ted演講稿4篇演講稿

ted演講稿4篇lastyearwheniwashere,iwasspeakingtoyouaboutaswimwhichididacrossthenorthpole.去年，當(dāng)我站在這里的時(shí)候，我在談?wù)撐覚M跨北極的游泳。andwhilethatswimtookplacethreeyearsago,icanrememberitasifitwasyesterday.那還是發(fā)生在3年前，對(duì)我則仿佛是昨天一般。irememberstandingontheedgeoftheice,abouttodiveintothewater,andthinkingtomyself,ihavenevereverseenanyplaceonthisearthwhichisjustsofrightening.我還記得我站在冰層的邊緣，就要扎進(jìn)水里，然后我自己想到，我再也再也不要看到地球上的這個(gè)地方，這里是如此的讓人恐驚。thewateriscompletelyblack.thewaterisminus1.7degreescentigrade,or29degreesfahrenheit.it'sflippingfreezinginthatwater.那里的水是全黑色。水的溫度是負(fù)1.7攝氏度，華氏29度。那水里就是翻動(dòng)的冰塊。andthenathoughtcameacrossmymind:ifthingsgopear-shapedonthisswim,howlongwillittakeformyfrozenbodytosinkthefourandahalfkilometerstothebottomoftheocean?然后一種念頭在我腦中劃過(guò)：假如這場(chǎng)泳出了點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，我這冰凍的身體要花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能沉到這4500米的底部呢?andthenisaidtomyself,i'vejustgottogetthisthoughtoutofmymindasquicklyaspossible.然后我告誡我自己，我要把這個(gè)念頭盡快的拋在我的腦后。andtheonlywayicandiveintothatfreezingcoldwaterandswimakilometerisbylisteningtomyipodandreallyrevvingmyselfup,能讓我扎入這冰涼的水里然后游了4千米的唯一措施就是聽(tīng)著我的ipod，讓我自己全力運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)起來(lái)，listeningtoeverythingfrombeautifuloperaallthewayacrosstopuffdaddy,andthencommittingmyselfahundredpercent--thereisnothingmorepowerfulthanthemade-upmind--andthenwalkinguptotheedgeoftheiceandjustdivingintothewater.我聽(tīng)了所有的歌，從華麗的歌劇到吹牛老爹，然后全身心的投入沒(méi)有什么比下定決心還要厲害的--然后走到冰的邊緣扎入水里。andthatswimtookme18minutesand50seconds,anditfeltlike18days.這次游泳花了我18分50秒，但仿佛是18天同樣。andiremembergettingoutofthewaterandmyhandsfeelingsopainfulandlookingdownatmyfingers,andmyfingerswereliterallythesizeofsausagesbecause--youknow,we'remadepartiallyofwater--whenwaterfreezesitexpands,andsothecellsinmyfingershadfrozenandexpandedandburst.我記得當(dāng)我從水里出來(lái)時(shí)我的手時(shí)如此的疼痛然后我看著我的手指，我的手指真的像香腸同樣粗，由于--你們懂得了，我們身體一部分由水構(gòu)成--當(dāng)水結(jié)冰時(shí)會(huì)膨脹，這樣我手指的里細(xì)胞就冷凍了，膨脹了炸裂了。andthemostimmediatethoughtwhenicameoutofthatwaterwasthefollowing:i'mnever,evergoingtodoanothercoldwaterswiminmylifeagain.我從水里上岸的一瞬間的想法時(shí)這樣的：我畢生中再也再也不要去在冰涼的水里游泳了。anyway,lastyear,iheardaboutthehimalayasandthemeltingofthe--(laughter)andthemeltingoftheglaciersbecauseofclimatechange.就這樣，去年，我聽(tīng)到了喜馬拉雅山以及那里融化的--(笑)由于氣候變化所融化的冰川。iheardaboutthislake,lakeimja.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)了這個(gè)湖泊，映佳湖。thislakehasbeenformedinthelastcoupleofyearsbecauseofthemeltingoftheglacier.這個(gè)湖是幾年前由于冰川融化所形成的。theglacier'sgoneallthewayupthemountainandleftinitsplacethisbiglake.這些冰川順山而下然后在這里留下了這個(gè)大湖。andifirmlybelievethatwhatwe'reseeinginthehimalayasisthenextgreat,bigbattlegroundonthisearth.由此我堅(jiān)信我要去看見(jiàn)的喜馬拉雅就是我下一種在地球上的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。nearlytwobillionpeople--sooneinthreepeopleonthisearth--relyonthewaterfromthehimalayas.