新視角研究生英語讀說寫2課后答案

......參考材料新視角研究生讀說寫2課后答案UnitoneVocabularyA1.triggered2.economically3.minimum4.commitment5.relieved6.shrinking7.enrollments8.scarcely9.sequence10.strideB1-5ADBCB6-10ACACDCloze1.requires2.dimensional3.thoughtfully4.lines5.next6.summarize7.own8.notes9.out10.refuse11.front12.content13.act14.value15.accent16.distracting17.effort18.advantage19.forth20.conclusionsTranslation[A]1.那位教授很可能在他唯一的學(xué)生缺席的情況下對(duì)著空空的教室講了一課。Theprofessormightprobablyhavedeliveredhislecturetotheemptyclassroomintheabsenceofhissolitarystudent.2. 現(xiàn)行的教育體制遭到了公眾的批評(píng)，公眾已經(jīng)開始意識(shí)到這種體制給學(xué)生帶來的危害。Thepresenteducationalsystemhasbeenunderattackfromthepublic,whohavebeguntorealizetheharmthesystemhasdonetostudents.3. 老師告訴這些大四學(xué)生他每次都會(huì)點(diǎn)名，因?yàn)檫@門課是必須要聽的。Theprofessortoldthoseseniorsthathewouldtakeattendanceeverytimebecauseattendanceatthiscoursewascompulsory.4. 我真想?yún)⒓幽愕膯踢w聚會(huì)。但是很抱歉我無法去,因?yàn)槲矣幸淮蠖咽虑橐?。I’dlovetogotoyourhousewarmingparty,butI’msorryIcan’tmakeitbecauseI’vegotastackofthingstodo.5. 中學(xué)輟學(xué)的年青人可以上夜校或通過電大和函授課程恢復(fù)他們的學(xué)業(yè)。Youthswhodroppedoutofmiddleschoolcanresumetheirstudiesatnightschoolorthroughtelevisionandcorrespondencecourses.6. 她不喜歡那位著名作家的講座，但她為了在講座后得到他的簽名還是耐著性子聽完了。Shedidn’tlikethefamouswriter’slecture,butshestuckitouttogetthewriter’sautographafterthelecture.7. 我對(duì)講座制所體現(xiàn)的冷漠無情非常失望，但是最終我還是無奈接受了它，并耐心等待成為大三的學(xué)生。Iwasdisappointedattheimpersonalityofthelecturesystem,buteventuallyIgrewresignedtothesystemandwaitedpatientlytobecomeajunior.8. 我們不得不承認(rèn)講座體制會(huì)把教師和學(xué)生天真的問題隔絕開來，而這些問題很可能會(huì)引起學(xué)生很多有用的想法。Wehavetoadmitthatthelecturesysteminsulatesateacherfromstudents’naivequestions,whichcouldhavetriggeredalineofusefulthought.9. 我不同意那些評(píng)論家的意見。你得出的結(jié)論絕不是沒有價(jià)值的。對(duì)我而言，這些結(jié)論很有道理。Idon’tagreewiththosecritics’opinions.Yourconclusionsarefarfromworthless;theymakeagooddealofsensetome.10. 為了學(xué)生本身的緣故，應(yīng)該在第一節(jié)課就告訴他們這門課的目的，內(nèi)容以及要通過這門課的要求。Forthesakeofthestudents,theyshouldbetoldonthefirstclassabouttheobjectiveandcontentofthecourseandtherequirementstopassthecourse.[B]Oneproblemwithlecturesisthatlisteningintelligentlyishardwork.Readingthesamematerialinatextbookisamoreefficientwaytolearnbecausestudentscanproceedasslowlyastheyneedtountilthesubjectmatterbecomescleartothem.Evensimplypayingattentionisverydifficult;peoplecanlistenatarateoffourhundredtosixhundredwordsaminute,whilethemostimpassionedprofessortalksatscarcelyathirdofthatspeed.Thistimelagbetweenspeechandcomprehensionleadstodaydreaming.Manystudentsbelieveyearsofwatchingtelevisionhavesabotagedtheirattentionspan,buttheirrealproblemisthatlisteningattentivelyismuchharderthantheythink.(Para.9)聽講課存在的一個(gè)問題是：會(huì)聽是很難的事。閱讀課本中的相同內(nèi)容是更有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生可以根據(jù)其需要慢慢閱讀直到他們理解這些內(nèi)容。有時(shí)甚至僅僅做到專心聽講都很難。人們可以以每分鐘400-600個(gè)字的速度聽，而最富有激情的教授說話的速度也很難達(dá)到這個(gè)速度的1/3。講話和理解之間的時(shí)間差導(dǎo)致開小差。很多學(xué)生認(rèn)為多年來看電視已經(jīng)削弱了他們保持注意力的能力。但是他們真正的問題是專心聽課比他們認(rèn)為的要難得多。Lectureswillneverentirelydisappearfromtheuniversityscenebothbecausetheyseemtobeeconomicallynecessaryandbecausetheyspringfromalongtraditioninasettingthatvaluestraditionforitsownsake.Butthelecturestoofrequentlycomeatthewrongendofthestudents’educationalcareers—duringthefirsttwoyears,whentheymostneedclose,evenindividual,instruction.Iflectureclasseswererestrictedtojuniorsandseniors,whoarelessinneedofscholarlynurturingandmoreabletoprepareworkontheirown,theywouldbefarlessdestructiveofstudents’interestsandenthusiasmsthanthepresentsystem.Afterall,studentsmustlearntolistenbeforetheycanlistentolearn.