GRE閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)260篇匯編

GRE閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)260篇

Passage1

Althoughsociallearning(theacquisitionofspecificbehaviorsbyobservingotherindividuals

exhibitingthosebehaviors)iswelldocumentedamongfish,fewstudieshaveinvestigatedsocial

learningwithinadevelopmentalcontextinthesetaxa.Ratherthaninvestigatingthedevelopmentofa

particularskill,Chapman,Ward,andKrauseinvestigatedtheroleofgroupdensityduring

developmentinlaterforagingsuccessinlaboratory-housedguppies.Whenraisedwithasmall

numberofconspecifics(membersofthesamespecies),guppieswerequickertolocatefoodby

followingatrainedadultguppythanwereguppiesraisedinlargegroups.Thiscounterintuitivefinding

isexplainedbythefactthatguppiesrearedinthehigh-densityconditionwerelesslikelytoshoal

(swiminagroup)withothersand,therefore,werelesslikelytolearnthebenefitsofsociallearning.

Instead,fishrearedinhigh-densitysituationsmaylearnthatconspecificsaretobeviewedas

competitors,ratherthanaspotentialsourcesofadaptiveinformation.Thisfindingsuggeststhatat

leastforguppies,theearlysocialenvironmentmayhaveaneffectonthecapacityforsociallearning,

ifnotonthesociallylearnedbehaviorsthemselves.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.noteaflawinascientificfinding

B.describeaparticularscientificstudy

C.presentaninterpretationofafinding

D.noteadifferencebetweentwoscientificfindings

E.contrasttwoconditionsinwhichaparticularphenomenonhasbeenobserved

2.Regardingresearchonfish,itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat

A.researchstudiesoftheacquisitionofimportantskillsbyfishhaveonlyrecentlybegunto

documenttheroleofconspecificsinthelearningprocess

B.researchonsociallearninginguppiessuggeststhatguppiesdifferinimportantwaysfrom

mostotherfishinthemeansbywhichtheylearnparticularskills

C.researchonsociallearninginfishhasgenerallyfocusedontheacquisitionofskillsotherthan

foraging

D.researchhasestablishedthatsociallearningoccursinsomefishspecieswithout

investigatingthedevelopmentcontextinwhichitoccurs.

E.researchtoinvestigatesociallearninghasbeendonemoreextensivelyonfishthanonother

aquaticanimals.

3.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthestudybyChapman,Ward,andKrause?

A.Itwasinitiallydesignedtoinvestigatesomethingotherthansociallearning.

B.Itrequiredresearcherstoobserveindividualguppiesatmultiplepointsintheirlifespans.

C.Itpointedtothepossibilitythatpopulationdensitymayhavelittletodowithguppies'social

learning.

D.Itrequiredtheobservationofguppiesunderconditionsthatcloselymimickedtheconditionsof

guppiesinthewild.

E.Itindicatedthatguppiesgainadaptiveinformationfrombeingrearedwitharelativelylarge

numberofconspecifics.

Asitwaspublishedin1935,MulesandMen,ZoraNealeHurston'slandmarkcollectionoffolktales,

maynothavebeenthebookthatitsauthorfirsthadinmind.Inthisanthropologicalstudy,Hurston

describesindetailthepeoplewhotellthestories,ofteneveninsertingherselfintothestorytelling

scene.Evidently,however,Hurstonhadpreparedanotherversion,amanuscriptthatwasrecently

discoveredandpublishedafterhavingbeenforgottensince1929.ThisversiondiffersfromMules

andMeninthatitsimplyrecordsstories,withnodescriptiveorinterpretiveinformation.

WhilewecannotknowforcertainwhyHurston'soriginalmanuscriptwentunpublishedduringher

lifetime,itmayhavebeenbecausepublisherswantedsomethingmorethanatranscriptionoftales.

ContemporarynovelistandcriticJohnEdgarWidemanhasdescribedBlackliteratureasthehistory

ofawritingthatsoughttoescapeitsframe,inotherwords,astheeffortofBlackwriterstopresent

thestoriesofBlackpeoplewithouthavingtohaveamediatingvoicetoexplainthestoriestoanon-

Blackaudience.Inthis,Hurstonmayhavebeenaheadofhertime.

1.SelectthesentencethatsuggestsapossiblereasonwhyHurstonwrotetheversionof

MulesandMenthatwaspublishedin1935.

2.ThepassagesuggeststhatHurstonmayhavedonewhichofthefollowinginpreparingher

originalversion?