將近20億的人口--世界上三分之一的地球人口--依托著喜馬拉雅山的水源。andwithapopulationincreasingasquicklyasitis,andwiththewatersupplyfromtheseglaciers--becauseofclimatechange--decreasingsomuch,ithinkwehavearealriskofinstability.而世界人口照這個(gè)速度發(fā)展下去，而冰川水源的提供--由于氣候的變化--下降的如此之快，我像我們就有了一種十分不穩(wěn)定的威脅。north,you'vegotchina;south,you'veindia,pakistan,bangladesh,allthesecountries.北方，我們由中國(guó);南方，我們有印度，巴基斯坦，孟加拉，和其他所有國(guó)家。andsoidecidedtowalkuptomt.everest,thehighestmountainonthisearth,andgoanddoasymbolicswimunderneaththesummitofmt.everest.這樣我決定了登上珠峰，地球上的最高峰，怎樣在珠峰下游一次具有象征意義的泳。now,idon'tknowifanyofyouhavehadtheopportunitytogotomt.everest,butit'squiteanordealgettingupthere.我不懂得，你們與否有機(jī)會(huì)去珠峰，不過(guò)要去那的話，是一種考驗(yàn)。28great,big,powerfulyakscarryingalltheequipmentupontothismountain--idon'tjusthavemyspeedo,butthere'sabigfilmcrewwhothensendalltheimagesaroundtheworld.28只巨大的牦牛載著所有的儀器登上山峰--我不僅僅帶這我的泳褲。尚有一種攝像團(tuán)體這個(gè)攝像團(tuán)體，會(huì)向世界各地直播。theotherthingwhichwassochallengingaboutthisswimisnotjustthealtitude.這次游泳的挑戰(zhàn)不僅僅只有海拔。iwantedtodotheswimat5,300metersabovesealevel.我想做的是在5300米的海平面上游泳。soit'srightupintheheavens.因此直達(dá)天堂。it'svery,verydifficulttobreath.yougetaltitudesickness.這里呼吸十分，十分困難。你會(huì)有高原反應(yīng)。ifeelslikeyou'vegotamanstandingbehindyouwithahammerjusthittingyourheadallthetime.你會(huì)感到有一種人不停的那著一把錘子在敲你的后腦勺。that'snottheworstpartofit.這還不是最差的。theworstpartwasthisyearwastheyearwheretheydecidedtodoabigcleanupoperationonmt.everest.最糟糕的是，這一年他們決定在珠峰上做一種大掃除。many,manypeoplehavediedonmt.everest,andthiswastheyeartheydecidedtogoandrecoverallthebodiesofthemountaineersandthenbringthemdownthemountain.許多人死在珠峰上，然后今年，他們決定收回珠峰上所有的尸體然后把他們帶下山。andwhenyou'rewalkingupthemountaintoattempttodosomethingwhichnohumanhaseverdonebefore,and,infact,nofish--therearenofishupthereswimmingat5,300meters--而當(dāng)你想上山做某些事情某些沒(méi)有人做過(guò)的事情，實(shí)際上，魚都沒(méi)游過(guò)。在5300米的海拔高度上，沒(méi)有任何魚在那里游過(guò)。whenyou'retryingtodothat,andthenthebodiesarecomingpastyou,ithumblesyou,andyoualsorealizevery,veryclearlythatnatureissomuchmorepowerfulthanweare.當(dāng)你嘗試著去做這些事情，然后你看到這些尸體和你擦肩而過(guò)，這讓人不禁有些灰心，也讓你就會(huì)清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)到自然比我們要強(qiáng)大多了。andwewalkedupthispathway,allthewayup.然后我們就沿著這條路一直走上去。andtotherighthandsideofuswasthisgreatkhumbuglacier.然后在我們的右手邊是巨大的昆布冰川。andallthewayalongtheglacierwesawthesebigpoolsofmeltingice.然后，我們?cè)谘芈吠ㄟ^(guò)所看到的冰川的都是一大塊融化的冰塊。andthenwegotuptothissmalllakeunderneaththesummitofmt.everest,andipreparedmyselfthesamewayasi'vealwayspreparedmyself,forthisswimwhichwasgoingtobesoverydifficult.然后我們抵達(dá)在珠峰下的一種小湖這然后我開(kāi)始準(zhǔn)備自己，像往常同樣準(zhǔn)備自己，由于這樣的游泳方式會(huì)是十分艱難的。iputonmyipod,ilistenedtosomemusic,igotmyselfasaggressiveaspossible--butcontrolledaggression--andthenihurledmyselfintothatwater.我?guī)衔业膇pod,我聽(tīng)聽(tīng)歌，我讓我能有多激奮就多激奮--不過(guò)是可以控制的激奮--然后我把我自己扎進(jìn)水里。iswamasquicklyasicouldforthefirsthundredmeters,andthenirealizedvery,veryquickly,ihadahugeproblemonmyhands.