(Para.15)講課這一方式不會(huì)完全從大學(xué)消失。一是因?yàn)橹v課似乎從經(jīng)濟(jì)上是必需的，二是講課起源于悠久的傳統(tǒng)，而且人們又把傳統(tǒng)本身看得很重。但是，講課通常出現(xiàn)在學(xué)生接受教育生涯的錯(cuò)誤的那一端——在大學(xué)的第一和第二年，那時(shí)他們最需要密切的、甚至是針對(duì)個(gè)體需要的指導(dǎo)。如果講課這一形式局限于三、四年級(jí)的學(xué)生，則對(duì)學(xué)生的興趣和熱情的破壞力會(huì)比目前的制度小得多，因?yàn)槿⑺哪昙?jí)的學(xué)生不太需要學(xué)科上的指導(dǎo)與幫助，而且更有能力自己制定學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。畢竟，學(xué)生在能夠從聽講課中學(xué)到知識(shí)之前必須先要學(xué)會(huì)去聽。UnittwoVocabularyA1.studded2.mischief3.evoked4.tyranny5.humdrum6.prelude7.frugal8.frail9.treacherous10.foraysB1-5BCCAD6-10ACBADCloze1.boarders2.build3.extended4.right5.regular6.familiar7.by8.homely9.mobile10.maintaining11.keep12.even13.well14.touch15.closer16.fewer17.sense18.step19.waiting20.imaginationTranslation[A]1.這一地區(qū)的每一角落都將在5年內(nèi)得到供電,這是電力部長2年前許下的諾言。Everynookandcorneroftheregionwouldbeprovidedwithelectricityinfiveyears.Thiswasthepledgethattheministerofelectricityhadtakentwoyearsago.2. 由于要在不同地區(qū)做實(shí)地考察工作,他去年一年搬 了4次家，雖然他每次都搬得很不情愿。Inordertodofieldworkatdifferentplaces,hemovedfourtimeslastyear,thougheachtimehediditwithanillgrace.3. 在離開這個(gè)雜亂無序、毒品充斥的小鎮(zhèn)前，他把自 己所有值錢的家當(dāng)都放到一起并按一定的秩序存放 了起來。Beforeleavingthisdisordered,drug-riddensmalltown,hegatheredtogetherinoneplaceallhisvaluablepossessionsandintroducedsomesemblanceoforderamongthem.4. 她小時(shí)候家境貧寒，沒有幾件對(duì)她來說有意義的東西,所以她擁有過的每一個(gè)玩具都能勾起她串串回憶。Herfamilywaspoorwhenshewasachild.Thethingsthatmatteredagreatdealtoherwereveryfew.Therefore,everytoyshehadplayedwithcouldevokearushofmemories.5. 整整一個(gè)小時(shí)，警察們?cè)趽頂D的樓群里艱難地行進(jìn)， 尋找一位射殺了5人的在逃持槍者。Foranhour,policementhreadedtheirwaythroughthecrowdedbuildings,lookingforanelusivegunmanwhohadshotfivepeople.6. 對(duì)很多人來說，旅行或離家外出一段時(shí)日是應(yīng)對(duì)日常 單調(diào)乏味生活的一個(gè)有效手段。Formanypeople,travelingorstayingawayfromhomeforsometimeisaneffectiveantidotetothehumdrumactivitiesofeverydaylife.7. 當(dāng)今婦女比以前享有更加自由、獨(dú)立的地位，因此她 們?cè)絹碓讲辉敢馇鼜挠谡煞虻膶M暴虐。Womentodayenjoyafreer,moreindependentpositionthaneverbefore,andareaccordinglylessandlesswillingtosubmittothetyrannyoftheirhusbands.8. 心絞痛常常是心臟病的前兆，需要特別治療，主要是 藥物治療。Anginapectorisisoftenapreludetoaheartattackandrequiresspecialtreatment,primarilywithdrugs.9. 我們決定挖空這些大圓木，以便更多的人能坐在里面 并乘坐他們順河而下。Wedecidetohollowoutthegreatlogssothatmoremencouldsitinsidethemandrideinthemdowntheriver.10. 這場(chǎng)大火把宮殿里所有東西都?xì)У袅?。沒有一件華麗的鑲嵌著金銀的家具幸存下來。Thefiredestroyedeverythinginthepalace.Nothingofthemagnificentfurniture,studdedwithgoldandsilver,hassurvived.[B]Mostofusassociateverystronglywiththeplaceofourbirthortheplacewehavelearnedtocallhome.Itcanhurtverymuchnottobeabletogotherephysicallyinordertofeelsecure.我們大多數(shù)人都把自己同自己的出生地或我們稱之為家的地方緊密相聯(lián)。不能回家以獲得安全感是令人痛苦的。Otherstudentsareveryexcitedinthebeginningonlytofind,afterseveralweeks,thattheyarestartingtomisswhatwasfamiliarandwishforavisitwithfriendsandfamily.別的學(xué)生一開始很興奮，幾周后卻發(fā)現(xiàn)自己開始想念所熟知的事物，并希望見到朋友和家人。Homesicknesscanstrikeanyofuswhenwehavemovedtonewsurroundingsandarebeingcalledupontomeetourneedsinadifferentwayandwithdifferentpeople.當(dāng)我們搬遷到新的環(huán)境，需要以不同方式與不同的人交往以滿足自己的需要的時(shí)候,我們每個(gè)人都會(huì)有想家的感覺Sometimesitcanbecomeamoreseriousdepressionifthepersoncannotbegintomeethis/herneedsforloveandbelongingwithnewpeople.