朱永濤《英美文化基礎(chǔ)教程》筆記和課后習(xí)題詳解

絎?閮ㄥ垎銆€鑻卞浗鏂囧寲

絎?绔犮€€璋佹槸鑻卞浗浜?/a>

1.1銆€澶嶄範(fàn)絎旇

 

銆愭湰绔犺鐐廣€?/span>

1TheScots

2TheIrish

3TheEnglish

 

銆愭牳蹇?jī)绗旇銆?/span>

1TheScots(鑻忔牸鍏頒漢)

(1)Origin:Celts.

(2)ScotsareproudthattheEnglishneverconqueredthem.

(3)Language

鈶?/span>Gaelic,oldCelticlanguageoftheScots:PeopleintheHighlandsandtheWesternIslesstillspeakthislanguageandtheirnamesbeginningwithM,Mac,Mc,whichmeans鈥渟onof鈥?inGaelic;

鈶?/span>English;

Character:Peoplefeelthattheyareserious,cautious,andthrifty.RealScotsarewarm,generousandfriendly.

(1)璧鋒簮錛氬嚡灝?dāng)鐗逛汉銆?/p>

(2)鑻忔牸鍏頒漢鑷豹鐨勬槸錛岃嫳鍥戒粠鏉ユ病鏈夊緛鏈嶈繃浠栦滑銆?/p>

(3)璇█

鈶?/span>鐩栧皵璇紝鑻忔牸鍏扮殑鍙よ€佺殑鍑皵鐗硅璦€錛氬湪楂樺湴鍜岃タ閮ㄧ兢宀涘湴鍖虹殑浜轟滑浠嶇劧璁茶繖縐嶈璦€錛岃繖浜涘湴鍖虹殑浜轟滑鐨勫悕瀛椾互M錛孧AC錛孧C寮€澶達(dá)紝鐩栧皵璇殑鎰忔€濇槸鈥滃効瀛愨€濄€?/p>

鈶?/span>鑻辮錛?/p>

鐗圭偣錛氭嵁璇翠粬浠弗鑲冭鐪熴€佽皚鎱庛€佽妭淇紝浜嬪疄涓婁粬浠緢鐑儏銆佹叿鎱ㄣ€佸弸鍠勩€?/p>

 

2TheIrish(鐖卞皵鍏頒漢)

(1)Origin:ScotsandEnglishProtestants.

(2)Problem:Protestantshavetakenthelead,andthereisafiercebattlewiththeRomanCatholics.Thelatterstrivesformoresocialresourcestoimprovepoliticalandeconomicstatus.

(3)Language

鈶?/span>IrishorErse,aformofGaelic:officialfirstlanguageoftheRepublicofIreland;

鈶?/span>English:second.

(4)Character:charm,vivacity,beautygirls.

(1)璧鋒簮錛氳嫃鏍煎叞鍜岃嫳鍥芥柊鏁欏緬銆?/p>

(2)闂錛氬崰涓誨鍦頒綅鐨勬柊鏁欏緬涓庢鍦ㄥ姹傛洿澶氱殑紺句細(xì)錛屾斂娌誨拰緇忔祹鏈轟細(xì)鐨勭綏椹ぉ涓繪暀涔嬮棿鏈夌潃嬋€鐑堢殑鎴樻枟銆?/p>

(3)璇█

鈶?/span>鐖卞皵鍏拌錛屼竴縐嶇洊灝?dāng)鐗硅?xì)鐖卞皵鍏板叡鍜屽浗鐨勫畼鏂硅璦€錛?/p>

鈶?/span>鑻辨枃錛氬眳絎簩閲嶈鎬с€?/p>

(4)鐗規(guī)€э細(xì)濂沖鏈夐瓍鍔涖€佹椿娉箋€佺編涓姐€?/p>

 

3TheEnglish(鑻辨牸鍏頒漢)

(1)Origin:Anglo-Saxons.

(2)Cockney:ACockneyreferstotheLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells鈥搕hebellsofthechurchofStMary-Le-BowBellsineastLondon.

(3)TheBritishandtheEnglishlanguageoriginatedfromtheNormanConquerorLeagueandthedefeatedAnglo-Saxons.