我竭力的游著最起碼在前一百米，然后，我忽然意識(shí)到，我面臨一種巨大的問(wèn)題。icouldbarelybreathe.我?guī)缀醪荒芎粑?。iwasgaspingforair.我喘了一口氣。ithenbegantochoke,andthenitquicklyledtomevomitinginthewater.然后我開(kāi)始嗆水了，這導(dǎo)致我在水里嘔吐。anditallhappenedsoquickly:ithen--idon'tknowhowithappened--butiwentunderwater.這一切發(fā)生的如此之快然后--我不知到是怎么發(fā)生的--不過(guò)我沉入水底。andluckily,thewaterwasquiteshallow,andiwasabletopushmyselfoffthebottomofthelakeandgetupandthentakeanothergaspofair.但幸運(yùn)的是，水比較的淺，我可以從湖底跳起來(lái)然后喘另一口氣。andthenisaid,carryon.carryon.carryon.然后我說(shuō)道，堅(jiān)持，堅(jiān)持，堅(jiān)持。icarriedonforanotherfiveorsixstrokes,andthenihadnothinginmybody,andiwentdowntothebottomofthelake.我繼續(xù)劃了五到六下水，然后我就筋疲力盡了，我沉入湖底。andidon'twhereigotitfrom,butiwasabletosomehowpullmyselfupandasquicklyaspossiblegettothesideofthelake.不過(guò)我不知從哪來(lái)的力氣，我可以就這樣把自己從湖底以最快的速度弄到湖的岸邊。i'vehearditsaidthatdrowningisthemostpeacefuldeaththatyoucanhave.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)溺水是你可以死的最安詳?shù)姆绞健havenever,everheardsuchutterbollocks.我歷來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)過(guò)這樣的亂說(shuō)八道。(laughter)itisthemostfrighteningandpanickyfeelingthatyoucanhave.(笑)這是你們所感受過(guò)的最恐驚，最驚恐的感覺(jué)。igotmyselftothesideofthelake.我把我自己拽到湖岸。mycrewgrabbedme,andthenwewalkedasquicklyaswecoulddown--overtherubble--downtoourcamp.我的隊(duì)友抓住了我，然后我們以最快的速度下山--在碎石中--抵達(dá)我們的營(yíng)地。andthere,wesatdown,andwedidadebriefaboutwhathadgonewrongthereonmt.everest.在那里，我們坐下來(lái)，然后我們做了一下在珠峰哪里出錯(cuò)的匯報(bào)。andmyteamjustgaveittomestraight.然后我的隊(duì)員直接告訴我。theysaid,lewis,youneedtohavearadicaltacticalshiftifyouwanttodothisswim.他們說(shuō)道，lewis,你要有一種劇烈的戰(zhàn)術(shù)變化假如你想完畢這個(gè)游泳。everysinglethingwhichyouhavelearnedinthepast23yearsofswimming,youmustforget.你必須忘掉在里所學(xué)到的游泳里所有的東西。everysinglethingwhichyoulearnedwhenyouwereservinginthebritisharmy,aboutspeedandaggression,youputthattooneside.以及忘掉你在英國(guó)部隊(duì)里所學(xué)習(xí)的，有關(guān)那些速度和激奮，你要先放在一旁。wewantyoutowalkupthehillinanothertwodays'time.我們想讓你花兩天走上山。takesometimetorestandthinkaboutthings.花點(diǎn)時(shí)間休息和思索。wewantyoutowalkupthemountainintwodays'time,andinsteadofswimmingfast,swimasslowlyaspossible.insteadofswimmingcrawl,swimbreaststroke.我們想讓你花兩天走上山。不要游的太快，不過(guò)慢慢的游。不用自由泳，不過(guò)用蛙泳。andremember,nevereverswimwithaggression.然后記住，不要游太激奮。thisisthetimetoswimwithrealhumility.是時(shí)候謙遜地去游泳了。andsowewalkedbackuptothemountaintwodayslater.因此我們又走了回去兩天后回到山峰下。andistoodthereontheedgeofthelake,andilookedupatmt.everest--andsheisoneofthemostbeautifulmountainsontheearth--我站在那在湖的邊緣，然后望向珠峰--她是地球上最漂亮的山峰之一--andisaidtomyself,justdothisslowly.我就像這樣慢慢的對(duì)我自己說(shuō)道。andiswamacrossthelake.然后我游過(guò)了這個(gè)湖泊。andican'tbegintotellyouhowgoodifeltwhenicametotheotherside.我無(wú)法告訴你們當(dāng)我抵達(dá)湖的另一邊時(shí)我感覺(jué)有多好。butilearnedtwovery,veryimportantlessonsthereonmt.everest,andithankmyteamofsherpaswhotaughtmethis.不過(guò)我從珠峰學(xué)習(xí)到兩個(gè)十分，十分重要的教訓(xùn)。