有時(shí),如果這個(gè)人開始對(duì)愛的需要不能得到滿足，想融入新群體的愿望又不能實(shí)現(xiàn),那么想家就可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更嚴(yán)重的憂郁癥。Often,homesicknessisanotherwayofsayingwearescaredtofacethefuture,orthatwe’redoubtingourabilitytocope.通常,想家是另一種表明我們害怕面對(duì)未來或懷疑自己應(yīng)對(duì)能力的方式。UnitthreeVocabularyA1.prime2.components3.derived4.biodiversity5.monoculture6.uncounted7.multiplied8.captivity9.legislation10.conservationB1-5ACDBD6-10ACBBDCloze1.contain2.isolation3.different4.only5.major6.urban7.natural8.native9.extensively10.dramatic11.extinction12.contributed13.numerous14.developing15.important16.storing17.maintains18.view19.survive20.claimTranslation[A]1. 由生物多樣性的喪失而引起的對(duì)人類和地球的威脅和由氣候變化所帶來的危險(xiǎn)一樣大。Thethreattohumanityandtheplanetposedbybiodiversitylossisasgreatasthedangerspresentedbyclimatechange.2. 收到年輕讀者表達(dá)他們對(duì)被囚動(dòng)物的關(guān)心的信，并詢問他們能幫助做什么，我們總是很高興。Wearealwayshappytohearfromyoungreadersexpressingconcernforanimalsincaptivityandaskingwhattheycandotohelp.3. 這兩個(gè)最盛行的理論都認(rèn)為恐龍之所以滅絕是因?yàn)榈厍虼髿夂蜏囟鹊淖兓斐傻?。Thetwomostpopulartheoriesbothsaythatdinosaursdiedoutbecauseofchangesintheearth’satmosphereandtemperature.4. 這場(chǎng)森林大火最終被消防隊(duì)所控制住了，花費(fèi)將近50萬美元。Theforestfirewasfinallybroughtundercontrolbythefire-fightingcrewsatacostofnearlyhalfamilliondollars.5. 植物根莖能夠固定土壤，使之不會(huì)被雨水沖蝕。Plantrootscanholdthesoilinpositionandpreventitfrombeingwashedawaybytherainwater.6. 健康的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)以能源、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、有機(jī)物質(zhì)和水的可持續(xù)更替為特點(diǎn)。Healthyecosystemsarecharacterizedbysustainableturnoversofenergy,nutrients,organicmatterandwater.7. 在世界野生動(dòng)物基金會(huì)一份新的報(bào)告中，科學(xué)家警告說全球變暖可能在今后20年中滅絕北極熊。InanewreportbytheWWF,scientistshavewarnedthatglobalwarmingcouldkilloffpolarbearswithinthenext20years.8. 犁過的地對(duì)流水沒有防范能力，因而珍貴的表土常常在大雨和洪水中被沖走。Plowedfieldsdon’thaveanyprotectionagainstrunningwater,andoftenthevaluabletopsoiliscarriedawayduringheavyrainsorfloods.9. 這個(gè)花園比前兩天要安靜多了，但周圍還是有很多各式各樣的鳥。Thegardenwasconsiderablyquieterthanithadbeentheprevioustwodays,buttherewerestillagoodvarietyofbirdsaround.10. 盡管有不同的預(yù)計(jì)，但總體上人們認(rèn)為用于制作現(xiàn)代藥品的活性成分有大約30%到40%是從植物中提取的，或同植物有關(guān)。Whileestimatesdiffer,itisgenerallybelievedthataround30%–40%oftheactiveingredientsusedinmodernmedicinesarederivedfrom,orrelatedto,plants.[B]Oneofthesereasonsisthateachlife-formoccupiesaspecialplacewithinitsecosystem—thatis,itscommunityofplantandanimallife,incombinationwiththenonlivingcomponentsofitsenvironmentsuchastheclimate,soil,water,andair.Forinstance,withinaforestthelargertreesdropofflittletwigsanddebris,makingalayerthatholdswaterinthesoilforotherplantstouse.Therootsholdthesoilandpreventitfromwashingawayinrainstorms.Whetherlivingordead,thetreeprovidesshelterforanimalsandbirdsandfoodforinsects.Asthedeadtreerotsaway,itenrichesthesoiloftheforestfloor,enablingotherplantstospringupinitsplace.Suchlargetreesareanexampleofwhatwecallkeystonespecies;iftheydisappearedfromtheirecosystem,theconsequenceswouldbefeltthroughoutthecommunityofotherspecieslivingintheforest.“Thelossofakeystonespeciesislikeadrillaccidentallystrikingapowerline,”saysbiologistEdwardWilsonofHarvardUniversity.“Itcauseslightstogooutallover.”Duringthecurrentsixthgreatextinction,threespeciesoflife-formsaredyingouteveryhour,or74perday,whichequals27,000eachyear.Someofthese—andwedon’tevenknowwhichones—areundoubtedlykeystonespecies.