthebestselleritselfcandrawpublicattentionVC.Barnes&NobleisapublishinghouseD.consumersbuybooksaccordingtoB.F.Skinner'sadvice解析：解析：推理題。根據(jù)第九段第二句可知，貝婁解釋到：當(dāng)這本書成為最暢銷的作品時，這一事實如同廣告的效果一樣。可以推知，成為暢銷書這一事實本身就可以引發(fā)關(guān)注，故選［B］0［A］“成功與廣告有著密切的關(guān)系”，文中沒有提及，故排除；根據(jù)第九段后半部分可知，Barnes&Noble是一家書店，排除［C］；［D］“消費者買書時依據(jù)B.F.斯金納的實驗結(jié)果”，文中未提及，故排除。Thecoldisbadenough,butwinter'sshorterdaysmaketheseasonadowner,tosaytheleast.Buthowrealisseasonalaffectivedisorder（knownasSAD）?SADisoftenacatch-alltermtodescribethewinterdumps,butexpertssayit'softenmisusedandtheconditionisactuallylesscommonthanpeoplethink."Therearealotofmyths.SADisnotamyth.Itisamentaldisorderthatisincompletelyunderstoodandalsosomethingthatiscomplicatedbyquestionsabouttheroleofevolutionarybiology,"saysDr.JeffreyLieberman,thepresidentoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation.Thatdiagnosisisdifferentfromthelowsthatmanyfeelduringthewintermonths.Infact,researchshowsmanypeopleoverestimatetheimpactofseasonsontheirmoodsingeneral.WhereisthelinebetweenSADandthesimpledoldrums?Howmuchwintersadnessistheproductofamood-baseddisorder,andhowmuchisanaturaloutcomeofbeingcoopedupindoors?SADisconsideredasubtypeofamooddisorderlikedepressionorbipolardisorder躁有B癥），soaverysmallpercentageareactuallydiagnosedwithit.InordertomeetthequalificationsforaSADdiagnosis,accordingtotheMayoClinic,anindividualmustbeshowthefollowing:depressionandothersymptomsforaminimumoftwoconsecutiveyearsduringthesameseason;depression-freeperiodsfollowingepisodesofdepression;unexplainedbehaviorandmoodchanges.Formostothercasesofseasonalmoodchanges,Liebermansaysmakingsomelifestylechangessuchasexercisingorkeepinggoodsleepinghabitscanhelp."It'simportanttorealizethatjustlikepeopleonMondayshavephysicalandemotionalsymptoms,youdealwithit.Youdon'ttakeatreatmentforMondays."Itonlywarrantstreatmentwhenitstartstointerferewithdailylife,hesays.Whataboutthebrightlightlampsthatclaimtorelievedepressionduringthedarkermonths?They'rebasedontheideathatlighttherapycanboostmelatoni褪黑激素）levels,andalsoserotonin血清素）inthebrain一higherlevelsofserotoninbetweennerveconnectionscanhaveanti-depressiveeffects.Butasappealingasthatsounds,Liebermansaysthereisn'tsolidevidencebehindit."Lighttherapyisnotafake,buttheevidenceisnotthatstrong,"hesays."Butsinceit'snotinvasive,italsoisn'tharmful—exceptperhapstoyourbudget."Soifyou'renotfeelingyourusualcheerfulselfthiswinter,seeyourdoctor.Ifhedoesn'tdiagnoseyouwithSAD,tryaddingsomephysicalactivitytoyourdayandgettingregularsleep.Andrememberthatspringisjustafewmonthsaway.（分數(shù)：4.00）1）.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatSADis.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.acommonconditionamongpeopleB.atermreferringtothewinterdumpsC.atermnotbeingtotallyunderstoodVD.atermofevolutionarybiology解析：解析：細節(jié)題。第二段提到，SAD是一種沒有被完全理解的精神障礙，也是被進化生物學(xué)的作用復(fù)雜化了的問題，故選［C］,同時排除［D］。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，SAD經(jīng)常泛指冬季低谷期，但是，專家稱這個概念常被錯誤地使用，這種情況實際上并沒有人們想象的那么普遍，故排除［A］和［B］。2）.AccordingtoParagraph5,whichofthefollowingisCORRECT?（分數(shù)：2.00）A.Itisnecessarytolook