2023高一英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期必修1語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

2023高一英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期必修1語(yǔ)法總結(jié)干脆英語(yǔ)和間接英語(yǔ)一、句型的變更（一）假如干脆引語(yǔ)是陳述句，間接引語(yǔ)一般是用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)?？谡Z(yǔ)中that?？梢允÷?。“IliketolistentorockmusicJsaidPeter.Petersaidthathelikedtolistentorockmusic.【留意】假如干脆引語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的陳述句并列時(shí)，第一個(gè)that可以省略，后面一個(gè)不能省略，以免引起歧義。如：Theteachersaid,“Thetextisveryimportant.Youshouldlearnitbyheart.”Theteachersaid（that）thetextisimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.（二）假如干脆引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句或選擇疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)常變?yōu)橛蓋hether/if引導(dǎo)，而且要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。如：Theboyaskedhismother,"CanIgotoplayfootballwithmyfriendsonSaturday?”Theboyaskedhismotherwhether/ifhecouldgotoplayfootballwithhisfriendsonSaturday.（三）假如干脆引語(yǔ)是特殊問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)用特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)，而且用陳述句語(yǔ)序。如：?"Howmuchtimedoyouspendonthehomework?”heaskedme.?HeaskedmehowmuchtimeIspentonthehomework.（四）假如間接引語(yǔ)是表示請(qǐng)求、提議、建議、勸告等意義的問(wèn)句，要借助其他句型結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。如：?"Whydon'tyoucomeandplayfootballwithme?”Heasked.?Headvisedmetoplayfootballwithhim.【留意】表示請(qǐng)求、勸告時(shí)，通常用“ask/advise/want等+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。（五）假如干脆引語(yǔ)是祈使句，間接引語(yǔ)要用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)改，即改為：tell（ask,order,warn,advise等）sb.（not）todosth.如:?”Listentomecarefully,please."theteachersaidtous.?Theteachertoldustolistentohimcarefully.【留意】假如祈使句中出現(xiàn)了please,在間接引語(yǔ)中必需省略。（六）假如干脆引語(yǔ)是感嘆句，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，用what,how或that來(lái)引述。如：?"Whatabeautifulhouseitis!”hesaidtome.?Hetoldmewhatabeautifulhouseitwas.?Hetoldmethatitwasabeautifulhouse.二、時(shí)態(tài)的變更（一）假如主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)不變。如；? HesaysJTmtootired.”?Hesays（that）heistootired.（二）假如主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)地變?yōu)榕c過(guò)去相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)。具體變更如下：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)Theoldmansaid,"GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.”TheoldmansaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinChina.“WangLiniswaitingfbryououtsideoftheschoolgate."LiFangsaidtome.LiFangtoldmethatWangLinwaswaitingformeoutsideoftheschoolgate.【留意1】當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)述的是客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理、格言或諺語(yǔ)；重復(fù)出現(xiàn)或現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)不變更。如：.?"Failureisthemotherofsuccess."Theteachersaidtous.?Theteachertoldusthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.【留意2】當(dāng)干脆引語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must,need,oughtto,hadbetter等，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式不變。如：?Hesaid,“Youhadbetteraskfbrhelpwhenyouareintrouble/9?HesaidthatIhadbetteraskforhelpwhenIwasintrouble.三、人稱代詞的變更干脆引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中作主語(yǔ)的人稱代詞或其他物主代詞要作相應(yīng)的變更。一般狀況下要遵循以下幾條原則：（一）干脆引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),要和主句的主語(yǔ)保持一樣。如：? ”CanIuseyourbikefbramoment?”theboysaidtome.? Theboyaskedmewhetherhecouldusemybikeformoment.（二）干脆引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)是其次人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要和主句的賓語(yǔ)保持一樣。如：?TheteacheraskedJoan,“Whyareyoulateagain?”?TheteacheraskedJoanwhyhewaslateagain.（三）干脆引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)是第三人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)人稱不變。如：? Heaskedme,“HowlonghasTeddystayedinChina?”? HeaskedmehowlongTeddyhasstayedinChina.四、主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變更（一）干脆引語(yǔ)是陳述句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是say（said）的不變，是saidtosb.常變?yōu)閠oldsb.如：? Hesaidtohisfriend,"Iamgladtoseeyou.”? Hetoldhisfriendthathewasgladtoseehim.（二）干脆引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句、一般疑問(wèn)句或選擇疑問(wèn)句，said變?yōu)閍sked;saidtosb.變?yōu)閍skedsb.如:?"Howcanyoudothat?”MarysaidtoBetty.?MaryaskedBettyhowshecoulddothat.（三）干脆引語(yǔ)是祈使句，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可依據(jù)語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)弱選則beg,advise,ask,tell,order,warn等。假如祈使句是否定句，還需在不定式符號(hào)to前加not.如：? Isaidtoher,"Pleasepassmeaglassofwater.”? Iaskedhertopassmeaglassofwater.（四）干脆引語(yǔ)是感嘆句，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),引述動(dòng)詞常用ten,exclaim或say等。如：?"Howwellhelooks!"Lucysaid.?Lucyexclaimedhowwellhelooked.?Lucysaidthathelookedwell.