(Para.8)理由之一是,每個(gè)物種在它所處的由所有動(dòng)植物和無生命的氣候、土壤、水和空氣等組成的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中都占有一個(gè)特殊的地位。例如,在森林中，較高的樹掉下的殘枝在土壤中形成一個(gè)水份保持層，供其它植物利用。它們的根可以固定土壤，防止土壤被暴雨沖走。無論是活樹還是枯樹都可以為動(dòng)物和鳥提供棲息地，為昆蟲提供食物?？輼涓癄€以后還可以肥沃森林的土壤，得以使其它植物從原處拔地而出。這樣的大樹就是我們所說的主要物種;如果它們從生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中消失,其后果會(huì)遍及所有居住在森林的其它物種。哈佛大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家愛德華·威爾遜說：“一個(gè)主要物種的消失就像鉆頭意外地鉆斷電線，導(dǎo)致四處斷電?！痹诋?dāng)前第六次“大滅絕”時(shí)期,每小時(shí)平均有三個(gè)物種滅絕，也就是每天有74個(gè)物種滅絕,每年合計(jì)達(dá)27,000個(gè)。其中有些物種——雖然我們不確定是哪些——毫無疑問是主要物種。UnitfourVocabularyA1.institutional2.burgeoning3.envision4.marginal5.encompass6.outsource7.prowess8.shunned9.assimilating10.forgoB1-5BCADA6-10BDCCACloze1.previous2.created3.traits4.giving5.include6.to7.face8.when9.waste10.with11.offer12.seriously13.fluid14.rigid15.play16.initiative17.for18.assure19.stay20.aloneTranslation[A]1. 經(jīng)過五年的實(shí)踐,他現(xiàn)在對(duì)同國際投資和貿(mào)易相關(guān)的法律事務(wù)已很在行了。Havingpracticedforabout5years,heisnowadeptatlegalissuesrelatingtointernationalinvestmentandtrade.2. 根據(jù)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，X一代對(duì)退休后依靠社會(huì)保障持懷疑態(tài)度。和先輩們相比，他們?cè)缫验_始在為退休而省錢了。Accordingtoasurvey,GenXersareskepticalaboutrelyingonSocialSecuritywhentheyretire.Theybegansavingforretirementearlycomparedwiththeirpredecessors.3. 通過這種輕松舒適的腳摩治療，你白天所有的煩惱壓力好象都消失了。Allthecaresandstressesofyourdayseemtofadeawayundertherelaxingandcomfortabletreatmentoffootmassage.4. 研究表明大部分員工都很看重他們卓有成效的工作能夠得到認(rèn)可或贊賞。Studiesshowthatmostemployeesplaceahighvalueonbeingrecognizedorbeingcomplementedforajobwelldone.5. 急診室里擠滿了來看常見病的病人，因?yàn)樗麄儧]有固定的醫(yī)生。Emergencyroomswerecloggedwithpatientswhocamefortreatmentofrelativelyroutinemedicalproblemsbecausetheydidn’thavearegulardoctor.6. 任何一個(gè)試圖訓(xùn)練或幫助一名新技術(shù)經(jīng)理轉(zhuǎn)變角色成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的人都可以從這本書中獲得有用的想法。Anyonetryingtocoachorhelpanewtechnicalmanagermakethetransitiontoaleadershiprolecangetusefulideasfromthisbook.7. 大多數(shù)時(shí)候如果你走捷徑完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，結(jié)果則需要你做一些修補(bǔ)工作,而其所花的時(shí)間會(huì)是你走捷徑所省下的時(shí)間的兩倍。Mostofthetimewhenyoutakeashortcutforcompletingaprojectyouwillendupdoingsomerepairworklaterthatwilltakedoublethetimeyousavedbytheshortcut.8. 那些不能在個(gè)人和職業(yè)生活之間設(shè)置合理界限的員工是不能理解生活和工作的意義的。Employeeswhofailtosetappropriateboundariesbetweentheirpersonalandprofessionalliveswillnotbeabletounderstandthemeaningoflifeandwork.9. 這一運(yùn)動(dòng)的目的是訓(xùn)練人們?cè)诿鎸?duì)危險(xiǎn)時(shí)有序而職業(yè)地作出反應(yīng)。Thepurposeoftheexercisewastotrainstafftoreactinadisciplinedandprofessionalmannerwheninthepresenceofdanger.10. 大多數(shù)X一代人都有放棄職業(yè)發(fā)展而花費(fèi)更多時(shí)間來陪妻子和孩子的愿望,特別是在他們孩子還小的那幾年。MostGenXershavethedesiretoforgocareeradvancementformoretimewiththeirwifeandchildren,especiallyintheearlyyearsoftheirchildren’slives.[B]GenXers,ontheotherhand,watchedthesacrificesthattheirparentsmadetomoveupthecareerladder,onlytobemetwithmassivelayoffsinAmericancorporations.然而，X一代人目睹了他們的父母為了職業(yè)晉升而做出犧牲，結(jié)果卻遭遇了美國公司的大量裁員。Thesedifferentperspectivescanoftenleadtoclashesintheworkplace.Eachgroupispronetogeneralizationsabouttheother.這些不同的觀點(diǎn)視角常常導(dǎo)致工作中的沖突。他們彼此都易于把對(duì)方概念化。GenXersseenoreasontopaytheirduesbecausetheycangetthejobdonebetterandfasterandstillhavetimefortheirlifestylesandfamily.X一代人認(rèn)為自己沒有理由要盡職苦干，因?yàn)樗麄兡馨压ぷ髯龅糜趾糜挚?，而且仍有時(shí)間來休閑和陪伴家人。