英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)歷年真題試卷匯編范文

英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)（語(yǔ)言學(xué)）歷年真題試卷匯編24(總分：94.00，做題時(shí)間：90分鐘)一、填空題(總題數(shù)：7，分?jǐn)?shù)：14.00)1."Linguisticrelativity"wasproposedby1and2.(清華研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：對(duì)的答案：Sapir）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：Whorf）解析：解析：薩丕爾一沃爾夫假說(shuō)認(rèn)為，首先，語(yǔ)言可以決定我們的思維方式；另首先，語(yǔ)言之間的相似性是相對(duì)的，構(gòu)造性差異越大，反應(yīng)出對(duì)于世界認(rèn)識(shí)的越不一樣。因此，這個(gè)假說(shuō)也被稱(chēng)作“語(yǔ)言決定論”和“語(yǔ)言相對(duì)主義”。2.Psycholinguisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage.Asaninterdisciplinaryacademicfield,itinvestigatesthefollowingmajorsubjects;1,2and3.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：對(duì)的答案：acquisition）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：comprehension）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：production）解析：解析：心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)作為語(yǔ)言學(xué)的一種分支，是從心理學(xué)的角度來(lái)研究語(yǔ)言，重要包括語(yǔ)言習(xí)得，語(yǔ)言理解和語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)生。3.A1languageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：對(duì)的答案：creole）解析：解析：當(dāng)皮欽語(yǔ)得到發(fā)展不再是作為交易的語(yǔ)言，而成為一種社會(huì)群體的第一語(yǔ)言時(shí)，它就成為克里奧爾語(yǔ)。由皮欽語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)變成為克里奧爾語(yǔ)的過(guò)程就稱(chēng)作克里奧爾語(yǔ)化。4.Alinguistic1referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：對(duì)的答案：taboo）解析：解析：禁忌語(yǔ)是由于宗教、政治或性別原因而防止使用的詞匯，一般被委婉語(yǔ)所替代。5.Tabooand1aretwofacesofthesamecommunicationcoin.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：對(duì)的答案：euphemism）解析：解析：禁忌語(yǔ)是由于宗教、政治或性別原因而防止使用的詞匯，一般被委婉語(yǔ)所替代。委婉語(yǔ)是用一詞替代比較唐突的令人不快的另一詞的體現(xiàn)措施。他們是同一交流過(guò)程的兩個(gè)方面。6.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthe1attitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：對(duì)的答案：social）解析：解析：語(yǔ)言自身是不存在性別歧視的，但當(dāng)語(yǔ)言被不一樣的人使用時(shí)，則會(huì)反應(yīng)出社會(huì)中存在的性別歧視現(xiàn)象。7.AsCarterandSimpson(1989)observedthat"ifthe1960swasadecadeofformalisminstylistics,the1970sadecadeoffunctionalism,andthe1980sadecadeof1stylistics".(中山大學(xué)研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:__________________

（對(duì)的答案：對(duì)的答案：discourse）解析：解析：正如CarterandSimpson認(rèn)為的那樣，假如說(shuō)20世紀(jì)60年代是形式主義文體學(xué)，70年代是功能主義文體學(xué)，那么80年代就是話(huà)語(yǔ)文體學(xué)。二、判斷題(總題數(shù)：4，分?jǐn)?shù)：8.00)8.Ifachildisdeprivedoflinguisticenvironment,heorsheisunlikelytolearnalanguagesuccessfullylateron.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.真

√

B.假解析：解析：假如一種孩子失去了語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，他或她是不也許成功地學(xué)好一種語(yǔ)言的。9.Whenchildrenlearntodistinguishbetweenthesoundsoftheirlanguageandthesoundsthatarenotpartofthelanguage,theycanacquireanysoundsintheirnativelanguageoncetheirparentsteachthem.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：不管孩子們生活在何種語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，他們首先獲得的是世上所有語(yǔ)言的普遍性知識(shí)，之后他們才會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)更為復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言。10.Languagereflectssexisminsociety.Languageitselfisnotsexist,justasitisnotobscene;butitcanconnotesexistattitudesaswellasattitudesaboutsocialtaboosorracism.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.真