我十分感謝我隊(duì)伍中的夏爾巴告訴了我這些。thefirstoneisthatjustbecausesomethinghasworkedinthepastsowell,doesn'tmeanit'sgoingtoworkinthefuture.第一種就是一種事情無(wú)論本來(lái)是怎樣的，并不代表在未來(lái)就會(huì)怎樣。andsimilarly,now,beforeidoanything,iaskmyselfwhattypeofmindsetdoirequiretosuccessfullycompleteatask.相似的，目前，在我做一件事情之前，我問(wèn)到我自己，我需要怎樣的一種態(tài)度才能成功的完畢我的任務(wù)。andtakingthatintotheworldofclimatechange--whichis,frankly,themt.everestofallproblems--justbecausewe'velivedthewaywehavelivedforsolong,justbecausewehaveconsumedthewaywehaveforsolongandpopulatedtheearththewaywehaveforsolong,doesn'tmeanthatwecancarryonthewaywearecarryingon.然后這樣來(lái)想一想氣候變化，那是，說(shuō)實(shí)話，珠峰和其他所有的問(wèn)題--不能由于我們已經(jīng)像這樣生活了這樣長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，不能由于我們已經(jīng)像這樣消費(fèi)了那么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不能由于我們像這樣人口增長(zhǎng)了這樣長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，就意味著我們可以這樣像以往同樣堅(jiān)持下去。thewarningsignsareallthere.警告信號(hào)就在那。wheniwasborn,theworld'spopulationwas3.5billionpeople.當(dāng)我出生時(shí)，世界的人口只有35億。we'renow6.8billionpeople,andwe'reexpectedtobe9billionpeopleby2050.目前有68億然后我們估計(jì)在2050年有90億。andthenthesecondlesson,theradical,tacticalshift.這里就有第二個(gè)教訓(xùn)，劇烈的戰(zhàn)術(shù)變化。andi'vecomeheretoaskyoutoday:whatradicaltacticalshiftcanyoutakeinyourrelationshiptotheenvironment,whichwillensure我今天來(lái)到這里問(wèn)你們：你在你的環(huán)境里能做出怎樣的劇烈的戰(zhàn)術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)變才能保證thatourchildrenandourgrandchildrenliveinasafeworldandasecureworld,andmostimportantly,inasustainableworld?我們的子孫能居住在一種安全的一種保險(xiǎn)的世界，最重要的是，一種可持續(xù)發(fā)展的世界?andiaskyou,please,togoawayfromhereandthinkaboutthatoneradicaltacticalshiftwhichyoucouldmake,whichwillmakethatbigdifference,然后我規(guī)定你，請(qǐng)你們，從這里出發(fā)然后想象你要做怎樣的激進(jìn)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)變化，才能做出巨大的變化，andthencommitahundredpercenttodoingit.怎樣下定決心去做。blogaboutit,tweetaboutit,talkaboutit,andcommitahundredpercent,becausevery,veryfewthingsareimpossibletoachieveifwereallyputourwholemindstoit.些有關(guān)這些變化的博客，微博，談?wù)撘幌拢缓笕硇耐度?。由于假如我們?nèi)硇耐度耄挥泻苌偈虑槭遣灰苍S的。sothankyouvery,verymuch.因此，十分感謝你們。TED英語(yǔ)演講稿：怎樣讓選擇更輕易ted演講稿（2）|簡(jiǎn)介：面對(duì)商場(chǎng)里五花八門的商品，你的選擇恐驚癥又犯了嗎?美國(guó)哥倫比亞大學(xué)商學(xué)專家sheenaiyengar研究怎樣讓你在做選擇時(shí)更輕易。為了讓你的選擇省時(shí)省力，商家又會(huì)有哪些訣竅呢?doyouknowhowmanychoicesyoumakeinatypicalday?doyouknowhowmanychoicesyoumakeintypicalweek?irecentlydidasurveywithover2,000americans,andtheaveragenumberofchoicesthatthetypicalamericanreportsmakingisabout70inatypicalday.therewasalsorecentlyastudydonewithceosinwhichtheyfollowedceosaroundforawholeweek.andthesescientistssimplydocumentedallthevarioustasksthattheseceosengagedinandhowmuchtimetheyspentengaginginmakingdecisionsrelatedtothesetasks.andtheyfoundthattheaverageceoengagedinabout139tasksinaweek.eachtaskwasmadeupofmany,many,manysub-choicesofcourse.50percentoftheirdecisionsweremadeinnineminutesorless