Somewouldsaytheonlysolutionisthelegalsystem,whereage-biaslawsuitsmayriseasboomersage.有人會(huì)說唯一的解決辦法是通過司法體系，因?yàn)殡S著嬰兒潮時(shí)期的人不斷變老，與年齡歧視有關(guān)的訴訟可能會(huì)增加。Buthistorywillrepeatitselfasthebabyboomersleavetheworkforce,theGenXersrisetopowerandgenerationYemployeescomeonthescene.但是，歷史就是如此循還往復(fù)—隨著嬰兒潮時(shí)期出生的人開始退休，X一代開始掌權(quán)，Y一代開始步入社會(huì)。UnitsixVocabularyA1.deplored2.pervades3.requisite4.workaholics5.hereditary6.extravagant7.crave8.mania9.one-upmanship10.overwhelmB1-5CBDBA6-10DCBACCloze1.probing2.factors3.degree4.afford5.extra6.average7.complicated8.skyrocket9.static10.boost11.colleague12.seek13.accept14.rate15.close16.aspiration17.beyond18.size19.fail20.satisfyingTranslation[A]1. 在追求幸福的過程中，人們注定要遭受許多挫折。Peoplearepreordainedtosuffermanyfrustrationsintheirquestforhappiness.2.美國是一個(gè)雄心勃勃的民族。各行各界的人們都面臨著力求出類拔萃的激烈競爭壓力。Americanisanambitiousnation.Peoplefromeverywalkoflifefacethepressureoffiercecompetitiontoexcel.3.當(dāng)天買賣股票投機(jī)是一種危險(xiǎn)的謀財(cái)之道。Daytradingisadangerouswayoftryingtomakeafortune.4.數(shù)百萬人懷著暴發(fā)致富的幻想花錢買彩票。Millionsofpeoplehaveafantasyaboutgettingrichquickandspendmoneyonlotteries.5.人們擔(dān)心如果軍備競賽失控，世界局勢(shì)將進(jìn)一步惡化Thereisafearthatifthearmsracegetsoutofhand,theworldsituationwillbeworseoff.6.為了保護(hù)自己免遭失敗的痛苦就放棄自己的抱負(fù)是不明智的。Itisnotsensibletogiveupone’sownambitioninordertoshieldoneselffromthebitternessoffailure.7.許多人拼命掙錢，因?yàn)榻疱X可以買到大房子、小汽車、大屏幕電視以及其他被認(rèn)為代表地位和身份的消費(fèi)品。Manypeoplestraintoearnmoneybecausemoneycanbuybighouses,cars,big-screenTVsandotherconsumerproductswhichareconsideredsymbolsofstatusandidentity.8.為了實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的抱負(fù)而努力奮斗是值得的。Itpaystoexertourselvestofulfillourownambitions.9.十年前大多數(shù)中國人還買不起的手機(jī)現(xiàn)在已成為很普及的生活必需品。Thecellphone,whichwasbeyondthereachofthemajorityoftheChinesepeopleadecadeago,hasnowbecomeawidelyowneddailynecessity.10. 自從得到了晉升以后，她就表現(xiàn)得自命不凡。不過在我看來，她只不過是個(gè)微不足道的小人物。Sheactsasifsheweresomeonesinceshewaspromoted.Buttome,sheisamerenobody.[B]AmbitionisoneofthoseRorschachwords:defineitandyouinstantlyrevealagreatdealaboutyourself.1)Eventhemostneutralofworks,Webster’s,initsSeventhNewCollegiateEdition,givesitselfaway,definingambitionfirstandforemostas“anardentdesireforrank,fame,orpower.”即使是最中立的著作《韋伯斯特詞典》也暴露了它自己的追求目標(biāo)，它在其新大學(xué)版第七版中將雄心首先定義為“一種追求地位、榮譽(yù)或權(quán)利的熱切欲望”。Ardentimmediatelyassumesaheatincommensuratewithgoodsenseandstability,andrank,fame,andpowerhavecomeunderfairlyheavyattackforatleastacentury.“熱切”這個(gè)詞立刻呈現(xiàn)出與理智的判斷和沉穩(wěn)的心態(tài)所不相稱的熱烈情緒，而地位、榮譽(yù)和權(quán)利也在至少長達(dá)一個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間里一直受到相當(dāng)猛烈的抨擊。Onecan,afterall,beambitiousforthepublicgood,forthealleviationofsuffering,fortheenlightenmentofmankind,…然而畢竟一個(gè)人可以立志于促進(jìn)公共的利益，減輕人們的痛苦，或是啟迪人類的思想。Thefamilywouldbecomesuperfluousasasocialunit,withallitsformerpowerforbringingaboutneurosisdrainedaway.家庭將成為多余的社會(huì)單位，不再具有以前能夠帶給人們焦慮和恐懼的力量。Longevitywouldbeincreased,forfewerpeoplewoulddieofheartattackorstrokecausedbytumultuousendeavor.人們的壽命將會(huì)延長，因?yàn)樵絹碓缴俚娜藭?huì)死于由拼命工作而引起的心臟病和中風(fēng)。Unit7Translation[A]1. 美國人渴望新的未開發(fā)地帶，在那里他們可以擺脫任何束縛，自由自在。Americanshankerafternewfrontierswheretheycanbefreeofanyconstraintsandbethemselves.2. 令年輕人神往的正是在網(wǎng)上沖浪時(shí)獲得的那種自由的感覺。Whatcapturesyoungpeople’simaginationispreciselythesenseoffreedomtheygetwhilesurfingtheInternet.3. 不論種族、文化和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位，每個(gè)人都能夠在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間找到一個(gè)由與自己志趣相投的人所組成的社區(qū)。