(1)璧鋒簮錛氱泿鏍奸瞾-鎾掑厠閫婁漢銆?/p>

(2)浼︽暒浣細(xì)浼︽暒浣槸涓€涓嚭鐢熷氨甯︽湁鏁欏爞鐨勯挓鐨勫０闊崇殑浜衡€斺€斾笢浼︽暒鐨勫湥鐜涗附鍕掑竷鏁欏爞鐨勯挓澹般€?/p>

(3)鑻卞浗浜哄拰鑻辮鏉ユ簮浜庤灝?dāng)鏇煎緛鏈嶈€呰仈鐩熷拰琚墦璐ョ殑鐩庢牸椴?鎾掑厠閫婁漢銆?/p>

1.2銆€璇懼悗涔?fàn)殍瑙?/p>

鈪?/span>.ExplaineachofthefollowinginEnglish

1TheScottishHighlanders

Key:Highlandersconsiderthemselves鈥渞eal鈥?Scotsandusuallyweartheirownnationaldress.Theyareaproud,independent,andstrongnation.Theymainlymakealivingbyraisingsheepinthemountains.

 

2TheBritishIsles

Key:TheBritishIslesareagroupofislandsoffthenorthwestcoastofcontinentalEuropethatincludetheislandsofGreatBritain,Irelandandoversixthousandsmallerisles.Therearetwosovereignstateslocatedontheislands:theRepublicofIrelandandtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

 

3TheNationalEisteddfod

Key:ThenationalEisteddfodisheldinAugusteveryyearandlastsforaboutaweek.ThecontentoftheeventistocompeteforthebestepicaboutWaleswrittenandreadinWelsh.ThewinnerwillbecrownedBard,whichisconsideredthehighesthonorinWales.

 

4Bard

Key:InmedievalGaelicandBritishculture,abardwasaprofessionalpoet,employedbyapatron,suchasamonarchornobleman,tocommemoratethepatron鈥檚ancestorsandtopraisethepatron鈥檚ownactivities.

 

5NorthernIreland(Ulster)

Key:In1922,Irelandwasdivided.The26countriesinsouthernIrelandconstitutedtheIrishFreeState,whichwasrenamedtheRepublicofIrelandlater.ThesixcountriesofUlsterinthenorthwerestillpartofBritain.Theyhadtheirownparliament,Stormont,whichmanagedinternalaffairs.

 

6OliverCromwell

Key:HewasanEnglishmilitaryandpoliticalleaderandlaterLordProtectoroftheCommonwealthofEngland,ScotlandandIreland.

 

7William鈪?/span>

Key:William鈪?/span>wasasovereignPrinceofOrangeoftheHouseofOrange-Nassaubybirth.From1672hegovernedasStadtholderWilliam鈪?/span>ofOrangeoverHolland,Zeeland,Utrecht,Gelderland,andOverIjsseloftheDutchRepublic.From1689hereignedasWilliam鈪?/span>overEnglandandIreland;itisacoincidencethathisregnanumber(鈪?/span>)wasthesameforbothOrangeandEngland.AsKingofScotland,heisknownasWilliam鈪?/span>.HeisinformallyknownbysectionsofthepopulationinNorthernIrelandandScotlandas鈥淜ingBilly鈥?Inwhatbecameknownasthe鈥淕loriousRevolution鈥?on5November1688WilliaminvadedEnglandinanactionthatultimatelydeposedKingJames鈪?/span>&鈪?/span>andwonhimthecrownsofEngland,ScotlandandIreland.IntheBritishIsles,Williamruledjointlywithhiswife,Mary鈪?/span>,untilherdeathon28December1694.Theperiodoftheirjointreignisoftenreferredtoas鈥淲illiamandMary鈥?

 

8TheOrangeDaycelebrations

Key:(1)CelebrationsheldbyProtestantson12AugusteachyearinNorthernIrelandtocommemoratethebattleoftheRoynein1690whentheProtestantKingWilliam鈪?/span>(WilliamofOrange)crushedaCatholicrebellioninLondonderry.

(2)ThecelebrationswerealwaysaggressivelyprovocativeandfightingsoftenbrokeoutbetweenProtestantmarchersandCatholicbystanders.

 

9TheProvisionalIRA

Key:(1)IRA,theIrishRepublicanArmy,isanationalistorganizationdedicatedtotheunificationofIreland.

(2)Itwasorganizedin1919.

(3)In1969itsplitintoan鈥渙fficial鈥?majority,whichdisclaimedviolence,andaterrorist鈥?provisional鈥?wing,whoseattacksonBritishtroopsinNorthernIreland,randombombings,andothersactsofterrorinEnglandkepttensionshigh.

 

10ThePeacePeople

Key:(1)Inthesummerof1976,ProtestanthousewifeBettyWilliamswassoshockedthatadrivingIRAkilledtwochildren,sosheorganizedwomeninUlster,includingProtestantsandCatholics.

(2)AsapressuregroupdedicatedtopeaceandreconciliationinIreland,WilliamsandherCatholicpartnerCorriganquicklygatheredthousandsoffollowersunderthreatsandintimidationfrombothsides.

