修辭學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)講座

永不磨滅美神

----------DianaSpencer

第1頁(yè)第2頁(yè)第3頁(yè)生日：1961年7月1日出生于英國(guó)諾?？?，是愛(ài)德華斯賓塞伯爵小女兒結(jié)婚：1981年7月29日與威爾士親王查理斯結(jié)婚生子：1982年6月21日長(zhǎng)子威廉王子出生，1984年9月15日次子哈里王子出生。離婚：1996年8月28日雙方解除婚約，戴安娜獲準(zhǔn)保存“威爾斯王妃”頭銜去世：1997年8月31日因車禍死于法國(guó)巴黎葬禮：1997年9月6日葬禮，安葬在她爸爸家族墳場(chǎng)，北安普敦郡奧爾索普

第4頁(yè)1997年9月6日上午，戴安娜王妃葬禮在英國(guó)倫敦舉辦，參與葬禮人排成6.5公里送葬隊(duì)伍，100多萬(wàn)人等在送葬隊(duì)伍兩側(cè)，向戴安娜王妃體現(xiàn)他們最后敬意。包括美國(guó)第一夫人希拉里在內(nèi)世界要人和一般民眾共25億人通過(guò)電視觀看了葬禮。第5頁(yè)永不磨滅美神---戴妃弟弟厄爾·斯潘塞伯爵在戴妃葬禮上演講，它以巧妙人稱轉(zhuǎn)換，完美結(jié)合體現(xiàn)手法和靈活搭配句式，既向世界宣布了戴安娜王妃圣潔和崇高，也體現(xiàn)了自己和所有敬佩戴愛(ài)娜人們哀痛之情，第6頁(yè)Therhetoricaldevicesusedinthisspeech

(1)Anaphora(前部反復(fù))(2)Euphemism（委婉語(yǔ)）(3)Irony（諷刺）(4)Apostrophe（對(duì)無(wú)生命物體抒情）第7頁(yè)

Anaphora(前部反復(fù)）

Definition:Thedeliberaterepetitionofawordorphraseatthebeginningofseveralsuccessiveverses,clauses,orparagraphs;第8頁(yè)Function:Therepetitioninananaphorahelpstoconveyasenseofintensity,emphasis,force,insistence,seriousness,determination.Examples:Weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills"(WinstonS.Churchill)."Ineededadrink,Ineededalotoflifeinsurance,Ineededavacation,Ineededahomeinthecountry.WhatIhadwasacoat,ahatandagun."

(RaymondChandler,Farewell,MyLovely)第9頁(yè)Anaphorawillrepeatanopeningphraseorword;

Anaphorawillpouritintoamould(absurd)!

Anaphorawillcasteachsubsequentopening;

Anaphorawilllastuntilit'stiring."

(JohnHollander,Rhyme'sReason:AGuidetoEnglishVerse.YaleUniv.Press,1989)第10頁(yè)"It'sthehopeofslavessittingaroundafiresingingfreedomsongs;thehopeofimmigrantssettingoutfordistantshores;thehopeofayoungnavallieutenantbravelypatrollingtheMekongDelta;thehopeofamillworker'ssonwhodarestodefytheodds;thehopeofaskinnykidwithafunnynamewhobelievesthatAmericahasaplaceforhim,too."

(BarackObama,"TheAudacityofHope,"July27,2023)第11頁(yè)INThePassage(1)Dianawastheveryessenceofcompassion,ofduty,ofstyle,ofbeauty.ThesentenceemphasizesgoodqualitiesofDianainordertoarousepeople’smemorytoDiana.Hereanaphoramakethesentencepowerfulandemotional.第12頁(yè)（2）Allovertheworld,shewasasymbolofselflesshumanity.Allovertheworld,astandardbearerfortherightofthetrulydowntrodden,averyBritishgirlwhotranscendnationality.(emphasis)

（3）WithoutyourGod-givensensitivitywewouldbeimmerseingreaterignoranceatheanguishofAidesandHIVsufferers,theplightofthehomeless,theisolationoflepers,therandomdestructionoflandmines.(drawtheaudience’secho)第13頁(yè)（4）Itisapointtothoseattheoppositeendofthemoralspectrum.ItisapointtorememberthatofalltheironiesaboutDiana,perhapsthegreatestwasthisagirlgiventhenameoftheancientgoddessofhuntingwas,intheend,intheend,themosthuntedpersonofthemodernage.(createastrongcadenceandaspirituallife)第14頁(yè)Euphemism

(委婉語(yǔ))

“Alanguagewithouteuphemismswouldbeadefectiveinstrumentofcommunication.”

-------RobertBurchfield第15頁(yè)

1.DefinitionofeuphemismEuphemismisafigureofspeech.Itisthesubstitutionofaninoffensive,mildorpleasantexpressionforamoreunpleasantone,orforatermwhichevokesmoredirectlyadistastefulortaboosubject.