TheRegardlessoftheirrace,cultureandsocioeconomicstatus,everyonecanfindacommunityoflikemindedpeopleincyberspace.4. 虛擬社區(qū)寧愿由自己而不是由世俗政府建立和執(zhí)行社區(qū)行為規(guī)范。Virtualcommunitiesprefertosetandenforcecommunitystandardsbythemselvesratherthanbytheterrestrialgovernment.5.網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間類似于現(xiàn)實(shí)世界，包括從購物中心、學(xué)校區(qū)到紅燈區(qū)等各種各樣的地方。YouthswhodroppedoutofmiddleCyberspaceisakintotheterrestrialworld,whichincludesvariousplacesrangingfromshoppingmalls,schooldistrictstored-lightzones.6. 只有滿足自己成員需要的網(wǎng)絡(luò)社區(qū)才能夠繁榮興旺。Onlycyberspacecommunitiesthatcatertotheneedsoftheirmemberswillprosper.7. 隨著遠(yuǎn)距離通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，世界不久將聯(lián)合成為一個(gè)地球村。Withthedevelopmentoftelecommunicationstechnology,theunionoftheworldintoaglobalvillageisathand.8. 免費(fèi)下載知識(shí)財(cái)產(chǎn)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用者中十分普遍。ItisprevalentamongInternetuserstodownloadintellectualpropertiesforfree.9. 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的討論組主持人的職責(zé)是防止廣告和無關(guān)信息進(jìn)入論壇。ThejobofthemoderatorofadiscussiongroupontheInternetistokeepoutadvertisementsandunrelatedmaterialsoftheforum.10. 言論自由的擁護(hù)者往往貿(mào)然斷定任何形式的政府管理都將妨礙他們的自由。Advocatesoffreespeechtendtojumptotheconclusionthatanyformofgovernmentregulationwillinterferewiththeirfreedom.[B]What’suniqueaboutcyberspaceisthatitliberatesusfromthetyrannyofgovernment,whereeveryonelivesbytheruleofthemajority.Inademocracy,minoritygroupsandminoritypreferencestendtogetsqueezedout,whethertheyareminoritiesofraceandcultureorminoritiesofindividualtaste.網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的特別之處在于，它把我們從必須按照大多數(shù)人制定的規(guī)則而生活的政府專制中解放出來。在民主國家中，少數(shù)派和少數(shù)人的偏好往往會(huì)遭到排擠，無論他們是少數(shù)民族和文化還是少數(shù)人擁有的個(gè)人愛好。Cyberspaceallowscommunitiesofanysizeandkindtoflourish;incyberspace,communitiesarechosenbytheusers,notforcedonthembyaccidentsofgeography.Thisfreedomgivestherulesthatpresideincyberspaceamoralauthoritythatrulesinterrestrialenvironmentsdon’thave.但是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間，任何大小和類別的社區(qū)都能繁榮發(fā)展；在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間，用戶自由選擇自己的社區(qū)，而不是依據(jù)地域的偶然因素將社區(qū)強(qiáng)加給用戶。這種選擇的自由賦予主持網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的規(guī)章制度以一種道德權(quán)威，而這種權(quán)威是陸地環(huán)境中的規(guī)章制度所不具備的。Mostpeoplearestuckinthecountryoftheirbirth,butifyoudon’tliketherulesofacyberspacecommunity,youcanjustsignoff.Loveitorleaveit.Likewise,ifparentsdon’tliketherulesofagivencyberspacecommunity,theycanrestricttheirchildren’saccesstoit.(Para14)大多數(shù)人被困于自己出生的國家無法脫身。然而如果你不喜歡某個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)社區(qū)的規(guī)章，你可以退出。要么喜歡它，要么離開它。同樣的，如果父母們不喜歡某個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)社區(qū)的規(guī)章，他們可以限制自己孩子與它接觸。What’slikelytohappenincyberspaceistheformationofnewcommunities,freeoftheconstraintsthatcauseconflictonearth.Insteadofaglobalvillage,whichisanicedreambutimpossibletomanage,we’llhaveinventedanotherworldofself-containedcommunitiesthatcatertotheirownmembers’inclinationswithoutinterferingwithanyoneelse’s.可以預(yù)料在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間將會(huì)形成不受那些在地球上導(dǎo)致沖突的種種約束的新社區(qū)。我們不會(huì)建立一個(gè)地球村，那只是一個(gè)美好卻難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的夢(mèng)想。我們將創(chuàng)造另一個(gè)由許多能滿足其成員的意愿同時(shí)又不妨礙他人意愿的獨(dú)立自主的社區(qū)組成的世界。