A.Discussedhermodeofpresentationwithherpublisherbeforewritingthefirstdraft,inorderto

reducethepossibilityofmisunderstanding.

B.Shortenedherpresentationofthestoriestothebareminimuminordertobeabletopresent

morefolklorematerial.

C.Putitasideforseveraldecadesinordertomaximizeitspotentialaudiencewhenitwas

published.

D.Reluctantlyagreedtoreshapeitinordertotakeoutvariouselementswithwhichher

publisherhadbeendissatisfied.

E.Chosenottoincludeeditorialcommentary,inordertopresentthestoriesontheirownterms.

Passage3

Adecreaseinface-to-facesocialcontactcanprecipitatedepression.TimespentusingtheInternet

cannotbespentinface-to-facesocialcontact,sopsychologistshavespeculatedthatsharply

increasingInternetusecancausedepression.StudiesofregularInternetusershavefounda

significantlyhigherincidenceofdepressionamongthosewhohadrecentlydoubledtheamountof

timetheyspentusingtheInternetthanamongthosewhoseusehadnotincreased.Hence,the

psychologists'speculationiscorrect.

Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

A.Ingeneral,thereasonthatthepeopleinthestudieshaddoubledtheirInternetusewasnot

thattheyhadearlierexperiencedasignificantdecreaseinopportunitiesforface-to-facesocial

contact.

B.Asharpdecreaseinface-to-facesocialcontactistheonlychangeindailyactivitythatcan

leadtoanincreasedincidenceofdepression.

C.UsingtheInternetpresentsnoopportunitiesforpeopletoincreasetheamountofface-to-

facesocialcontacttheyexperiencedintheirdailylives.

D.RegularInternetuserswhoaredepressedwillexperienceanimmediateimprovementin

moodiftheysharplydecreasetheamountoftimetheyspendontheInternet.

E.BeforetheydoubledthetimetheyspentontheInternet,thepeoplewhodidsowerealready

morepronetodepressionthanareregularInternetusersingeneral.

AfricanAmericandramahas,untilrecently,beenrootedinthemimetictraditionofmodernAmerican

naturalism.Themostdistinctiveattributeofthistraditionisthemechanistic,materialisticconception

ofhumanity.Naturalismseeseachindividualasinextricablyboundtotheenvironmentanddepicts

eachpersonassomeonecontrolledby,insteadofcontrolling,concretereality.AslongasAfrican

Americandramamaintainednaturalismasitsdominantmode,itcouldonlyexpressthe"plightof

AfricanAmericanpeople".Itsheroesmightdeclarethemadnessofreality,butrealityinevitably

triumphedoverthem.

ThesurrealisticplaysofAdrienneKennedymarkoneofthefirstdeparturesfromnaturalismbyan

AfricanAmericandramatist.Theoverallgoalofherworkhasbeentodepicttheworldofthesouland

thespirit,nottomirrorconcretereality.Withinthisframework,Kennedyhasbeenabletoportray

AfricanAmericanmindsandsoulsliberatedfromtheirconnectionstotheexternalenvironment.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?

A.AfricanAmericandramahasbeenprimarilyinfluencedbynaturalismsemphasisonthe

materialistic.

B.AfricanAmericandramahastraditionallyacknowledgedtherelationshipbetweenthe

individualandtheenvironment.

C.AfricanAmericandrama,traditionallynaturalistic,hasbeenlittleinfluencedbydramatist

Kennedy'sspiritualandpsychologicalapproachtodrama.

D.TheworkofKennedysuggestsashiftawayfromacommitmenttostrictnaturalisminAfrican

Americandrama.

E.TheworkofKennedybestexemplifiesthecurrentinterestofAfricanAmericanartistsinthe

spiritualandpsychologicalworlds.

2.Accordingtothepassage,Kennedyisconcernedwithdepictingthe

A.internalratherthantheexternallifeofhercharacters

B.madnessofrealityratherthantheeffectsofreality

C.effectsofmaterialismonAfricanAmericanmindsandsouls

D.relationshipbetweennaturalismandthehumanspirit

E.effectsthathercharactershaveontheenvironment

3.Whichofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheauthorsassertionthat

Kennedy'sworkmarksaseriousdeparturefromthetraditiondescribedinthefirstparagraph?

A.Kennedyplacestheactioninareal-lifesettingthatisneverthelessunfamiliartotheaverage

viewerorreader.

B.KennedymovinglyportraysthelivesandstrugglesofprominentAfricanAmericansinthe

UnitedStates.