五、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和方向性動(dòng)詞的變更（一）指示代詞的變更this that thesethose（二）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變更nowthen agobefore/earliertodaythatday yesterdaythedaybeforethismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.tomorrowthefollowing/nextdaythedayaftertomorrowintwodays'timethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore/earliernextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.lastweek/monththeweek/monthbefore【留意】假如在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也可不變。如：?Mr.Blacksaid,“IvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear."?Mr.BlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.（三）地點(diǎn)和方向性動(dòng)詞的變更herethere comego【留意】假如在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)也可不變。如：Hesaid,"Iwillcomeherethisevening.”Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethisevening.（同時(shí)同地引述）鞏固練習(xí)：將下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)或干脆引語(yǔ)1.Hesaidtome,“Iwrotealettertomyparentslastweek.”Hemethatalettertoparents*"ThesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewestJmothersaidtoherdaughter.Motherherdaughterthatthesunuptheeastandinthewest.3?“Don'tbelateagain,Jim,"saidtheteacher.Theteacherbelateagain."HaveyouseenthefilmHarryPotter?"heasked.HeaskedmethefilmHarryPotter. 5.MrWangaskedthestudentshowtheycouldimprovetheirspokenEnglish.“improvespokenEnglish?"MrWangsaidtothestudents.toldhehadwrittenhistheweekbefore2.toldrisessetstoldJimnotto4.ifIhadseen5.Howcanyouyour定語(yǔ)從句一.定語(yǔ)從句的定義.定語(yǔ)從句在從句中起定語(yǔ)作用，修飾句中的某一名詞或代詞，被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在先行詞后面.（定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)候還可以修飾一個(gè)句子，通常指代一件事情）.引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞叫關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，他們的作用:⑴引導(dǎo)作用⑵替代（先行詞）作用（3）在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)某個(gè)成分的作用關(guān)系代詞：who,whom,whose,that,which,as等（在句中作主、表、賓、定等成分）關(guān)系副詞：where,when,why在從句中作狀語(yǔ)e.g.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.Who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并代替先行詞theboy在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)broke的主語(yǔ)a.關(guān)系代詞（who,whom,which,that,whose）的指代關(guān)系及其選擇定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的選擇取決于先行詞（被修飾詞）在定語(yǔ)從句中的位置、成分。指人指物在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用Who主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)Whom賓語(yǔ)Which4主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)that主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)whose定語(yǔ)（whose和它所修飾的名詞在從句中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)）b.關(guān)系副詞why 先行詞是表示緣由的名詞（reason）,關(guān)系詞在從句中做緣由狀語(yǔ)表示緣由where先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)表示地點(diǎn)when 先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞,關(guān)系詞在從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間e.g.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslate.ThisistheschoolwhereIhavestudiedforthreeyears.IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIsawyou.3.定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不行缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確，它對(duì)主句起到限制作用。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它對(duì)主句起進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。假如先行詞是專出名詞或獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物，我們一般要用非限制定語(yǔ)從句。e.g.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.（限制性）Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.（非限制性）二.留意事項(xiàng)：.只能用Which不能用that的狀況：①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句②先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)且介詞前置，即當(dāng)關(guān)系詞緊跟在介詞后面時(shí)，e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.==Thisisthehousewhich/thatLuXunlivedin..只能用whom不能用who的狀況：①先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)且介詞前置，如e.g.TomistheboywithwhomIhavetalkedwith.==Tomistheboywho/whomIhavetalkedwith..關(guān)系代詞必需用that的情形：①當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)所修飾e.g.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.④當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾e.g.ThefirstcarthatarrivedatthedestinationwasdrivenbyJohn.③當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery等修飾e.g.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.ThisistheverybookthatFmlookingfor.④先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little（少量,一些），much等修飾時(shí)：e.g.I'vereadallthebooks（that）yougaveme.⑤當(dāng)先行詞為all,much,little（少量，一些）,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代詞時(shí)，或者是在therebe句型中,e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.⑥當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)e.g.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.⑦當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)：e.g.Maryisnolongerthegirl（that）sheusedtobe..定語(yǔ)從句中假如先行詞是theway,關(guān)系詞常用inwhich,that或省略.