Thepossibilityofarealmarket-styleevolutionofgovernanceisathand.Incyberspace,we’llbeabletotestandevolverulesgoverningwhatneedstobegoverned—intellectualproperty,contentandaccesscontrol,rulesaboutprivacyandfreespeech.Somecommunitieswillallowanyonein;otherswillrestrictaccesstomemberswhoqualifyononebasisoranother.社區(qū)管理方式的真正市場(chǎng)化演變即將成為可能。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間，我們將能夠通過試驗(yàn)和改進(jìn)規(guī)章制度來管理那些需要管理的——知識(shí)財(cái)產(chǎn)、內(nèi)容和使用限制、關(guān)于隱私和言論自由的規(guī)則。有些社區(qū)將允許任何人加入，有些將只允許符合這種或那種條件的成員加入。Thosecommunitiesthatproveself-sustainingwillprosper(andperhapsgrowandsplitintosubsetswithever-more-particularinterestsandidentities).Thosethatcan’tsurvive—eitherbecausepeopleloseinterestorgetscaredoff—willsimplywitheraway.(Para15)那些能夠自我維持、自我完善的社區(qū)將會(huì)昌盛起來（而且也許會(huì)壯大并分裂為一個(gè)個(gè)依據(jù)更加具體的興趣和身份而建立的分社區(qū)）。而那些不能生存的社區(qū)——或是因?yàn)槿藗儗?duì)它們失去了興趣或是因?yàn)槿藗儽粐樑芰恕獎(jiǎng)t將漸漸萎縮并消失。Unit8Translation[A]1.一個(gè)懶惰的人容易才思枯竭，因?yàn)樗偛挥媚X思索。Alazypersonisapttogethismindimpoverishedbecausehedoesn’tmakeuseofhisintelligenceallthetime.2.看到這張照片，我仿佛回到了無憂無慮的學(xué)生時(shí)代。Thisphotoconjuresupmemoriesofmycarefreeschooldays.3.他意識(shí)到他已經(jīng)被大家看成是打雜跑腿的了。Herealizesnowhe’sbeentypecastasanexecutiveerrandboy.4.這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)的目標(biāo)就是為了讓傳統(tǒng)的家具設(shè)計(jì)技藝永世流傳。Thegoaloftheassociationistoperpetuatetheskillsoftraditionalfurnituredesign.5. 成見通過用巨大的、可以辨別的剪圖來掩蓋這個(gè)紛雜喧鬧的大千世界，并以此來減輕我們的腦力勞動(dòng)。Stereotypeseconomizeonourmentaleffortbycoveringuptheblooming,buzzingconfusionwithbigrecognizablecutouts.6. 真正的改變是一個(gè)漫長的過程：現(xiàn)實(shí)的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴匯入我們的腦海，直到它們漸漸帶有模糊不清的生活本質(zhì)。Thetrueprocessofchangeisaslowonethataddsbitsandpiecesofrealitytothepicturesinourheads,untilgraduallytheytakeonsomeoftheblurrinessoflifeitself.7. 這位著名的女演員告訴記者說她在成名前特別快樂。Thefamousactresssaidtothereporterthatshewasperfectlyhappyuntilfamewasthrustuponher.8. 他的一個(gè)密友警告他，如果他繼續(xù)買些沒用的東西就有破產(chǎn)的危險(xiǎn)。Oneofhisintimatefriendswarnshimthatheisindangeroflosingallhismoneyifhecontinuestobuyuselessitems.9. 通過對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目各個(gè)方面的仔細(xì)研究，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)成功完成的可能性極大。Havingdelveddeeplyintoallaspectsoftheproject,theyfindthatthereiseveryprospectofsuccess.10. 他們記得的是全班最不聽話的壞孩子犯了錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)樵谟洃浿兴麄兪巧贁?shù)不合群的學(xué)生。Itwastheunpopularmembersoftheclass—the“badguys”—theyrememberedasbeingoutofstep.[B]Whenwejudgepeopleandgroupsbasedonourprejudicesandstereotypesandtreatthemdifferently,weareengagingindiscrimination.當(dāng)我們以偏見和成見來判斷一個(gè)人或一群人并因此采取不同的對(duì)待方式，我們就是歧視。Wemaycreatesubtleorovertpressureswhichwilldiscouragepersonsofcertainminoritygroupsfromlivinginaneighborhood.Womenandminoritieshavebeenvictimizedbydiscriminationinemployment,education,andsocialservices.我們可能或明或暗地制造一些壓力，使某些少數(shù)民族的居民失去居住在我們鄰里的勇氣。Wemayshyawayfrompeoplewithahistoryofmentalillnessbecauseweareafraidtheymayharmus.我們可能會(huì)回避那些有精神病史的人，因?yàn)槲覀兒ε滤麄儠?huì)傷害我們。Insomecases,thecivilandcriminaljusticesystemhasnotbeenappliedequallytoallasaresultofdiscrimination.在有些情況下，民事和刑事制度因歧視而沒有平等地應(yīng)用于每個(gè)人。minoritiesandothergroupsarenotrepresentedinproportiontotheirpopulationincitycouncils,statelegislatures,andtheU.S.Congress.市議會(huì)、州立法機(jī)關(guān)和美國國會(huì)并沒有按人口比例給少數(shù)民族和其他族群相應(yīng)的代表席位。