四級(jí)考試翻譯題專練

..四級(jí)考試翻譯題專練〔中國(guó)古文化〕一、"論語(yǔ)""論語(yǔ)"(TheAnalectsofConfucius)是儒家的經(jīng)典著作之一，它是對(duì)孔子及其弟子(disciple)的言行和對(duì)話的記錄。眾所周知，孔子是一位偉大的思想家和哲學(xué)家，他的思想被開(kāi)展成了儒家哲學(xué)體系。"論語(yǔ)"是儒家思想的代表作，數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，"論語(yǔ)"一直極影響著中國(guó)人的哲學(xué)觀和道德觀，它也影響著其他亞洲國(guó)家人民的哲學(xué)觀和道德觀。參考翻譯:TheAnalectsofConfuciusTheAnalectsofConfuciusisoneoftheConfuciusclassicsandisarecordofthewordsandactsofConfuciusandhisdisciples,aswellastheconversationstheyheld.It'swell-knownthatConfuciusisagreatideologistandphilosopher,andhisthoughtshavebeendevelopedintoasystemofphilosophyknownasConfucianism.TheAnalectsofConfuciusisarepresentativeworkofConfucianism.Forcenturies,ithasbeenheavilyinfluencingthephilosophyandmoraloutlookofChinesepeopleandthatofthepeopleofotherAsiancountriesaswell.二、"子兵法""子兵法"(TheArtofWar)是中國(guó)古代最重要的軍事著作之一，是我國(guó)優(yōu)秀文化傳統(tǒng)的重要組成局部。子(SunTzu)，即該書(shū)作者，在書(shū)中提醒的一系列具有普遍意義的軍事規(guī)律，不僅受到軍事家們的推崇，還在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)、人生追求甚至家庭關(guān)系等方面，具有廣泛的指導(dǎo)作用。"子兵法"中的許多名言警句，富有哲理、意義深遠(yuǎn)，在國(guó)外廣為流傳。參考翻譯:TheArtofWarAsoneofthemostimportantancientChineseclassicalmilitaryworks,TheArtofWarservesasanimportantpartofoutstandingtraditionalcultureinChina.SunTzu,theauthorofthebook,revealedaseriesofuniversalmilitarylawswhichisnotonlyvaluedbymilitaristsbutalsoplaysextensiveguidingrolesineconomy,leadership,thepursuitoflifeandevenfamilyrelationship.TherearealotoffamousquotesfromTheArtofWarthatarerichinwisdomandhaveprofoundmeanings,andarethuswidelycirculatedbothathomeandabroad.三、孟子孟子(Mencius)是戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期(theWarringStatesPeriod)偉大的思想家、教育家?？鬃尤ナ?00年后，孟子傳授并開(kāi)展了孔子的學(xué)說(shuō)，他的哲學(xué)思想與孔子是一脈相承的。孟子認(rèn)為人性本善，是社會(huì)的影響引發(fā)了道德的墮落，因此十分重視道德教育。孟子的母親在他的生命中扮演了重要的角色，她曾三度遷居，只為了幫助她的孩子找到一個(gè)適宜的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境。參考翻譯:MenciusMenciusisagreatideologistandeducatorintheWarringStatesPeriod.AhundredyearsafterConfuciusdied,MenciustaughtandexpandedConfuciandoctrine.HisphilosophicalthinkinghasitsorigininConfucius'thoughts.Menciusbelievesthathumannatureisessentiallygood,anditissociety'sinfluencethatcausesthedegradationofmorality.Forthatreason,heattachesgreatimportancetomoraleducation.Mencius'motherplaysanimportantroleinhislife.Shemovedhomethreetimesonlytofindanenviron四、始皇贏政(前259年?前210年)，莊襄王之子，朝的開(kāi)國(guó)皇帝。他13歲繼承王王位，21歲親理國(guó)事。在公元前221年，始皇統(tǒng)一了全國(guó)，建立了中國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)中央集權(quán)的(centralized)封建國(guó)家。始皇在位期間統(tǒng)一了文字、貨幣和度量衡等;他所開(kāi)創(chuàng)的皇權(quán)制度，在中國(guó)歷史上一直延續(xù)了兩千多年。然而，始皇為了控制人民和加強(qiáng)專制統(tǒng)治(autocraticrule),采取了許多殘忍的手段，其中最著名的就是"焚書(shū)坑儒〞。參考翻譯:QinShiHuangYingZheng(259B.C.-210B.C.),thesonofKingZhuangxiang,isthefirstemperoroftheQinDynasty.Heascendedthethroneat13,andtookoverwithstateaffairshimselfat21.In221B.C.,QinShiHuangunifiedthecountryandestablishedthefirstcentralizedfeudalstateinChinesehistory.QinShiHuangunifiedtheChinesecharactersinwriting,currency,andmeasuresforlength,capacityandweight.Theimperialpowersystemsetupbyhimlastedformorethan2,000yearsinChinesehistory.However,inordertocontrolpeopleandstrengthentheautocraticrule,QinShiHuangtookmanybrutalmeans.Themostfamousoneis"FenShuKengRu〞，thatistoburnbooksandburyConfucianscholarsalive.