(3)Theycontinuedtopursuetheiraimsandattheendof1976thetwoleaderswereawardedtheNobelPrizeforPeace.

 

11WilliamtheConqueror

Key:InAD1066WilliamofNormandy(Williamtheconqueror)landedwithalargearmedforceonthesouthcoastandwonagreatvictoryovertheSaxons.HeandhisFrench-speakingfollowerssetupastrongcentralgovernmentwhichbroughtanewunifieddisciplineandcontroltothecountry.

鈪?/span>.Fillintheblanks.

1ThefullnameoftheUnitedKingdomis_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍規(guī)嵁鑻辯編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡錛岃嫳鍥界殑鍏ㄧО鏄ぇ涓嶅垪棰犲強(qiáng)鍖楃埍灝?dāng)鍏拌仈鍚堢帇鍥姐€?/p>

 

2TheRomansfirstlandedinBritainintheyearof_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>55BC

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍規(guī)嵁鑻辯編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡錛岀綏椹漢鏈€鏃╄繘鍏ヨ嫳鍥芥槸鍦ㄥ叕鍏冨墠55騫淬€?/p>

 

3TheScotsarewell-knownforbeing_____,_____,and_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>inventive,hardworking,serious-mindedandcautiouswithmoney.

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍規(guī)嵁鑻辯編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡錛岃嫃鏍煎叞浜轟韓鏈夋搮浜庡垱閫狅紝鍚冭嫤鑰愬姵錛屼弗鑲冭鐪燂紝鎱庨噸瀵瑰緟閲戦挶鐨勭編鍚嶃€?/p>

 

4TwooftheWelshcharacteristicsare_____and_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>loveofmusic;poetry.

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍規(guī)嵁鑻辯編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡錛屽▉灝?dāng)澹汉鐨勪袱澶х壒鐐规槇卞ソ闊充箰鍜岃瘲姝屻€?/p>

 

5PeoplebegantosettleinBritainabout_____yearsago.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>10,000

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍規(guī)嵁鑻辯編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡錛屼漢浠紑濮嬪湪鑻卞浗灞呬綇鏄湪綰?0000騫村墠銆?/p>

 

6NametwofamousScottishwriters:_____and_____;twoWelshwriters:_____and_____;twoIrishwriters:_____and_____.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>RobertBurns,SirWalterScott;RoaldDahl,DylanThomas;Fercert脫hUiginn,Tom謾s脫Cobhthaigh.

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鑻忔牸鍏拌憲鍚嶄綔瀹舵湁緗椾集鐗孤峰江鏂紙RobertBurns錛夈€佹矁?yōu)當(dāng)鐗孤锋栫壒鐖靛＜圫irWalterScott錛夛紱濞佸皵澹綔瀹舵湁緗楀皵寰仿瘋揪灝?dāng)锛圧oaldDahl錛夈€佺媱鍏奧鋒墭椹柉錛圖ylanThomas錛夛紱鐖卞皵鍏頒綔瀹舵湁Fercert脫hUiginn鍜孴om謾s脫Cobhthaigh銆?/p>

 

7_____,_____and_____werethethreeGermanictribesthatcametobethebasisofmodernEnglishrace.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>Jutes,Saxons,Angles

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鏍規(guī)嵁鑻辯編鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡錛屾湵鐗逛漢銆佹拻鍏嬮€婁漢銆佺泿鏍奸瞾浜烘槸緇勬垚鐜頒唬鑻卞浗縐嶆棌鐨勪笁澶ф棩鑰蟲(chóng)浖閮ㄨ惤銆?/p>

鈪?/span>.Tickthecorrectanswerineachofthefollowing.

1ItwouldbedifficulttofindanyoneinmodernBritainwhocould,saywithcertaintythathisancestorshadnotcometotheBritishIslesfromsomewhereelse.Thissentencemeansthat_____.

A.everyoneinBritainhadcomefromtheBritishIsles

B.almosteveryonehadcometotheBritishIslesfromsomewhereelse

C.almosteveryonehadhisorherfamilyoriginfromtheBritishIsles

D.almosteveryonehadhisorherfamilyoriginfromsomewhereelse

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>D

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰錛氬湪鐜頒唬鑻卞浗錛屽緢闅炬壘鍒拌繖鏍蜂竴涓漢錛氫粬鑳借偗瀹氬湴璇翠粬鐨勭鍏堜笉鏄粠鑻卞浗宀涘笨涔嬪鐨勫叾浠栧湴鏂規(guī)潵鐨勩€傛崲鍙ヨ瘽璇達(dá)紝鍑犱箮姣忎釜鑻卞浗浜虹殑瀹舵棌閮借搗婧愪簬鍏朵粬鍦版柟銆傛晠閫塂銆?/p>

 

2TheHighlandersinScotlandareknownforbeing_____.