.onlyabout12percentofthedecisionsdidtheymakeanhourormoreoftheirtime.thinkaboutyourownchoices.doyouknowhowmanychoicesmakeitintoyournineminutecategoryversusyouronehourcategory?howwelldoyouthinkyou'redoingatmanagingthosechoices?todayiwanttotalkaboutoneofthebiggestmoderndaychoosingproblemsthatwehave,whichisthechoiceoverloadproblem.iwanttotalkabouttheproblemandsomepotentialsolutions.nowasitalkaboutthisproblem,i'mgoingtohavesomequestionsforyouandi'mgoingtowanttoknowyouranswers.sowheniaskyouaquestion,sincei'mblind,onlyraiseyourhandifyouwanttoburnoffsomecalories.(laughter)otherwise,wheniaskyouaquestion,andifyouranswerisyes,i'dlikeyoutoclapyourhands.soformyfirstquestionforyoutoday:areyouguysreadytohearaboutthechoiceoverloadproblem?(applause)thankyou.sowheniwasagraduatestudentatstanforduniversity,iusedtogotothisvery,veryupscalegrocerystore;atleastatthattimeitwastrulyupscale.itwasastorecalleddraeger's.nowthisstore,itwasalmostlikegoingtoanamusementpark.theyhad250differentkindsofmustardsandvinegarsandover500differentkindsoffruitsandvegetablesandmorethantwodozendifferentkindsofbottledwater--andthiswasduringatimewhenweactuallyusedtodrinktapwater.iusedtolovegoingtothisstore,butononeoccasioniaskedmyself,wellhowcomeyouneverbuyanything?here'stheiroliveoilaisle.theyhadover75differentkindsofoliveoil,includingthosethatwereinalockedcasethatcamefromthousand-year-oldolivetrees.soionedaydecidedtopayavisittothemanager,andiaskedthemanager,"isthismodelofofferingpeopleallthischoicereallyworking?"andhepointedtothebusloadsoftouriststhatwouldshowupeveryday,withcamerasreadyusually.wedecidedtodoalittleexperiment,andwepickedjamforourexperiment.here'stheirjamaisle.theyhad348differentkindsofjam.wesetupalittletastingboothrightneartheentranceofthestore.wethereputoutsixdifferentflavorsofjamor24differentflavorsofjam,andwelookedattwothings:first,inwhichcasewerepeoplemorelikelytostop,samplesomejam?morepeoplestoppedwhentherewere24,about60percent,thanwhenthereweresix,about40percent.thenextthingwelookedatisinwhichcasewerepeoplemorelikelytobuyajarofjam.nowweseetheoppositeeffect.ofthepeoplewhostoppedwhentherewere24,onlythreepercentofthemactuallyboughtajarofjam.ofthepeoplewhostoppedwhenthereweresix,wellnowwesawthat30percentofthemactuallyboughtajarofjam.nowifyoudothemath,peoplewereatleastsixtimesmorelikelytobuyajarofjamiftheyencounteredsixthaniftheyencountered24.nowchoosingnottobuyajarofjamisprobablygoodforus--atleastit'sgoodforourwaistlines--butitturnsoutthatthischoiceoverloadproblemaffectsuseveninveryconsequentialdecisions.wechoosenottochoose,evenwhenitgoesagainstourbestself-interests.sonowforthetopicoftoday:financialsavings.nowi'mgoingtodescribetoyouastudyididwithgurhuberman,emirkamenica,weijangwherewelookedattheretirementsavingsdecisionsofnearlyamillionamericansfromabout650plansallintheu.s.andwhatwelookedatwaswhetherthenumberoffundofferingsavailableinaretirementsavingsplan,the401(k)plan,doesthataffectpeople'slikelihoodtosavemorefortomorrow.andwhatwefoundwasthatindeedtherewasacorrelation.sointheseplans,wehadabout657plansthatrangedfromofferingpeopleanywherefromtwoto59differentfundofferings.andwhatwefoundwasthat,themorefundsoffered,indeed,therewaslessparticipationrate.soifyoulookattheextremes,thoseplansthatofferedyoutwofunds,participationrateswerearoundinthemid-70s--stillnotashighaswewantittobe.inthoseplansthatofferednearly60funds,participationrateshavenowdroppedtoaboutthe60thpercentile.nowitturnsoutthatevenifyoudochoosetoparticipatewhentherearemorechoicespresent,eventhen,ithasnegativeconsequences.soforthosepeoplewhodidchoosetoparticipate,themorechoicesavailable,themorelikelypeopleweretocompletelyavoidstocksorequityfunds.themorechoicesavailable,themorelikelytheyweretoputalltheirmoneyinpuremoneymarketaccounts.nowneitheroftheseextremedecisionsarethekindsofdecisionsthatanyofuswouldrecommendforpeoplewhenyou'reconsideringtheirfuturefinancialwell-being.well,overthepastdecade,wehaveobservedthreemainnegativeconsequencestoofferingpeoplemoreandmorechoices.they'remorelikelytodelaychoosing--procrastinateevenwhenitgoesagainsttheirbestself-interest.they'remorelikelytomakeworsechoices--worsefinancialchoices,medicalchoices.they'remorelikelytochoosethingsthatmakethemlesssatisfied,evenwhentheydoobjectivelybetter.themainreasonforthisisbecause,wemightenjoygazingatthosegiantwallsofmayonnaises,mustards,vinegars,jams,butwecan'tactuallydothemathofcomparingandcontrastingandactuallypickingfromthatstunningdisplay.sowhatiwanttoproposetoyoutodayarefoursimpletechniques--techniquesthatwehavetestedinonewayoranotherindifferentresearchvenues--thatyoucaneasilyapplyinyourbusinesses.thefirst:cut.you'vehearditsaidbefore,butit'sneverbeenmoretruethantoday,thatlessismore.peoplearealwaysupsetwhenisay,"cut."they'realwaysworriedthey'regoingtoloseshelfspace.butinfact,whatwe'reseeingmoreandmoreisthatifyouarewillingtocut,getridofthoseextraneousredundantoptions,wellthere'sanincreaseinsales,there'saloweringofcosts,thereisanimprovementofthechoosingexperience.whenproctor&gamblewentfrom26differentkindsofhead&shouldersto15,theysawanincreaseinsalesby10percent.whenthegoldencatcorporationgotridoftheir10worst-sellingcatlitterproducts,theysawanincreaseinprofitsby87percent--afunctionofbothincreaseinsalesandloweringofcosts.youknow,theaveragegrocerystoretodayoffersyou45,000products.thetypicalwalmarttodayoffersyou100,000products.buttheninthlargestretailer,theninthbiggestretailerintheworldtodayisaldi,anditoffersyouonly1,400products--onekindofcannedtomatosauce.nowinthefinancialsavingsworld,ithinkoneofthebestexamplesthathasrecentlycomeoutonhowtobestmanagethechoiceofferingshasactuallybeensomethingthatdavidlaibsonwasheavilyinvolvedindesigning,whichwastheprogramthattheyhaveatharvard.everysingleharvardemployeeisnowautomaticallyenrolledinalifecyclefund.forthosepeoplewhoactuallywanttochoose,