五、指南針中國(guó)是舉世公認(rèn)的創(chuàng)造指南針(pass)的國(guó)家。最初的指南針叫做司南(Sinan,asouth-pointingladle)，出現(xiàn)在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期。一般在指南針上標(biāo)有東南西北四個(gè)方位，并且還有刻度。北對(duì)應(yīng)零度，刻度隨順時(shí)針?lè)较蚨黾?。作為中?guó)古代的四大創(chuàng)造之一，指南針對(duì)人們的生活，尤其是航海業(yè)的開(kāi)展，起到了重要的作用。指南針對(duì)西方世界也產(chǎn)生了顯著的影響，這些國(guó)家由此開(kāi)場(chǎng)了大規(guī)模的海外冒險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)。參考翻譯:ThepassChinaisuniversallyacknowledgedasthecountrywherethepasswasinvented.Thepass,originallycalledSinan,asouth-pointingladle,appearedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.Generally,thedirectionsofnorth,east,westandsouthareshownonthepass,andsoaretheanglemarkingsindegrees.Northcorrespondstozerodegree,andthedegreesincreaseclockwise.AsoneofthefourgreatinventionsofancientChina,thepassplayedanimportantroleinpeople’slife,especiallyinmaritimeundertakings.Italsohadasignificantinfluenceonthewesternworld,asthereafterthosecountriesbeganlarge-scaleoverseasadventures.六、茶文化中國(guó)是一個(gè)文化歷史悠久的(time-honored)國(guó)度，也是一個(gè)禮儀(ceremonyanddecorum)之邦。每當(dāng)客人來(lái)訪，都需要泡茶給客人喝。在給客人奉茶之前，你應(yīng)該問(wèn)問(wèn)他們都喜歡喝什么類型的茶，并采用最適宜的茶具奉上。奉茶期間，主人需要仔細(xì)留意客人的茶杯里的茶量。通常，假設(shè)是用茶杯泡的茶，在茶喝完一半之后就應(yīng)該加開(kāi)水，這樣，茶杯就一直都是滿的，茶的芳香(bouquet)也得以保存。參考翻譯:ChineseTeaCultureChinaisacountrywithatime-honoredcivilizationandalsoalandofceremonyanddecorum.Wheneverguestsvisit,itisnecessarytomakeandserveteatothem.Beforeservingtea,youmayaskthemfortheirpreferencesastowhatkindofteatheyfancy,andservethemtheteainthemostappropriateteacups.Inthecourseofservingtea,thehostshouldtakecarefulnoteofhowmuchwaterremainsintheguests'cups.Usually,iftheteaismadeinateacup,boilingwatershouldbeaddedintothecupwhenhalfoftheteainithasbeenconsumed;andthusthecupiskeptfilledandthetearetainsthesamebouquet.七、七夕每年農(nóng)歷七月初七是中國(guó)的情人節(jié)(Valentine'sDay)。關(guān)于這個(gè)節(jié)日有一個(gè)美麗的傳說(shuō)：王母娘娘(theQueenofHeaven)最年幼的女兒"織女〞愛(ài)上了人間的男子"牛郎〞，王母反對(duì)仙女與凡人相愛(ài)，就用銀河(MilkyWay)將他們隔開(kāi)。但牛郎和織女的愛(ài)情感動(dòng)了人間的喜鵲(magpie)，每年七月初七這一天，喜鵲會(huì)搭起一座鵲橋讓這對(duì)情侶相見(jiàn)。而如今在這一天，年輕的女子常在月下向織女祈禱，期望得到美滿的姻緣。參考翻譯:ChineseValentine'sDayTheseventhdayoftheseventhmonthinthelunarcalendarisChineseValentine'sDay.Thereisabeautifullegendaboutthisfestival:ZhiNu,theyoungestdaughteroftheQueenofHeaven,fellinlovewithNiuLang,acowherdonearth.ZhiNu'smotherwasopposedtothelovebetweenafairyandahuman,sosheseparatedthetwoloverswiththeMilkyWay.However,theirlovestorymovedthemagpiesonearth.Thosemagpiesgathertogetherannuallyontheseventhdayoftheseventhlunarmonthtoforma"magpiebridge〞，sothatthecouplecanmeeteachotheronceinayear.Today,onthisday,younggirlsoftenpraytoZhiNuinthemoonlight,wishingforahappymarriage.八、書(shū)法書(shū)法(calligraphy)在中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域占有非常重要的位置。書(shū)法已經(jīng)歷時(shí)2000多年了。它有五種主要的書(shū)寫(xiě)方式，每種都有不同的書(shū)寫(xiě)技法。練習(xí)書(shū)法需要文房四寶(FourTreasuresoftheStudy)。書(shū)法被認(rèn)為是一種需要心平靜的藝術(shù)形式。