第16頁(yè)2.Functionsofeuphemism:togiveabettersoundingname,tosoftentheshockofrealityor,sometimes,tocoverupdreadfulfacts第17頁(yè)3.Commonlyusedeuphemismsforunpleasantsubjects:

(i)Aboutdisease,death,oldage:cancer---thebigC,longillness;graveyard---memorygarden(記憶花園);

oldorretiredpeople---seniorcitizens

(較年長(zhǎng)或資格較高公民);第18頁(yè)

(ii)Aboutpovertyandunemployment:thepoor---theneedy,theunderprivileged;unemployment---out,thelessfortunate,betweenjob,self-employed;

(iii)Aboutcrimes:prison---correctionalcenter;murder---takecareof;tobejailed---toliveatthegovernment’sexpense第19頁(yè)(iv)Aboutjobsandprofessions:hairdresser---beautician,hairstylist;dishwasher---bubbledancer(氣泡舞蹈家);maid---domestichelp,live-inhelp(v)Aboutwarandmilitaryaction:

aggression,invasion(入侵)---politicalaction,pre-emptiveaction(政治行動(dòng)、先發(fā)制人行動(dòng));retreat(撤退)---strategicwithdrawal(戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)移);第20頁(yè)4.Examplesinthetext:

Todayisourchancetosaythankyouforthewayyoubrightenedourlives,eventhoughGodgrantedyoubuthalfalife.Wewillallfeelcheatedalwaysthatyouweretakenfromussoyoungandyetwemustlearntobegratefulthatyoucamealongatall.

今天是一種機(jī)會(huì)，我們要說(shuō)謝謝你，你楷模照亮了我們生活，雖然天主只給了你二分之一生命。我們常感到像受欺騙似，你那樣年輕，就給帶走了。然而我們必須懂得感恩，你還是來(lái)過(guò)了。第21頁(yè)分析：Inthisparagraph,thespeakerused“……Godgrantedyoubuthalfalife……”&“……youweretakenfromussoyoung……”toindicateDiana’sdeathatsuchayoungage.ThespeakerusedeuphemismherebecausehewassosorrowatDiana’sdeaththathedidn’twanttomentionitanylonger.Soheusedeuphemismheretogiveabettersoundingnamefordeath,tosoftenthesadnessofthefact.HealsoshowedhisrespctandlovetoDianaandhissorryforher.第22頁(yè)IronyDefinition:

Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense。第23頁(yè)Function：Ironyhasapositivefunctioninpermittingaggressiontomanifestinalessdangerousverbalfromthanbydirectcriticism,insults,threats,etc.Itisusuallyusedtoachievehumor,criticismandemphasizeone'sfeelings.第24頁(yè)Examples：

1、Slowlytheoldladystoopedtopickit(thecheque)up.Herpresent,herlovelypresent.Withtremblingfingersshetoreitintolittlebits.老太太慢慢地彎下腰，把支票從地上撿起來(lái)，她禮物，她可愛(ài)禮物！用顫動(dòng)手指把它撕得粉碎。第25頁(yè)

"herlovelypresent"isirony.

Theoldladyareeagerlylongingtomeetingherdaughteronhereightybirthdaytosootheherloneliness.Howevershejustreceivedalifelesscheque,itisobviouslynotthe"lovelypresent"forher.Hereironyisusedtoemphasizethattheoldladyisextremelydisappointed,angry,andevenheart-broken.第26頁(yè)2、ShewasnotsoyoungasIexpectedandinappearanceimposingratherthanattractive.(WilliamSomersetMaugham)(她并不如我想象那么年輕。她外表與其說(shuō)吸引人，不如說(shuō)是令人難忘。)Imposingreferstoapersongiveotherimpressionbecauseofgreatsize,statelyappearance,dignity,elegance.Herethewriterusedtheironytonetodescribeafatladywhoiseattoomuch.第27頁(yè)Ironyinthisarticle:"Thereisatemptationtorushtocanonizeyourmemory,thereisnoneedtodoso."(目前人們爭(zhēng)相回憶有關(guān)你事跡,實(shí)在沒(méi)有必要這樣做.)WhenDianawasalive,mediaandthepublicmisunderstoodandeveninsultedher.Buttheyjustremindedofhergoodnessaftershedieandturnedtopraiseher.第28頁(yè)P(yáng)eopleknowthatthedeathofDianawasdirectlycausedbythechaseofmediaandthepressureofthepublic.Herethespeakerbysayingthatwordtoexpressthatheisextremelydissatisfiedandangrywiththem.第29頁(yè)“Myownandonlyexplanationisthatgenuinegoodnessisthreateningtothoseattheoppositeendofthemoralspectrum.”（我自己唯一解釋,就是真正善與美對(duì)那些位于道德光譜另一端人來(lái)說(shuō),是一種威脅.）第30頁(yè)Here"genuinegoodness"iscalledasa"threaten",thespeakerdescribedagoodthingwithanegativewordtogeneratedirony.ThroughthathecondemnedtheuntreatmentDianagotfromthesocietyandimpliedthelostoftherealgoodnessofthesociety.第31頁(yè)Apostrophe(呼語(yǔ))Definition:Apostropheisadeviceinwhichaperson(deadorabsent),athing,aplace,anidea,anabstractquality,etc.,isaddressedasifpresent,listeningtoandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.Function:Apostropheusuallyarousesgreatemotionalappeal.第32頁(yè)Therearemanyexamples,especiallyinpoetry:OCaptain!MyCaptain!Ourfearfultripisdone,theshiphasweather’deveryrock,theprizewesoughtiswon.(WaltWhitman)(2)Summertime,oh,summertime,patternoflifeindelible,withfadeprooflake,thewoodsunshatterable,thepasturewiththesweetfernandthejuniperforeverandever,summerwithoutend.(E.B.White:“OnceMoretothelake”)