√

B.假解析：解析：語(yǔ)言可以反應(yīng)出社會(huì)的性別歧視現(xiàn)象，但語(yǔ)言自身并無(wú)性別歧視意義，語(yǔ)言可以體現(xiàn)出人們對(duì)性別的態(tài)度及對(duì)某些禁忌語(yǔ)和種族歧視的態(tài)度。11.AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,speaker'sperceptionsdeterminelanguageandpatterntheirwayoflife.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：根據(jù)薩丕爾一沃爾夫假說(shuō)的強(qiáng)勢(shì)版本，語(yǔ)言決定了說(shuō)話(huà)者的感知能力和生活模式，而非說(shuō)話(huà)者的感知能力決定了語(yǔ)言和生活模式。三、單項(xiàng)選擇題(總題數(shù)：4，分?jǐn)?shù)：8.00)12.______isdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.Competence

B.Performance

C.Learning

√

D.Acquisition解析：解析：在學(xué)校里，通過(guò)故意識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)而學(xué)到第二語(yǔ)言的的過(guò)程叫做學(xué)習(xí)，這不一樣于小朋友不自覺(jué)地自然的言語(yǔ)習(xí)得過(guò)程。13.______arelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.Slang

B.Addressterms

C.Registers

√

D.Educationvarieties解析：解析：語(yǔ)域是特殊人群使用的言語(yǔ)變體，一般指具有相似職業(yè)或具有同樣愛(ài)好的人。某一語(yǔ)域一般具有自己某些獨(dú)特的詞匯或使用詞或短語(yǔ)的特殊方式，而使其與其他語(yǔ)域辨別開(kāi)來(lái)。14.______referstoamarginallanguageoffewlexicalitemsandstraightforwardgrammaticalrules,usedasamediumofcommunication.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.Linguafranca

B.Creole

C.Pidgin

√

D.Standardlanguage解析：解析：皮欽語(yǔ)不是任何人的母語(yǔ)，是在交往聯(lián)絡(luò)的狀況下(例如交易)學(xué)習(xí)的語(yǔ)言變體。15.Insociolinguisticstudies,speakerareregardedasmembersofsocialgroups,thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudyiscalled______.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.thespeechcommunity

