內(nèi)容講義教程w5 pre tute soln

ECON10004:INTRODUCTORYSOLUTIONSTOPRE-TUTORIALTASKSFORTUTORIAL(WeekbeginningAugust7Priceor valuein 43

Consumer21 Bottlesofwaterper

b)Atapriceof$4perbottle,Bertbuys2bottles.Withthisprice-tycombination,Bertreceivesconsumersurplusof$4(whichisequalto($7-$4)+($5-$4)).Priceormarginal Costin 543Producer

1 Bottlesofwaterperb)Atapriceof$4perbottle,Ernies2bottles.Withthisprice-tycombination,Erniereceivesproducersurplusof$4(whichisequalto($4-$1)+($4-$3).a)Equilibriumpriceandtytradedintheabsenceofanyrestrictioninthemarketarederivedbyequatingdemandandsupply(2000–2P=3P),whichyieldsP*=400,andQ*=b)WitharestrictiontoQ=1000,lessthantheequilibriumtyQ*=1200,thepricewillbedeterminedbydemand.Fromthedemandequation,whereQ=1000,itmustfollowthatP=500.PADECB NoWithConsumerAProducerConsumersareunambiguouslyworseoffbytheintroductionofaquota(lowertytradedandhigherprice).AreasBandDmakeupthelosses.AreaBisequalto100x1,000=100,000andareaDisequalto(200x100)/2=10,000.Sothetotallossinconsumersurplusis110,000.Producersbenefitfromthehigherpricebutlosefromthelowerty;overall,however,itispossibletocalculatethatthegainequaltoareaBis100x1000=100,000againstalossequaltoareaEwhichis(200x662/3)/2=6,6662/3sothatthereisanetincreaseinproducersurplus..TotalsurplusisreducedbytheamountofD+E,whichisthereforethedeadweightlossfromintroductionofthequota.Thedeadweightlossinthiscaseisequalto16,6662/3.a)Withoutinternationaltrade,weofTonnesofb)WithACDFEBWorld NoInternationalATotalWithinternationaltrade(exports),Australianconsumersaremadeworseoffand rsaremadebetteroff.Overallthereisanimprovementinwell-Animportquotaisaumamountofimportsthattheernmentspecifiesareallowedtobeconsumed.TheeffectofaquotaonimportsofclothingfromtoArgentinawouldbeIncreasethepriceofclothinginArgentinafromtheworldpricetoequalPquota.Intheabsenceofarestrictiononinternationaltradethentheworldpriceisthehighestpriceanyconsumerwouldbewillingtopay.Butwiththeimportquota,thenitisnecessaryforconsumerstopurchasefromsomeArgentinerswhohavehigheropportunitycostofsupplythantheworldprice.DecreasethetyoftextilespurchasedinArgentina,sincepricehasincreasedtoIncreasetyofclothing dbyArgentiners.ThisisbecauseoftheincreaseinpricereceivedbyArgentine Decreasethetyofimportstotheamountspecifiedbytheimportquota.Consumerswouldliketopurchasemorethanthisamountofimports(sinceitwouldallowthemtopaytheworldprice),butcannotdosobecauseoftheimportquota.

SArgentina+importquotaACCHQSQ1

FEDGFEDQQQ QQQ

WorldpriceQtyImportImportFigureTheimportquotawillcauseanincreaseinthewelfareofproducersanddecreaseinwelfareofconsumers:NoimportWithimportConsumerProducerHTotalConsumersinArgentinaaremadeworseoffbecausetheyconsumeasmallertyandmustpayahigherprice.ProducersinArgentinaaremadebetteroffbecausetheysellalargertyatahigherprice.[‘Importers’arebetteroffbecausetheywillreceivethepricePquotawhichisabovetheworldpricethattheywouldreceivewithouttheimportquota.Often,havingintroducedanimportquota,andknowingthatimporterswillthenearnanextrapremiumfromsellingimports,ernmentswillmakeimporterspayfortherighttobringimportsintoacountry.Inthecaseabove,theernmentcouldchargeuptoanamountequalto(Pquotaminustheworldprice),andimporterswouldstillbewillingtoimport.][Theeffectoftheimportquotaistoreducetotalsurplus.Thatis,theregionsDandGrepresentdeadweightloss.AreaDrepresentsinefficientproductionbyArgentineproducers.Thatis,Argentineproducers,whohaveanopportunitycostgreaterthantheworldprice(andhencearewastingresourcesrelativetobuyingattheworldprice),supplytheunits