C.KennedyusescharactersfoundonlyinancientAfricanlegendsandmythology.

D.KennedyprovidesinsightsintoAmericanmimetictraditionanddramaticconvention.

E.Kennedydepictstheeventsinastylereminiscentofatelevisiondocumentary.

Althoughmanyhypotheseshavebeenproposedtoexplainwhysomeplantcommunitiesaremore

susceptiblethanotherstoinvasionbynonnativespecies,resultsfromfieldstudieshavebeen

inconsistentandnogeneraltheoryofinvasibilityhasyetemerged.However,atheorybasedon

fluctuatingresourceavailabilitycouldintegratemostexistinghypothesesandsuccessfullyresolve

manyoftheapparentlyconflictingandambiguousresultsofpreviousstudies.Thesuggestedtheory

isthataplantcommunitybecomesmoresusceptibletoinvasionwheneverthereisanincreasein

theamountofunusedresources.

Thediversityintherangeofresource-releasemechanismscouldpartlyexplaintheabsenceof

consistentecologicalcorrelatesofinvasibility.Inparticular,thetheorypredictsthattherewillbeno

necessaryrelationshipbetweenthespeciesdiversityofaplantcommunityanditssusceptibilityto

invasion,sincenear-completeexploitationcaneachoccurinbothspecies-richandspecies-poor

communities.ThoughLonsdalefoundapositiveassociationbetweenspeciesrichnessandinvasion,

thismayarisefromthetendencyofdiverseplantcommunitiestobenutrientpoorandtherefore

moreresponsivetotheeffectsofhuman-causedinfluxesofnutrients.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A.assessingtheempiricalsuccessofatheory

B.explainingwhynoconsistenttheoreticalaccountofaphenomenonhasbeenpossible

C.advocatingapotentialsolutiontoatheoreticalimpasse

D.deducingtestablepredictionsfromaproposedtheory

E.describingthedifficultiesinvolvedinexplainingcertainempiricalresults

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowing

assessmentsoftheresultsfromfieldstudies

A.Manyoftheresultscontradictedpredictionsofsusceptibilitytoinvasionthatarebasedonthe

availabilityofresourcesunusedbythecommunity.

B.Iffluctuatingresourceavailabilityweretakenintoaccount,manyoftheapparent

inconsistenciesamongtheresultscouldbeexplained.

C.Theapparentinconsistenciesandambiguitiesintheresultsarecausedbytryingtomake

themfitaninadequategeneraltheoryofinvasibility.

D.Nogeneraltheoryofinvasibilityhasemergedbecausenoneofthestudieshasbeenableto

assessthedegreeofaninvasionaccurately.

E.Theresultstendtoshowadegreeofsusceptibilitytoinvasionthatislowerthanwouldbe

expectedgiventheprevalenceinthewildofnonnativespecies.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,thetheorybasedonfluctuatingresourceavailabilitymightresolve

"apparentlyconflictingandambiguousresults"because

A.Itexplainshowaparticularcircumstancecanproducedisparateeffects.

B.Itdoesnotassumethatalloftheresultsareinstancesofthephenomenonthatthetheoryis

intendedtoexplain.

C.Itpredictsthatseeminglyminorvariationsinresearchmethodologycanhaveadramatic

effectonresults.

D.Itsaccountisbasedonastatisticaltendencyratherthanonthesuppositionthattheresults

arisefromacausalconnection.

E.Itindicateswhyasimilaroutcomemaybeprecededbyverydifferentcircumstanceson

differentoccasions.

AlthoughsomeskepticspointstoArcticplacessuchasthehighlatitudesofGreenland,where

temperaturesseemtohavefallen,arecentscientificreportconcludesthatinrecentdecades

averagetemperatureshaveincreasedfasterintheArcticthanelsewhere.Scientistshavelong

suspectedthatseveralfactorsleadtogreatertemperatureswingsatEarthspolarregionsthan

elsewhere.First,mostoftheArcticiscoveredinsnowandice,whicharehighlyreflective;ifsnow

andicemelt,theexposedsoil,whichabsorbsheat,servestoacceleratewarming.

Second,thepolaratmosphereisthin,solittleenergyisrequiredtowarmit.Third,lesssolarenergy

islostinevaporationatthefrigidpolesthaninthetropics.

1.Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasfactorsthatmightleadtolargetemperatureswings

inEarthspolarregions?