√

B.thelinguisticgroup

C.thelinguisticcommunity

D.thespeechvarietygroup解析：解析：在社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)中，語(yǔ)言使用者都被看作是社會(huì)的組員。而具有相似的語(yǔ)言認(rèn)同或至少共享一種語(yǔ)言變體的人群可稱(chēng)作語(yǔ)言小區(qū)。四、簡(jiǎn)答題(總題數(shù)：13，分?jǐn)?shù)：26.00)16.Eskimoshavemanydifferentwordsfordifferenttypesofsnow,Aboriginesfordifferenttypesofsand,andinArabiconemustchoosefromawholerangeofwordswhicharesubsumedundertheWesterncategoryCAMEL.Canyouexplainthesephenomenawithyourlinguisticknowledge?(北航研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Thesephenomenacanbeexplainedfromthefollowingperspectives:(1)Thesephenomenashowarelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Languagechangesfromregiontoregion,fromonesocialgrouptoanotherandfromindividualtoindividual.Thelivingenvironmentmakesgreatimpactonthechangesoflanguage.AsEskimoarealwayslivinginanenvironmentofasnowworld,theyhavemadeagoodcognitiontosnowandclassifieditindifferenttypes.Humanuselanguagetodescribetheworldtheyhavecognized.(2)ThesephenomenacanbeexplainedfromtheSapir-WhorfHypothesis.Thishypothesissuggeststhat:ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeaker'suniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.SoEskimos'sdifferentwordsfordifferenttypesofsnowreflecttheirdifferentwaystounderstandsnow.)解析：17.Whatislinguisticdeterminism?(北航研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Linguisticdeterminism,isoneofthetwopointsofSapir-WhorfHypothesis,andhasdevelopedintothestrongversionofthishypothesis.Itcouldbesummarizedasfollows:(1)One'sthinkingiscompletelydeterminedbyhisnativelanguagebecauseonecannotbutperceivetheworldintermsofthecategoriesanddistinctionsencodedinthelanguage.(2)Thecategoriesanddistinctionsencodedinonelanguagesystemareuniquetothatsystemandincommensurablewiththoseofothersystems.Therefore,thefollowingstatementcouldrepresentthishypothesis"IfAristotlehadspokenChinese,hislogicwouldhavebeendifferent".)解析：18.WhatdoyouthinkoftheSapir-WhorfHypothesis?(西安外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Sapir-Whorfhypothesisconsistsoftwoparts:linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity.Linguisticdeterminism,orthestrongversion,hasbeencriticizedforitsexcessiveconcernwithsurfacestructuresofindividuallanguages.Infact,alllanguagesarefundamentalofthesameuniversalhumancharacter,includingthelexico-semanticandsyntacticcomponentsoflanguageandallnormalhumanbeingsaregiftedwiththesamelinguisticfacultyandcognitivecapacity.Theflawsofthathypothesiscanberevealedthroughthefollowinganalysis.(1)Differentgrammaticalstructuresdonotmeanthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesdifferinthinkinglogicorreasoning.(2)Equivalenttranslationisalwayspossibleinspiteofthefactthatinpracticetherearehardlyanypeopleinperfectcontroloftwogeneticallydifferentlanguages.(3)Peoplewhohavegoodcommandoftwogenetic-unrelatedlanguagesdonothave"doubleminds"ordonothavetochangetheirthinkinglogicwhenspeakingforeigntongue.)解析：19.Whatwillyousaytoastatementlike"ourlanguageisourculture"?(四川大學(xué)研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Thisstatementrevealsafactthatlanguageispartoftheculture.Cultureisthetotalpatternofbeliefs,customs,institutions,objectsandtechniquesthatcharacterizethelifeofaparticularsociety.Itisregardedasacarrierofculture,becausewithoutlanguageculturewouldbeimpossible.Languageistheprincipalmeanbywhichcultureispasseddown.Languageisthesymbolicrepresentationofapeople,anditcomprisestheirhistoricalandculturalbackgroundsaswellastheirapproachtolifeandtheirwaysoflivingandthinking.Peopleuselanguageforthesakeofcommunication,butlanguageitselfcannotfulfilthetaskofcommunicationwithouttheculturesystembehindthelanguage.Languageisaproductofoursociallife.)解析：20.HowwouldyoucommentonSapir-Whorfhypothesis?(北航研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Thishypothesissuggeststhatourlanguagewillmouldourviewoftheworld.Thehypothesishastwoimportantpoints,linguisticdeterminism—languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatternsandlinguisticrelativity—similaritybetweenlanguageisrelative,thegreatertheirstructualdifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.Thus,twoversionsoftheSapir-whorfhypothesishavebeendeveloped,astrongversionandaweakversion.Thestrongversionofthetheoryemphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatterns.Theweakversionofthehypothesis,however,isamodifiedtypeofitsoriginaltheory,suggestingthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,cultureandthought,butthecross-culturedifferencesthusproducedinourwaysofthinkingarerelativeratherthancategorical.)解析：21.Whydoweneedtoteachcultureinourlanguageclassroom?(四川大學(xué)研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Languagehasacloserelationshipwithculture.Languageisanindispensiblecarrierofcultureandculturefindsabetterrepresentationthroughlanguageuse.Whenitcomestolanguageteachingandlearning,theinfluenceofculturalknowledgeonthelinguisticperformanceoflanguagelearnershasbeenidentifiedandhighlighted.Ithasrepeatedlybeenfoundthatlearnerswholacksufficientknowledgeaboutthetargetculturecanhardlybecomeactiveandappropriatelanguageusersintheirtargetlanguage.Forthesereasons,theinformationconcerningculturaldifferenceshasrightlybeenintroducedinlanguageclassroomsofdifferentkindsofenhancinglearners'culturalconsciousnessandimprovingtheirperformanceincross-culturalcontextsofcommunication.Soweneedtoteachcultureinourlanguageclassroom.)解析：22.Whataresociolinguisticsofsocietyandsociolinguisticsoflanguage?(武漢大學(xué)研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Ifwewanttoknowmoreaboutagivensocietyorcommunitybyexaminingthelinguisticbehaviorofitsmembers,wearedoingasociolinguisticstudyofsociety.Thatis,wearedoingsociolinguisticsatamacrolevelofinvestigation.Atthislevelofdiscussion,thingsthatweareinterestedinincludebilingualismormultilingualism,languageattitudes,languagechoice,languagemaintenanceandshift,languageplanningandstandardization,vernacularlanguageeducation,andsoon.Ontheotherhand,ifwewanttoknowmoreaboutsomelinguisticvariationsinlanguageusebyturningtopotentialsocio-culturalfactorsforadescriptionandexplanation,wearedoingasociolinguisticstudyoflanguage.Consequently,wearemoreinterestedinexaminingmicrolinguisticphenomenasuchasstructuralvariants,addressforms,genderdifferences,discourseanalysis,PidginandCreolelanguages,andothermorelanguagerelatedissues.)解析：23.Itisclaimedinsociolinguisticsthatyouarewhatyousay.Howwouldyoucommentonthistheoreticalclaim?(武漢大學(xué)2011年研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Everyonespeaksdifferently.Apersonaldialectofanindividualspeakercombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.Inotherwords,anindividualspeaker'sregionalandsocialbackground,his/hergenderandagejointlydeterminethewayhe/shetalks.Fromthispoint,wecanclaimthat"Youarewhatyousay".Followingthisclaim,wemayexpandthescopeofourobservationbyintroducingsomesocialfactorsthatarebelievedtoinfluenceourlanguagebehaviorinasocialcontext.Amongthesefactors,somemajoronesincludea)class;b)gender;c)age;d)ethnicidentity;e)educationbackground,f)occupation,andg)religiousbelief.Inourdailyspeaking,thepotentialselectionoflinguisticformscanreflecttheabovefactors,whichdetermineouridentities.Forexample,womenusemore"fancy"colortermssuchas"mauve"and"beige";uselesspowerfulcursewords;usemoreintensifierssuchas"terrible"and"awful";usemoretagquestions.Ontheotherhand,yourwayofspeaking,tosomeextent,reflectyouridentity.(本題為開(kāi)放式題目，圍繞自語(yǔ)言與社會(huì)及文化之間的關(guān)系論述自己對(duì)這句話(huà)的觀點(diǎn)即可))解析：24.InChinesetonechangesareusedinthewaythataffectsthemeaningsofindividualwords.(中山大學(xué)2011年研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegmentalfeature.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinwhatwecalltonelanguages.Englishisnotatonelanguage.Chineseisatypicaltonelanguage.Ithasfourtones.Thefirsttoneislevel(陰平),thesecondrise(陽(yáng)平),thethirdfallrise(上聲),andthefourthfall(去聲).Theroleofthetonecanbewellillustratedbypronouncingthesamesoundcombinationsuchas[pa]inthefourdifferenttonesandhavedifferentmeanings;(八)Highlevel'eight'(拔)Highrising'pullout'(靶)Lowfallingrising'target'(壩)Highfalling'dam')解析：25.Whatdistinction,ifany,canyoudrawbetweenbilingualismanddiglossia?