第33頁(yè)Apostrophe

usedinthisspeech

(1)Todayisourchancetosaythankyouforthewayyoubrightenedourlives,eventhoughGodgrantedyoubuthalfalife.Wewillallfeelcheatedalwaysthatyouweretakenfromussoyoungandyetwemustlearntobegratefulthatyoucamealongatall.Onlynowthatyouaregonedowetrulyappreciatewhatwearenowwithoutandwewantyoutoknowthatlifewithoutyouisvery,verydifficult.第34頁(yè)譯：請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我們借今天這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，對(duì)你說(shuō)聲謝謝。你照亮了我們生活，盡管上帝僅僅只施舍給你極短暫生命。我們永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法接收，你還那樣年輕，就被無(wú)情地帶離了這個(gè)世界。然而，我們必須懂得感恩，由于你曾經(jīng)和我們?cè)谝黄稹Ｖ钡侥汶x開(kāi)了，我們才真正明白，真正懂得愛(ài)惜我們所失去。你能夠想象，沒(méi)有你，生活多么艱難；沒(méi)有你，生命對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，純正是一種煎熬！第35頁(yè)(2)Thereisatemptationtorushtocanonizeyourmemory,thereisnoneedtodoso.Youstandtallenoughasahumanbeingofuniquequalitiesnottoneedtobeseenasasaint.Indeedtosanctifyyourmemorywouldbetomissoutontheverycoreofyourbeing,yourwonderfullymischievoussenseofhumor,withalaughthatbentyoudouble.Yourjoyforlifetransmittedwhereveryoutookyoursmileandthesparkleinthoseunforgettableeyes.第36頁(yè)譯：目前大家爭(zhēng)相回憶有關(guān)你點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴，甚至把它們神化，實(shí)在沒(méi)有這樣做必要。從人角度來(lái)說(shuō)，你是出色、偉大、圣潔，不再需要被奉為圣人。

人們把你圣化，難免遺失你生命精髓——你那奇妙風(fēng)趣，你那讓人忍俊不禁詼諧，你一顰一笑。你用你迷人微笑把快樂(lè)帶到每個(gè)角落，你深邃眼神，讓人永生難忘。第37頁(yè)Function：InthespeechSpencerused“you”toaddressDiana,justlikehewastalkingwithher.Inthisway,heexpressedthedeep、sincerelovetoDiana,andthesadnessandheartbreaktoherunfairdeath.Itarousedgreatemotionalappeal.Afterhearinghisspeech,everyonecouldunderstandhowsadandheartbrokenhewasandtheymighthavesuchkindoffeelingasSpencerhadandbemovedtotears.文章用“你”稱呼戴安娜，仿佛面向面地同戴安娜說(shuō)話，抒發(fā)失去戴安娜傷心欲絕，難以自拔之情。這含悲浸血話語(yǔ)，字里行間滾動(dòng)著真情、真愛(ài)、真淚，深切感人，催人淚下。第38頁(yè)一、Therhetoricaldevicesusedinthisspeech

(1)Anaphora(2)Euphemism(3)Irony(4)Apostrophe第39頁(yè)二、TherhetoricalanalysisofEarlSpencer’sEulogy（悼詞，頌歌）Thethreerhetoricaltheoriesthatareportrayed(描寫，描述)stronglythroughoutEarlSpencer’sEulogytohissisterPrincessDianaareVilification（中傷，誹謗）,RhetoricalSituation(修辭形勢(shì)),andMetaphoricalDevices（隱喻修辭法）.

第40頁(yè)Throughouttheeulogy,heexpressedhisdeepgriefathissister’sdeath.Meanwhile,somesaidthatitcontainedcriticismoftheRoyalFamily.ThiswasaverycarefullycraftedpieceofrhetoricwhichsidelinedtheRoyalFamilyfromdirectblamebutconstructedarelationshipwiththeaudiencethatappealedtotheiremotionsandthereforedrewthemintotheideathatDianawasthevictimwhohadbeenwrongedinthewayshehadbeendealtwithbythePress.第41頁(yè)EarlSpencerexpressedexactlyhisprofoundfeelingsbyusingvariousrhetoricaldevices.Therefore,wecansayhisspeechwasaverysuccessfulone.第42頁(yè)三、1、Theimportanceoffiguresofspeechinlanguage

Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep,moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.---FrancisBacon