A.theamountofenergylostduetoevaporationatthepoles

B.soilexposureduetomeltingsnow

C.therelativelythinatmosphereatthepoles

2.InpointingtotheapparenttemperaturechangeinthehighlatitudesofGreenland,the

skepticsmentionedinthepassageintendtoraiseasaquestionwhether

A.Greenlandislesslikelytoexperienceextremetemperaturechangesthanareotherareasof

theArctic.

B.Thosemorelocalizedtemperaturedropsmightindicateanimportanttrendnotcapturedby

theupwardtrendofaverageArctictemperatures.

C.TheremightbeareversalofthetemperaturetrendinthehighlatitudesofGreenland.

D.ThefactorsthatcausetemperaturechangeinthehighlatitudesofGreenlandaredifferent

fromthosethataffecttherestoftheArctic.

E.GreenlandhasmoreiceandsnowonthegroundthandootherareasoftheArctic.

AmongmanyhistoriansabeliefpersiststhatCottonMather'sbiographiesofsomeofthesettlersof

theMassachusettsBayColony(published1702)areexercisesinhagiography,endowingtheir

subjectswithsaintlypietyattheexpenseofhistoricalaccuracy.Yetmodernstudieshaveprofited

bothfromthebreadthofinformationthatMatherprovidesin,forexample,hisdiscussionsofcolonial

medicineandfromhiscriticalobservationsofsuchleadingfiguresasGovernorJohnWinthrop.

Mather'swryhumorasdemonstratedbyhisdetaileddescriptionsofeventssuchasWinthrop's

effortstopreventwood-stealingisoverlookedbythosechargingMatherwithpresentinghissubjects

asextremelypious.ThechargealsoobscuresMather'sconcernwiththesettlersmaterial,notjust

spiritual,prosperity.Further,thispejorativeviewunderratesthebiographiesvalueaschronicles:

Matheramassedallsortsofpublishedandunpublisheddocumentsassources,andhisselectionof

keyeventsshowsamarkedsensitivitytothenatureofthecolony'sdevelopment.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.argueagainstatheoryuniversallyacceptedbyhistoricalresearchers

B.callattentiontoanunusualapproachtodocumentingahistoricalera

C.summarizeresearchonaspecifichistoricalfigure

D.counteraparticularviewabouttheworkofabiographer

E.pointoutsubtledifferencesamongcontroversialhistoricalreports

2.TheauthorofthepassageimpliesthatanargumentforthehistoricalaccuracyofMather's

worksismoststronglysupportedbywhichofthefollowing?

A.survivingdocumentsthatcorroborateMather'sdetaileddescriptionsofhissubjects

B.Mather'sfirsthandpersonalacquaintancewiththoseaboutwhomhewrote

C.Mather'sfrankandstraightforwardaccountsofthelivesandtimesofpeopleaboutwhomhe

hadconductedextensiveresearch

D.Mather'sabilitytodetailimportanthistoricaleventsinthereligiouscontextofwhichtheywere

apart

E.thequantityandnatureofthesourcesfromwhichMatherobtainedhisinformation.

3.InformationinthepassagebestsupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutMather's

biographiesofthesettlersoftheMassachusettsBayColony?

A.AnnalswrittenbyMatherandotherswerecensoredbylaterhistorians,thusdetractingfrom

theirvalueasfullandaccurateaccountsoftheperiod.

B.Mather'sdescriptionofGovernorWinthropincludesallofWinthrop'sshortcomings,suchasa

tendencytowardlevityatinappropriatetimes.

C.Mather'sdescriptionsoftheMassachusettsBaycolonistswerebasedprimarilyonfirsthand

experiences.

D.ManyhistoriansbelievethatMather'sbiographiesarepoorsourcesofhistoricalinformation

becausebiographyisaninherentlyunreliablegenreofhistoricalwriting.

E.Mather'swritingsreflectaninterestinthedegreeofeconomicsuccessachievedbyearly

MassachusettsBaycolonists.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmanyhistoriansbelievethatMather'sbiographies

primarily

A.discloseimportanthistoricaldatafromthesettlers'privatediaries

B.glorifytheearlycolonistsoftheMassachusettsBayColony

C.provideafullerpictureofthemultifacetedcharactersofsuchhistoricalfiguresasJohn

Winthrop

D.indicatethesalutaryeffectsofthesettlers'religiouspracticesoncoloniallife

E.revealthatthesettlersconsideredtheirlivestobesimilartothoseofthesaints

AnalarmingnumberofMediterraneanmonkseals,anendangeredspecies,haverecentlydied.