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Bilingualismreferstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedinaspeechcommunity;whereasinadiglossiacommunity,twovarietiesoflanguageareusedfordifferentsituations,onebeingmorestandardandhigher,andusedformoreformalmatters,andtheotherlessprestigious,andusedforcolloquialsituations.)解析：26.Howdothespeechofwomenandthespeechofmendifferfromeachother?

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Womentendtousemoreprestigiousforms,morepoliteandindirectlanguage,moretagquestions,lesspowerfulcursewords,morestatementquestions,andmorespecificcolortermsthantheirmalecounterparts.Inmixed-gendergroups,atpublicgatherings,andinmanyinformalconversations,menspendmoretimetalkingthandowomen.Forexample,inoneexperiment,themenwithexpertisetalkedlongerthanthewomenwithexpertise.Meninitiatemoreinteractionthandowomen.)解析：27.Describetheprocessoflanguageperception,comprehensionandproduction.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Fromtheperspectiveofpsycholinguisticanalysis,languageuseintermsofperception,comprehensionandproductionfollowsacertainpatternwhichinvolvesthecoordinationofvariouslanguagecenters.Whenwespeak,wordsaredrawnfromWernicke'sareaandtransferredtoBroca'sarea,whichdeterminesthedetailsoftheirformsandpronunciations.Theappropriateinstructionsarethensenttothemotorareawhichcontrolsthevocaltracttophysicallyarticulatethewords.Whenwehearsomethingandtrytocomprehendit,thestimulusfromtheauditorycortexistransmittedtoWernicke'sarea,whereitistheninterpreted.Whenweperceiveavisualimage,amessageissenttotheangulargyrus,whereitisconvertedintoavisualpattern.)解析：28.WhatisSapir-Whorfhypothesis?