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞及其簡(jiǎn)潔混用的狀況ThisisthefactoryIonceworked,whereThisisthefactoryI'vevisited,that/whichThedayIalwaysrememberisOct.l.that/whichThedayNanjingwasliberatedisSep.l1.whenThereasonhehasn'tcomeisthathehasbeenill.whyDon'tbelievethereasonhegiveyou.that【留意】當(dāng)表示時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)，緣由的名詞,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用when,where,why;在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，就用that或which.三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的狀況當(dāng)我們?cè)谟脦в薪樵~的定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，我們有兩種選擇，介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前或者是放在定語(yǔ)從句中。如：Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress.ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress.ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.ThepaintingwhichIlookedatwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.那么如何選擇介詞呢：.介詞與定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.e.g.ThefarmIonceworkedhastakenonanewlook,onwhich.介詞與從句中的動(dòng)詞是一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.e.g.Whoisthemanourteacherisshakinghands?withwhom.介詞與從句中的形容詞一起構(gòu)成一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.e.g.Oursisabeautifulcountry,wearegreatlyproud,ofwhich.表示“全部格”或“整體中的部分”時(shí)，用介詞of.e.g.Thereareoveronethousandworkersinthefactory,80percentarewomen.ofwhom練習(xí)1：關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞+關(guān)系代詞填空Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersonshecouldturnforhelp.Whenyoureadthebook,you'dbettermakeamarkyouhaveanyquestions.Barcelonaisthecitythe25thSummerOlympicwereheld.towhom(turntosb.forhelp向某人求助) 2.where3.where/inwhich練習(xí)2:用介詞+關(guān)系代詞填空Doyoulikethebook shespent$10?Doyoulikethebookshepaid$10?Doyoulikethebook shelearnedalot?Doyoulikethebook sheoftentalks?Hebuiltatelescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡) hecouldstudytheskies.Thereisatalltreeoutside,standsourteacher.Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongestistheYellowRiver.Thetowerpeoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.ThemanIspokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mosthadn,tbeencleanedforatleastayear..onwhich2.forwhich3.fromwhich4.aboutwhich5.throughwhich6.underwhich7.ofwhich8.fromwhich9.towhom10.ofwhich四.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句比較并發(fā)覺(jué)：Theearthisround.isknowntoall.ItTheearthisround,isknowntoall.which/asisknowntoall,theearthisroundoAsisknowntoallthattheearthisround.It【留意】as具有正如之意，與之搭配的動(dòng)詞一般是固定的，如：asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpected比較并發(fā)覺(jué)：ThisisthesamepenasIlost.這本書(shū)和我丟的那本一模一樣。ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.這本書(shū)就是我丟的那本。【留意】thesame…as表示相像事物，thesame...that表示同一事物比較并發(fā)覺(jué)：Thisissuchaninterestingbookwealllike,asThisissointerestingabookwealllike,as這是大家都寵愛(ài)的如此好玩的一本書(shū)。（定語(yǔ)從句）Thisissuchaninterestingbookwealllikeit.thatThisissointerestingabookwealllikeit.that這本書(shū)如此好玩，大家都寵愛(ài)。（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）【留意】such（so）…as…引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,such（so）…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一.語(yǔ)態(tài)概述英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。e.g.Heopenedthedoor.他開(kāi)了門(mén)。（主動(dòng)句）Thedoorwasopened.門(mén)被開(kāi)了。（被動(dòng)句）二.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變更是通過(guò)be的變更表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)will/shall/beto/begoingto+bedone.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)has/havebeendone.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be+beingdone歌訣是：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be字變，過(guò)去分詞跟后面。三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法（1）不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。e.g.Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.⑵強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。e.g.ThewindowwasbrokenbyMike.窗戶是邁克打破的。四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法(1)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。(2)把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be+過(guò)去分詞)(依據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)確定be的形式)。(3)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格。e.g.Ihavefinishedthehomework..Thehomeworkhasbeenfinishedbyme.歌訣是：賓變主，主變賓，by短語(yǔ)后面跟。一.單項(xiàng)選擇：( )Ifthework,youcangoandplaygames.A.finishedB.hasfinishedC.willbefinishedD.isfinished()Itwasrainingheavilyoutside,thechildrenweremadeintheclassroom.A.stayB.tostayC.stayingD.stayed()Katetheletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.A.haswrittenB.waswrittenC.hadwrittenD.iswriting()Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbishintotheriver.A.needn'tbethrownB.mustn'tbethrownC.can'tthrowD.maynotthrow()Ilikemybike.Itverywell.A.ridesB.isriding