Postmortemanalysisshowedthepresenceofanasyetunidentifiedvirus,aswellasevidenceofa

knowbacterialtoxin.Seawatersamplesfromtheareawherethesealsdieddidcontainunusually

highconcentrationsofthetoxicbacterium.Therefore,althoughbothvirusesandbacterialtoxinscan

killseals,itismorelikelythatthesedeathsweretheresultofthebacterialtoxin.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesadditionalevidencetosupporttheconclusion?

A.Virusesaremuchmoredifficulttoidentifyinpostmortemanalysisthanbacteriaare.

B.Mediterraneanmonksealsaretheonlyspeciesofsealintheareawherethebacteriumwas

found.

C.Thebacteriumisalmostalwayspresentinthewaterinatleastsmallconcentrations.

D.Nearlyalltherecentdeathswereamongadultseals,butyoungsealsarefarmore

susceptibletovirusesthanareadultseals.

E.Severalyearsago,alargenumberofmonksealsdiedinthesameareaasaresultof

exposuretoadifferentbacterialtoxin.

Passage9

AnIrishnewspapereditorialencouragingwomentoparticipateinthenon-importationmovement

launchedinIrelandin1779appearsconsistentwithaperceptionthatthepoliticaluseofthe

consumerboycottoriginatedinNorthAmericaandspreadeastwardsacrosstheAtlantictoIreland.

Thisisaviewthatmosthistorianshaveconcurredwith.Forexample,T.H.Breenarguedthatthe

consumerboycottwasabrilliantlyoriginalAmericaninvention.Breendidacknowledgethatafew

isolatedboycottsmayhavetakenplaceinothercountries.However,MaryODowdarguesthatfrom

thelateseventeenthcentury,Irishpoliticaldiscourseadvocatedforthenonconsumptionofimported

goodsandsupportforhomemanufacturesbywomeninwaysthatwerestrikinglysimilartothose

usedlaterinNorthAmerica.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A.resolvingadispute

B.advocatingacourseofaction

C.tracingtheevolutionofapractice

D.citingcompetingviewsofanissue

E.chroniclingaseriesofevents

2.Inthecontextofthepassage,thehighlightedsentenceservesto

A.qualifyapointmadeintheprecedingsentence

B.correctanerroneousassumption

C.provideevidenceinsupportofaperceptioncitedintheopeningsentence

D.providearationalefortheviewexpressedinthefollowingsentence

E.establishthepopularityofapointofview

Passage10

Alawhasbeenproposedrequiringthecargoboxesoftruckscarryinggraveltobecoveredbya

tarpaulin,becausevehiclesdrivingclosebehindopen-toppedgraveltruckscanbedamagedby

gravelflyingoffthesetrucks.Thelawisunlikelytosubstantiallyreducesuchdamage,however:

flyinggravelismuchlesslikelytocomefromthecargoboxitselfthanfromthegroovesofthetires,in

whichgravelcanbecomewedgedduringloading.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestsupportfortheargumentgiven?

A.Thedriversofvehiclesbehindagraveltruckaremorelikelytoremainclosebehindthetruck

ifthetruckscargoboxiscoveredthanifitisuncovered.

B.Mosttrucksthatcarrygravelalreadycarrytarpaulinsthattheirdriversusetocoverthecargo

boxwhentheyarecarryingsand,whichcanblowoutofthecargoboxinsignificantquantities.

C.Ofallthedamagethatoccurstovehiclesonthehighway,debristhatfliesofftrucksisthe

causeofonlyaverysmallfraction.

D.Theproposedlawallowsopen-toppedtrucksonthehighwaytohaveuncoveredcargoboxes

whenevertheircargoboxesareempty.

E.Becauseofthegreatweightofaloadofgravel,thedriverofagraveltruckisoftendriving

muchmoreslowlythanmostoftheothervehiclesontheroad.

Passage11

Beforefeministliterarycriticismemergedinthe1970s,thenineteenth-centuryUnitedStateswriter

FannyFernwasregardedbymostcritics(whenconsideredatall)asaprototypeofweepy

sentimentalism—apious,insipidiconofconventionalAmericanculture.Feministreclamationsof

Fern,bycontrast,emphasizehernonsentimentalqualities,particularlyhersharplyhumoroussocial

criticism.MostfeministscholarsfinditdifficulttoreconcileFern'ssardonicsocialcritiqueswithher

effusivecelebrationsofmanyconventionalvalues.

