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PART4SOLIDWASTES
ANDDISPOSAL
SourcesandTypesofSolidWasteszonging分區(qū),區(qū)域劃分residential住宅旳,居住旳municipal市政旳facility環(huán)境;設備motel汽車旅館fabrication生產,加工demolition拆除;推翻lot一塊地皮orchard果園disposeof處理,處置inclusive涉及旳,涉及旳encompass圍繞,包圍;涉及refuse垃圾,廢物arbitrary專制旳,任意旳garbage垃圾putrescible易腐爛旳offensive討厭旳cafeteria自助食堂institutional慈善機關旳combustible輕易著火燃燒旳trimming裝飾物crockery陶器,瓦罐ferrous含鐵旳cinder煤渣,焦渣clinker渣滓,熔渣incinerator焚燒爐raze鏟平,燒毀shingle屋頂板litter雜亂旳廢物catch-basin雨水井incontrastto與相反anticipate預料,期望diverse種類不同旳slaughter屠宰feedlot牧場manure肥糞flammable易燃旳SourcesandTypesofSolidWastesKnowledgeofthesourcesandtypesofsolidwastes,alongwithdataonthecompositionandratesofgeneration,isbasictothedesignandoperationofthefunctionalelementsassociatedwiththemanagementofsolidwastes.SourcesofSolidWastes
Sourcesofsolidwastesare,ingeneral,relatedtolanduseandzoning.Althoughanynumberofsourceclassificationscanbedeveloped,thefollowingcategorieshavebeenfounduseful:(1)residential,(2)commercial,(3)municipal,(4)industrial,(5)openareas,(6)treatmentplants,and(7)agricultural.Typicalwastegenerationfacilities,activities,orlocationsassociatedwitheachofthesesourcesarepresentedinTable4-1.Thetypesofwastesgenerated,whicharediscussednext,arealsoidentified.
TypesofSolidWastes
Thetermsolidwastesisall-inclusiveandencompassesallsources,typesofclassifications,composition,andproperties.Wastesthataredischargedmaybeofsignificantvalueinanothersetting,buttheyareoflittleornovaluetothepossessorwhowantstodisposeofthem.Toavoidconfusion,thetermrefuse,oftenusedinterchangeablywiththetermsolidwastes,isnotusedinthistext.
Asabasisforsubsequentdiscussions,itwillbehelpfultodefinethevarioustypesofsolidwastesthataregenerated(seeTable4~1).Itisimportanttobeawarethatthedefinitionsofsolidwastetermsandtheclassificationsvarygreatlyintheliterature.Consequently,theuseofpublisheddatarequiresconsiderablecare,judgment,andcommonsense.Thefollowingdefinitionsareintendedtoserveasaguideandarenotmeanttobearbitraryorpreciseinascientificsense.
FoodWastesFoodwastesaretheanimal,fruit,orvegetableresiduesresultingfromthehandling,preparation,cooking,andeatingoffoods(alsocalledgarbage).Themostimportantcharacteristicofthesewastesisthattheyarehighlyputrescibleandwilldecomposerapidly,especiallyinwarmweather.Often,decompositionwillleadtothedevelopmentofoffensiveodors.Inmanylocations,theputresciblenatureofthesewasteswillsignificantlyinfluencethedesignandoperationofthesolidwastecollectionsystem.Inadditiontotheamountsoffoodwastesgeneratedatresidences,considerableamountsaregeneratedatcafeteriasandrestaurants,largeinstitutionalfacilitiessuchashospitalsandprisons,andfacilitiesassociatedwiththemarketingoffoods,includingwholesaleandretailstoresandmarkets.
RubbishRubbishconsistsofCombustibleandnoncombustiblesolidwastesofhousehold,institutions,commercialactivities,etc.,excludingfoodwastesorotherhighlyputresciblematerial.Typically,combustiblerubbishconsistsofmaterialssuchaspaper,cardboard,plastics,textiles,rubber,leather,wood,furniture,andgardentrimmings.Noncombustiblerubbishconsistsofitemssuchasglass,crockery,tincans,aluminumcans,ferrousandothernonferrousmetals,anddirt.
AshesandResiduesMaterialsremainingfromtheburningofwood,coal,coke,andothercombustiblewastesinhomes,stores,institutions,andindustrialandmunicipalfacilitiesforpurposesofheating,cooking,anddisposingofcombustiblewastesarecategorizedasashesandresidues.Residuesfrompowerplantsnormallyarenotincludedinthiscategory.Ashesandresiduesarenormallycomposedoffine,powderymaterials,cinders,clinkers,andsmallamountsofburnedandpartiallyburnedmaterials.Glass,crockery,andvariousmetalsarealsofoundintheresiduesfrommunicipalincinerators.DemolitionandConstructionWastesWastesfromrazedbuildingsandotherstructuresareclassifiedasdemolitionwastes.Wastesfromtheconstruction,remodeling,andrepairingofindividualresidences,commercialbuildings,andotherstructuresareclassifiedasconstructionwastes.Thesewastesareoftenclassifiedasrubbish.Thequantitiesproducedaredifficulttoestimateandvariableincomposition,butmayincludedirt,stones,concrete,bricks,plaster,lumber,shingles,andplumbing,heating,andelectricalparts.
SpecialWastesWastessuchasstreetsweepings,roadsidelitter,litterfrommunicipallittercontainers,catch-basindebris,deadanimals,andabandonedvehiclesareclassifiedasspecialwastes.Becauseitisimpossibletopredictwheredeadanimalsandabandonedautomobileswillbefound,thesewastesareoftenidentifiedasoriginatingfromnonspecificdiffusesources.Thisisincontrasttoresidentialsources,whicharealsodiffusebutspecificinthatthegenerationofthewastesisarecurringevent.
TreatmentPlantWastesThesolidandsemisolidwastesfromwater,wastewater,andindustrialwastetreatmentfacilitiesareincludedinthisclassification.Thespecificcharacteristicsofthesematerialsvary,dependingonthenatureofthetreatmentprocess.Atpresent,theircollectionisnotthechargeofmostmunicipalagenciesresponsibleforsolidwastemanagement.Inthefuture,however,itisanticipatedthattheirdisposalwillbecomeamajorfactorinanysolidwastemanagementplan.
AgriculturalWastesWastesandresiduesresultingfromdiverseagriculturalactivities--suchastheplantingandharvestingofrow,field,andtreeandvinecrops,theproductionofmilk,theproductionofanim
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