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Itisabeliefthatourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Ontheonehand,languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;ontheother,similaritybetweenlanguagesrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.AsthishypothesiswasstronglyputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorf,ithasoftenbeencalledtheSapir-Whorfhypothesis.)解析：五、名詞解釋(總題數(shù)：12，分?jǐn)?shù)：24.00)29.Linguisticrelativity(四川大學(xué)研；人大研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Linguisticrelativity:ThisisoneoftwopointsinSapir-Whorfhypothesis.Itstatesthatsimilaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldis.Forexample,noteverylanguagehasthesamesetofwordsforthecolors;inSpanishthereisnowordthatcorrespondstotheEnglishmeaningof"blue".)解析：30.Sapir-Whorfhypothesis(武漢大學(xué)研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Sapir-Whorfhypothesisconsistsoftwoparts:linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity.Linguisticdeterminismreferstothenotionthatalanguagedeterminescertainnonlinguisticcognitiveprocesses.Differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently.Linguisticrelativityreferstotheclaimthatthecognitiveprocessesthataredeterminedaredifferentfordifferentlanguages.Thus,speakersofdifferentlanguagesaresaidtothinkindifferentways.Thehypothesisisnowinterpretedmainlyintwodifferentways:astrongversionandaweakone.Thestrongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople'sthinkingandbehavior;theweakoneholdsthattheformerinfluencethelater.Sofar,manyresearchesandexperimentsconductedprovidesupporttotheweakversion.)解析：31.Linguisticdeterminism(上海交大研)

（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________

對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Linguisticdeterminism,isoneofthetwopointsofSapir-Whorfhypothesis,andhasdevelopedintothestrongversionofthishypothesis.Itcouldbesummarizedasfollows:(1)One'sthinkingiscompletelydeterminedbyhisnativelanguagebecauseonecannotbutperceivetheworldintermsofthecategoriesanddistinctionsencodedinthelanguage.(2)Thecategoriesanddistinctionsencodedinonelanguagesystemareuniquetothatsystemandincommensurablewiththoseofothersystems.Therefore,thefollowingstatementcouldrepresentthishypothesis"IfAristotlehadspokenChinese,hislogicwouldhavebeendifferent".)解析：32.Interculturalcommunication(南開(kāi)大學(xué)研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Interculturalcommunication:Interculturalcommunication,alsoknownascross-culturalcommunication,iscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Itisfrequentlyusedtorefertocommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures,whichimpliesacomparisonbetweencultures.)解析：33.Cross-culturalcommunication(浙江大學(xué)研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Cross-culturalcommunicationisanexchangeofideas,information,etc,betweenpersonsfromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Theculturalconventionsoftheparticipantsmaywidelydifferent,andmisinterpretationandmisunderstandingcaneasilyarise,evenleadingtoatotalcommunicationbreakdown.)解析：34.PidginsandCreoles