今天，盡管出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的現(xiàn)代書(shū)寫(xiě)方式，但人們?nèi)匀唤?jīng)常將書(shū)法作為一種業(yè)余愛(ài)好進(jìn)展練習(xí)。如今，書(shū)法在西方也越來(lái)越受歡送。參考翻譯:InChina,calligraphyoccupiesaveryimportantpositioninthefieldoftraditionalart.Calligraphyhasahistorylastingformorethan2,000years.Therearefivemainwaysofwritingandeachneedsdifferenttechniques.TopracticecalligraphyrequirestheFourTreasuresoftheStudy.Calligraphyisconsideredtobeanartformrequiringinnerpeace.Today,althoughvariousmodernwaysofwritinghaveeup,calligraphyisstillpracticedoftenasahobby.Nowadays,ithasalsobeemoreandmorepopularamongwesterners.九、中國(guó)結(jié)中國(guó)結(jié)(Chineseknotting)是中國(guó)典型的外鄉(xiāng)藝術(shù)。它的特點(diǎn)是每一個(gè)結(jié)都是由—根繩索編成的，并由其特定的外形和意義來(lái)命名。中國(guó)結(jié)的傳統(tǒng)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。在古代，由于沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在的配件，如紐扣或拉鏈，人們不得不把服裝帶打結(jié)，來(lái)綁住他們的衣服。多年來(lái)，中國(guó)結(jié)從原來(lái)?yè)碛袑?shí)際用途演變成一種優(yōu)雅的、豐富多彩的工藝品。今天，人們喜歡中國(guó)結(jié)，是因?yàn)槠湫问教貏e、色彩多變并且意義深厚。參考翻譯:ChineseknottingisatypicallocalartofChina.Itscharacteristicisthateveryknotismadewithasingleropeandnamedbyitsspecificformandmeaning.ThetraditionofChineseknottingenjoysalonghistory.Withoutpresent-dayaccessoriessuchasbuttonsorzips,ancientpeoplehadtoknottheclothingbeltsoastotietheirdresses.Overtheyears,Chineseknothasnowevolvedtoakindofelegantandcolorfulartwarefromowningpracticaluse.Today,peoplearefondofChineseknotforitscharacteristicform,colorfulnessandprofoundmeaning.十、中醫(yī)中醫(yī)(TraditionalChineseMedicine)有五千多年的歷史，是中國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民幾千年來(lái)對(duì)抗疾病的經(jīng)歷總結(jié)。中醫(yī)將人體看成是氣、形、神的統(tǒng)一體，以"望、聞(auscultationandolfaction)、問(wèn)、切〞為其獨(dú)特的診斷過(guò)程。中醫(yī)使用中藥、針灸(acupuncture)以及許多其他治療手段，使人體到達(dá)陰陽(yáng)調(diào)和。陰陽(yáng)和五行是中醫(yī)的理論根底。五行是自然界中的五種根本物質(zhì)，即金、木、水、火、土。參考翻譯:TraditionalChineseMedicineTraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)hasalonghistoryofmorethan5,000years.Itisasummaryoftheexperienceoftheworkingpeopleovermanycenturiesofstruggleagainstdiseases.TCMconsidershumanbodyasaunityofQI,XINGandSHEN.ThediagnosticprocessofTCMdistinguishesitselfby"observation，auscultationandolfaction,inquiryandpulsediagnosis〞.TCMusestraditionalChinesemedicine,acupunctureandmanyothertreatmentmeanstomakehumanbodybeharmonybetweenYINandYANG.TheconceptsofYIN-YANGandWUXINGlaidatheoreticalfoundationforTCM.WUXINGreferstofivebasicsubstancesinthenature,thatis,metal,wood,water,fire,andearth.十一、儒家思想儒家思想(Confucianism)是中國(guó)影響最大的思想流派，也是中國(guó)古代的主流意識(shí)。自漢代以來(lái)，儒家思想就是封建統(tǒng)治階級(jí)(feudalrulingclass)的指導(dǎo)思想之一。儒家思想的核心其實(shí)是一種人道主義(humanism)。它提倡自我修養(yǎng)，認(rèn)為人是可教化的、可完善的。儒家思想的一個(gè)宏大的目標(biāo)就是實(shí)現(xiàn)"社會(huì)〞，在這樣的一個(gè)社會(huì)中，每個(gè)人都能扮演好自己的角色，并與他人維持良好的關(guān)系。參考翻譯:ConfucianismConfucianismisthelargestChineseschoolofthoughts,andthemainstreamconsciousnessoftheancientChina.ConfucianismhadbeenoneoftherulingdoctrinesofthefeudalrulingclasssincetheHanDynasty.ThecoreofConfucianismisactuallyakindofhumanism.Itadvocatesself-cultivation,andbelievesthathumanbeingsareteachableandimprovable.AgrandgoalofConfucianismistoachieveaharmonious