A.proud

B.tough

C.independent

D.generous

Whichoftheaboveisnottrue?

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>D

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰錛氳嫃鏍煎叞楂樺湴浜轟互鎱鋒叏鐨勫艦璞¤憲縐般€傛晠閫塂銆?/p>

 

3WhichofthefollowingisnottrueintheIrishcharacter?TheIrishpeopleare_____.

A.argumentative

B.reserved

C.introspectivedreamersandpoets

D.aggressive

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>B

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰錛氫笅鍒楀摢涓€欏逛笉鏄埍灝?dāng)鍏颁汉鐨勬€ф牸鐗圭偣錛熺埍灝?dāng)鍏板ソ杈╁Q岀Н鏋佽繘鍙栵紝鏄唴鐪佺殑姊︽兂瀹跺拰璇椾漢錛屼絾鐖卞皵鍏頒漢騫朵笉鎷樿皚淇濆畧錛屾晠閫塀銆?/p>

 

4WhichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicoftheEnglishman?

A.TheEnglishmanisoutspoken.

B.Heisclass-conscious.

C.Heissuspiciousofchange.

D.Heisracist.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>A

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰錛氫笅鍒楀摢涓€欏逛笉鏄?gòu)卞浗錆h鐨勭壒鐐癸紵鏍規(guī)嵁鏂囧寲甯歌瘑鍙煡錛岃嫳鍥戒漢浠ュ惈钃勩€佸鍌茶憲縐幫紝鏈夐樁綰ф剰璇嗭紝瀵規(guī)敼鍙樹(shù)繚鎸佹€€鐤戯紝鏈夌鏃忎富涔夊€懼悜銆傚惈钃勪究涓嶄細(xì)鍧︾巼鐩磋█銆傛晠閫堿銆?/p>

 

5WhointroducedChristianityintoBritain?

A.TheCelts.

B.TheRomans.

C.TheVikingDanes.

D.TheFrench.

銆愮瓟妗堛€?/span>B

銆愯В鏋愩€?/span>鍙ユ剰錛氭槸璋佸皢鍩虹潱鏁欎紶鍏ヨ嫳鍥界殑錛熸牴鎹枃鍖栧父璇嗗彲鐭ワ紝鈥滅綏椹崰棰嗏€濇椂浠ｏ紙鍏厓43鈥?07騫達(dá)級(jí)鍚庢湡錛屽熀鐫ｆ暀灝辯敱緗楅┈鍏靛洟浼犲叆澶т笉鍒楅宀涳紝宀涗笂緗楅┈鍖栫殑鍑皵鐗逛漢寮€濮嬫帴鍙楀熀鐫ｆ暀銆傛晠閫塀銆?/p>

鈪?/span>.Answerthefollowingquestions

1WhoaretheearliestinhabitantsofBritainofwhomtheEnglishpeoplehavewrittenrecords,andwheredidtheserecordscomefrom?

Key:TheearliestwrittenrecordsofBritain鈥檚inhabitantscomefromtheRomanswhoeventuallyconqueredthevariousCeltickingdomsthenflourishinginEngland,WalesandtheScottishLowlands.

 

2WhatarethenationalcharacteristicsoftheScotssupposedtobe?

Key:TheScotshaveareputationforbeinginventive,hard-working,serious-mindedandcautiouswithmoney.

 

3WhatareconsideredtobethenationalcharacteristicsoftheWelsh,andhowcanyourecognizeWelshpeople?

Key:WelshpeoplevaluetheindependentCeltictraditionandhaveastrongsenseofculturalpride.Welshpeoplelovemusicandpoetry.Theyareverysensitivetowordsandmusic.Peoplecanrecognizethembytheiruniquenationalcostumes,speakingstyleandaccent.

 

4WhatisatraditionallytypicalEnglishmanthoughttobelike?WhyisitnoteasytotalkaboutatypicalEnglishman?

Key:ThetypicalEnglishmanistraditionallyconsideredtobeintroverted,unsentimental,andcourteous.Theyareshybeforestrangers,skepticalofchange,andslowertoacceptnewthings.Atthesametime,theyarepracticalandreliable,withahighdegreeofhonesty,responsibilityandjustice.Theywillnoteasilyshowtheiremotions.AndtheyfirmlybelievethattheBritisharethebestrace.ItisnoteasytotalkaboutatypicalEnglishman,becauseBritishpeoplearedescendedfromdifferentnationalitieswithdifferentpersonalities.

 

5GivethreeorfourexamplestoshowthattheRomanshadgreat