Attemptingtoresolvethiscontradiction,HarrisconcludesthatFernemployedfloweryrhetoric

strategicallytodisguisehersubversivegoalsbeneathapparentconventionality.However,Tompkins

proposesanalternativeviewofsentimentalityitself,suggestingthatsentimentalwritingcouldserve

radical,ratherthanonlyconservativeendsbyswayingreadersemotionally,movingthemtoembrace

socialchange.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

1.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthecontradictionmentionedinthe

highlightedsentence?

A.Itwasnotgenerallyaddressedbycriticsbeforethe1970s.

B.ItisapparentinonlyasmallnumberofFernswritings.

C.IthastroubledmanyfeministcriticswhostudyFern.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatTompkinswouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichof

thefollowingaboutthecriticsmentionedinthepassage?

A.TheyaccuratelycharacterizetheoverallresultFernisaimingtoachieve.

B.TheyarenotasdismissiveofFernassomefeministcriticshavesuggested.

C.TheyexaggeratetheextenttowhichFernintendedherwritingtoserveasocialpurpose.

D.Theywronglyassumethatsentimentalmustbeapejorativeterm.

E.Theyfailtorecognizetherolethatsentimentalrhetoricplaystoreader'semotions.

3.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagementionsFern's"sharplyhumoroussocial

criticism"primarilyinorderto

A.contrastFern'sapparentintentionswiththeimpressionherwritingmadeonHarris

B.suggestthatmanyfeministcriticshaveattributedtoFernintentionsthatshemaynothave

had

C.identifyanaspectofFern'swritingthatstrikessomescholarsasincompatiblewithother

attributesofherwriting

D.helpaccountfortheeffectFern'swritinghadoncriticsofherowntime

E.identifytheaspectsofFern'swritingforwhichshewasprimarilyknownpriortothe1970s

4.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,"reclamations"mostnearlymeans

A.reformations

B.rehabilitations

C.recapitulations

D.retractions

E.reiterations

Passage12

Aplant-basedautomobilefuelhasjustbecomeavailableinTernland.Acarcanbedrivenasfaron

agallonofthenewplant-basedfuelasacarcanbedrivenonagallonofgasoline,butagallonofthe

plant-basedfuelbothcostslessandresultsinlesspollution.Therefore,driversinTernlandwho

switchtoitwillreducetheamounttheyspendonfuelinayearwhilecausinglessenvironmental

damage.

Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentrelies?

A.Thereisnoexpenseassociatedwithoperatinganautomobilethatishigherwhenthe

automobileusestheplant-basedfuelthanwhenitusesgasoline.

B.Automobilesthathavebeenoperatedusingtheplant-basedfuelcannolongerbeoperated

usingregulargasoline.

C.Theenvironmentaldamageattributabletoautomobilesisduealmostentirelytothe

productionandcombustionoffuelautomobilesuse.

D.Theadvantagesoftheplant-basedfuelovergasolinewillnotleadthosewhoswitchtothe

plant-basedfueltodomoredriving.

E.MostdriversinTernlandwillswitchfromgasolinetotheplant-basedfuel.

Biologistshavelongdebatedaboutwhethereggproductioninbirdsisbiologicallyhighlycostly,

sometheorizingthateggproductionisenergeticallyornutritionallydemanding.Lack,however,

suggestedthatclutchsize-thenumberofeggsabirdlaysperbreedingcycle-isfarbelowthe

potentiallimitofeggproduction.Hesuggestedthatclutchsizehadinsteadevolvedinrelationtothe

numberofyoungthattheparentscouldsuccessfullyrear.Subsequently,moststudiesfocusedon

limitationsoperatingduringchickrearing,particularlyamongaltricialspecies(speciesinwhichthe

parentsfeedtheiryounginthenest).Lacklaterrecognizedthatinprecocialspecies(speciesin

whichyoungfeedthemselves),clutchsizemightbeexplainedbydifferentfactors—theavailabilityof

foodforegg-layingfemales,forexample.

1.Thepassagesuggeststhatbiologistswhosayeggproductioninbirdsisbiologicallyhighly

costlywouldagreethatclutchsizeisdeterminedprimarilyby

A.thenutritionalandenergydemandsofeggproduction

B.thenumberofyoungthattheparentscanrearsuccessfully

C.reproductivelimitationsoperatingduringchickrearing

D.theavailabilityoffoodfornewlyhatchedchicks

E.thedifferencesbetweenaltricialandprecocialspecies

Considereachofthechoices