Q1to

whentheimportquotaisintroduced.Area representsinefficientconsumptionbyArgentineconsumers.Thatis,theincreaseinthepriceduetotheimportquotacausesconsumerswhohavevaluationsbetweenthe priceandPquotatostopconsuming(anamountequaltoQ2minusQ1)whereas consumerscouldhaveconsumedandgainedapositivenetbenefitfromconsumptioniftheywereallowedtopurchaseattheworldprice.]ECON10004：5課前任務(wù)的介紹性微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)解決方案（8月21日開始的一周7價格或邊際價值（/瓶）5431每天1234瓶水b)Bert以每瓶4的價格2瓶。通過這種價格-數(shù)量組合，Bert獲4的消費者剩余（等于($7-$4)+($5-$4)）生產(chǎn)者剩余Qb)以每瓶4的價格，供應(yīng)2瓶。通過這種價格-數(shù)量組合，獲得的生產(chǎn)者剩余（等于($4-$1)+($4-$3)a)在市場沒有任何限制的情況下，均衡價格和數(shù)量是通過使需求和供給相等（20002P=3P）得出的，得出P*=400，Q*=1200b)Q1000，Q*=1200，價格將由需求決定。從需求方程中，Q1000，必然得出P=500。個人電腦無有變化消費者剩余A+B+DA-B-D生產(chǎn)者剩余C+EB+C+B-E總計A+B+C+D+EA+B+C-D-E引入（較低的數(shù)量和較高的價格）。B區(qū)和D區(qū)彌補了損失。面積B等于100x1,000=100,000，面積D等于(200x100)/2=10,000110,000生產(chǎn)者從較高的價格中受益，但因數(shù)量減少而損失；然而，總體而言，可以計算出等于面積B的增益為100x1000=100,000，而等于面積E的損耗為(200x662/3)/2=6,6662/3，因總盈余減少了D+E的金額，因此這是引入造成的無謂損失。本例中的無謂損失等于16,666a)b)無國際貿(mào)易國際貿(mào)易更改CSA+B+CA-PSE+FB+C+D+E+F+B+C+DA+B+C+E+FA+B+C+D+E+F+D（出口），澳大利亞消費者的境況變得更糟，而澳大利亞供應(yīng)商的境況卻變得更好?？傮w而言，感有所改善。進口是指規(guī)定允許消費的進口最高數(shù)量對從到阿根廷的服裝進口實行的影響將是：將阿根廷服裝價格從世界價格提高到等于P。在國際貿(mào)易沒有限制的情況下，世界價格是任何消費者愿意支付的最高價格。但有了進口，消費者就有必要從一些供應(yīng)機會成本高于世界價減少在阿根廷紡織品的數(shù)量，因為價格已上漲至Pquota將進口數(shù)量減少至進口規(guī)定的數(shù)量。消費者希望超過此數(shù)量的進口產(chǎn)品（因為這可以讓他們支付世界價格），但由于進口而無法這樣做。價格進 PquotaQS1QS2QD2QD1數(shù)量服裝進口圖b)進 會導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)者福利增加、消費者福利減少無進口有進口變化消費者剩余A+B+C+D+E+F+GA+B-C-D-E-F-G生產(chǎn)者剩余HC+H+CE+F+E+FA+B+C+D+E+F+G+HA+B+C+E+F+HD-G更高的價格