Unit9Translation[A]1. 在一開始我想奉勸我們所有的管理層人員應(yīng)該以寬闊的視野來看待這兩個(gè)詞，即道德和競爭力。Letmeurgeattheoutsetthatallofusinmanagementlookatboththesewords—ethicsandcompetitiveness—withawideangleofvision.2. 所有人都生來具有道德意識(shí)，它不是憑空而來，也不會(huì)自動(dòng)永遠(yuǎn)存在下去。Allhumanbeingsareendowedwithamoralsensethatdoesnotcomeoutofnowhereorperpetuateitselfautomatically..3. 科學(xué)家們最早在20世紀(jì)30年代就有了對(duì)原子彈的設(shè)想。Scientistsfirstconceivedtheideaoftheatomicbombinthe1930s.4. 我們都聽到過目光短淺的生意人把下面這句話當(dāng)作是一個(gè)著名的歷史人物說的，即沒有必要在兒童時(shí)期就進(jìn)行道德教育。Wehaveallheardshortsightedbusinesspeopleattributeaquotationtothatgreatfigureinhistory,thatis,moralethiceducationisnotnecessarytobeginatanearlyage.5. 我謹(jǐn)以此書獻(xiàn)給我的叔父，以表示對(duì)他的愛戴和感激之情。TomyuncleIdedicatethisvolumeintokenofaffectionandgratitude.6. 到了該認(rèn)真審視學(xué)校從幼兒園到高中畢業(yè)的道德課的時(shí)候了。Thetimehascometotakeahardlookatethicalteachinginourschoolsfromkindergartentothetwelfthgrade.7. 期末考試的時(shí)候，人們總是能夠看到學(xué)?；ㄥX請(qǐng)來的監(jiān)考在走廊里踱來踱去以確保沒有學(xué)生抄襲筆記或同桌。Inthefinalexam,peoplecanalwaysseethoseproctorspaidbytheuniversitytopadupanddowntheaislestomakesurethatnobodyislookingatcribnotesorcopyingfromaneighbor.8. 她說如果一切順利她會(huì)考慮我的建議的。我覺得很難明白她話里的意思。Shesaidshewouldconsidermyproposalifnothingwentwrong.Ifindithardtospellouthermeaning.9. 我們對(duì)于過去了解得越多，我們就越能在未來踏踏實(shí)實(shí)地教授道德準(zhǔn)則。Andthemoreweknowofthatpast,themoresure-footedlywecaninculcateethicalconductinthefuture.10. 整個(gè)世界的道德秩序超越了任何一個(gè)單一的國家。如果一個(gè)人不了解商業(yè)在更大范圍內(nèi)的地位，他就不可能成為優(yōu)秀的商界領(lǐng)袖。Themoralorderoftheworldtranscendsanysinglenation-state.Andonecannotbeagoodbusinessleaderwithoutunderstandingtheplaceofbusinessinthegreaterschemeofthings.[B]Atrickyquestionininvestingishowmuchofaroleethicsshouldplayinyourstockselections.Shouldyouinvestincompaniesthatmanufactureweapons?Whataboutnuclearpower?Alcohol?Gambling?Tobacco?Thosearethe“BigFive”intermsofethicaldecisions.Theytendtoprovokethestrongestemotions,andcomeupmostoftenindiscussionsofethicalinvesting.投資時(shí)需要慎重對(duì)待的一個(gè)問題，就是道德規(guī)范在你選擇股票時(shí)應(yīng)該占多大分量。人們是否應(yīng)投資于生產(chǎn)武器的公司？或者投資于核動(dòng)力、酒類、賭博、煙草類公司？這是有道德爭議的“五大”領(lǐng)域，容易激起人們最強(qiáng)烈的愛憎之情，最常引發(fā)投資道德的討論。Theworldbeingwhatitis,toofineanethicalfiltercouldquicklyscreenoutalmosteverylargecompanyandmanysmallones.現(xiàn)實(shí)世界就是這樣，如果用太細(xì)的道德過濾器去篩選，那么幾乎每一個(gè)大公司和許多小公司很快都得從投資的名單中篩出去。Itendtobetolerantofmostvicesinlife,andalsoininvesting.Iamcurrentlyseekingoutdefensestocks.I’meyeingatleastonenuclear-powerstock,andamfavorablydisposedtowardgamblingstocks.There’snoliquorstockIwanttoown,butifthenumberslookedattractive,I’dbuyone.我傾向于容忍生活中的大部分不道德行為，在投資方面也是如此。我現(xiàn)在正在挑選一些國防類的股票。我至少正在關(guān)注一種核動(dòng)力的股票，還看好博彩類的股票。我不想買酒類股，但如果價(jià)位有吸引力的話，我還是會(huì)買一種的。Gap’sProblem:Forexample,PaxWorldFund,basedinPortsmouth,NewHampshire,saysitinvestsonlyincompanies“thattreattheiremployees,theirenvironment,andtheircommunitieswithrespect”.I’msureitmakeseveryefforttodoso,butinanimperfectworld,thesedecisionsgetmightytricky.蓋普公司的問題：舉個(gè)例子，派克斯世界基金，總部設(shè)在新罕不什爾州的樸次茅斯，說它只投資于那些“尊重員工，尊重環(huán)保，尊重社區(qū)”的公司。相信它是盡力這樣做的，但在一個(gè)不完美的社會(huì)里，這些決策是非常困難的。PaxWorld’slargeststockholdingisGapInc.Friday,Gap(alongwithsomeotherretailers)lostinitsattempttodismissalawsuitaccusingitofsellingclothesmadeundersweatshopconditionsintheU.S.territoryofSaipan.InAugust,fourotherdefendantsinthatsuit,includingNordstromInc.andJ.CrewGroupInc.,agreedtosettletheclaimsagainstthembyestablishinga$1.25mi