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Apidginreferstoavarietyofalanguagethatisnotnativelanguageofanyone,butislearnedoncontactsituationssuchastrading.Whenapidgindevelopsbeyonditsroleasatradelanguageandbecomesthefirstlanguageofasocialcommunity,itbecomesaCreole.TheprocessbywhichapidginbecomesaCreoleiscalledcreolization.)解析：35.Speechcommunity(北外研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Speechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoshareasetofnormsandexpectationsregardingtheuseoflanguage.Speechcommunitiescanbemembersofaprofessionwithaspecializedjargon,distinctsocialgroupslikehighschoolstudentsorhip-popfans.Inaddition,onlineandothermediatedcommunities,suchasmanyinternetforums,oftenconstitutespeechcommunities.Membersofspeechcommunitieswilloftendevelopslangorjargontoservethegroup'sspecialpurposesandpriorities.)解析：36.Diglossia(南開(kāi)大學(xué)研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Whentwolanguagesorlanguagevarietiesexisttogetherinacommunityandeachoneisusedfordifferentpurposes,thisiscalleddiglossia.Usually,themorestandardvarietycanbecalledthehighvarietyorH-variety,whichisusedingovernment,themedia,education,andforreligiousservices.Theotheroneisusuallyanon-prestigevariety,thelowvarietyorL-varietyusedinthefamily,withfriends,whenshopping,etc.)解析：37.Register(南開(kāi)大學(xué)研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Itisaspeechvarietyusedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,usuallysharingthesameoccupation(e.g.doctors,lawyers)orthesameinterests.Aparticularregisteroftendistinguishesitselffromothersbyhavinganumberofdistinctivewords,byusingwordsorphrasesinaparticularway,andsometimesbyspecialgrammaticalconstructions(e.g.legallanguage).)解析：38.linguisticvariable(北外2011年研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Linguisticvariablesarethosewherethemeaningremainsconstantbutformvarieslikecatandpussyhavethesamesocialmeaningbutdifferentfrom.Sofaraspronunciationisconcernedhouse[h]andwith[h]hassamesocialmeaningwithdifferentpronunciations.Herevariablesarejustthetoolstoanalyzethelanguagetosetsocialdimensionalsociety.)解析：39.conversationalmaxim(南開(kāi)大學(xué)2011年研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Conversationalmaxim:AconversationalmaximisanyoffourruleswhichwereproposedbyGrice1975,statingthataspeakerisassumedtomakeacontributionthatfollowsthefourmaimsofquantity,quality,relevanceandmanner.)解析：40.Blog(中山大學(xué)研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Blog,whichistheshortformofweblog,isdefinedbyDanGilmoreas"anonlinejournalcomprisedoflinksandpostingsinreversechronologicalorder,meaningthemostrecentpostingappearsatthetopofthepage".MatisseEnzer'sGlossaryofInternetTermsputsitthisway:Ablogisbasicallyajournalthatisavailableontheweb.Theactivityofupdatingablogis"Hogging"andsomeonewhokeepsablogisa"blogger."Blogsaretypicallyupdateddailyusingsoftwarethatallowspeoplewithlittleornotechnicalbackgroundtoupdateandmaintaintheblog.)解析：六、1舉例闡明題(總題數(shù)：7，分?jǐn)?shù)：14.00)41.Somecommentsonthefollowingstatementbasedonyourownexperience:Thereexistsacloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.Inotherwords,asuccessfulmasterofagivenlanguagehasmuchtodowithanunderstandingofthatculture.(武漢大學(xué)研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Languageuseisheavilytintedwithitsculture.Alanguagedoesnotonlyexpressesfacts,ideas,oreventswhichrepresentsimilarworldknowledgebyitspeople,butalsoreflectsthepeople'sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlook,andsoon.Inaword,languageexpressesculturalreality.Todigitfurther,alanguage,asasystemofsignswiththeirownculturalsubstancesandvalues,maybeviewedasasymbolofsocialidentity.Peopleareidentifiedviatheiruseoflanguage.Inthissense,languagesymbolizesculturalreality.Ontheotherhand,aspeople'slanguageusesexpresstheculture,tobemorespecific,theircommunityculturerepresentedbyitssocialconventions,normsandsocialappropriateness,theculturebothemancipatesandconstrainspeoplesocially,historicallyandmetaphorically.Historically,eachculturehasitspastandtradition.Acultureconsistsbothofitswayshowasocialgrouprepresentsitself,itstechnologicalachievements,monumentsandworksofartandofitshistoricalidentityrecordedandpasseddownbythepopculture.Itislanguagethathasplayedamajorroleinsocializingthepeopleandinperpetuatingculture,especiallyinprintform.Inaddition,culturealsoaffectsitspeople'simaginationorcommondreamswhicharemediatedthroughthelanguageandreflectedintheirlife.Languageisnotonlyintrinsicallyrelatedtowhatthecultureisandwhatitwas,butalsorelatedtothecultureofimaginationgoverningpeople'sdecisionsaswellasactions.Theinterplaybetweenlanguageandculturemayresultinvariousformsofsocializationandpeoplewithdifferentculturesmaybesocializedindifferentwayswithdifferentacculturation.Althoughlanguageandcultureareinextricablyintertwined,thisrelationshipisnotanalogoustothatofstructuresandprocesses.Rather,cultureisawidersystemthatcompletelyincludeslanguageasasubsystem.Linguisticcompetenceisonevarietyofculturalcompetenceandspeechbehaviorisonevarietyofsocialbehavior.Therelationoflanguagetocultureisthatofparttowhole.)解析：42.Explainthisstatementandgiveatleasttwoexamplesofit:"Instudyingothercultures,wedosofromtheperspectiveofourownculture."(北外研)

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對(duì)的答案：(對(duì)的答案：Cultureisasemioticmeaningsysteminwhichsymbolsfunctiontocommunicatemeaningfromonemindtoanother.Itisrelatedtolanguageinsuchawaythatlanguageisapartofcultureandapartofhumanbehavior,andalsotheprimarymediumfortransmittingmuchofculture.Therefore,withoutlanguage,culturewouldnotbepossible.Consequently,whenstudyingaculture,weoftenrelyonthelanguage.Therefore,wemayuseourownlanguagetodescribethetargetculture,whichmaybetheoneinterpretationofthestatement"Instudyingothercultures,wedosofromtheperspectiveofourow