they'regiven20funds,not300ormorefunds.youknow,often,peoplesay,"idon'tknowhowtocut.they'reallimportantchoices."andthefirstthingidoisiasktheemployees,"tellmehowthesechoicesaredifferentfromoneanother.andifyouremployeescan'ttellthemapart,neithercanyourconsumers."nowbeforewestartedoursessionthisafternoon,ihadachatwithgary.andgarysaidthathewouldbewillingtoofferpeopleinthisaudienceanall-expenses-paidfreevacationtothemostbeautifulroadintheworld.here'sadescriptionoftheroad.andi'dlikeyoutoreadit.andnowi'llgiveyouafewsecondstoreaditandtheniwantyoutoclapyourhandsifyou'rereadytotakegaryuponhisoffer.(lightclapping)okay.anybodywho'sreadytotakehimuponhisoffer.isthatall?allright,letmeshowyousomemoreaboutthis.(laughter)youguysknewtherewasatrick,didn'tyou.(honk)nowwho'sreadytogoonthistrip.(applause)(laughter)ithinkimighthaveactuallyheardmorehands.allright.nowinfact,youhadobjectivelymoreinformationthefirsttimearoundthanthesecondtimearound,butiwouldventuretoguessthatyoufeltthatitwasmorerealthesecondtimearound.becausethepicturesmadeitfeelmorerealtoyou.whichbringsmetothesecondtechniqueforhandlingthechoiceoverloadproblem,whichisconcretization.thatinorderforpeopletounderstandthedifferencesbetweenthechoices,theyhavetobeabletounderstandtheconsequencesassociatedwitheachchoice,andthattheconsequencesneedtobefeltinavividsortofway,inaveryconcreteway.whydopeoplespendanaverageof15to30percentmorewhentheyuseanatmcardoracreditcardasopposedtocash?becauseitdoesn'tfeellikerealmoney.anditturnsoutthatmakingitfeelmoreconcretecanactuallybeaverypositivetooltouseingettingpeopletosavemore.soastudythatididwithshlomobenartziandalessandroprevitero,wedidastudywithpeopleating--employeesthatareallworkingating--andnowthesepeoplewereallinasessionwherethey'redoingenrollmentfortheir401(k)plan.andduringthatsession,wekeptthesessionexactlythewayitusedtobe,butweaddedonelittlething.theonelittlethingweaddedwasweaskedpeopletojustthinkaboutallthepositivethingsthatwouldhappeninyourlifeifyousavedmore.bydoingthatsimplething,therewasanincreaseinenrollmentby20percentandtherewasanincreaseintheamountofpeoplewillingtosaveortheamountthattheywerewillingtoputdownintotheirsavingsaccountbyfourpercent.thethirdtechnique:categorization.wecanhandlemorecategoriesthanwecanhandlechoices.soforexample,here'sastudywedidinamagazineaisle.itturnsoutthatinwegmansgrocerystoresupanddownthenortheastcorridor,themagazineaislesrangeanywherefrom331differentkindsofmagazinesallthewayupto664.butyouknowwhat?ifishowyou600magazinesandidividethemupinto10categories,versusishowyou400magazinesanddividethemupinto20categories,youbelievethatihavegivenyoumorechoiceandabetterchoosingexperienceifigaveyouthe400thanifigaveyouthe600.becausethecategoriestellmehowtotellthemapart.herearetwodifferentjewelrydisplays.oneiscalled"jazz"andtheotheroneiscalled"swing."ifyouthinkthedisplayontheleftisswingandthedisplayontherightisjazz,clapyourhands.(lightclapping)okay,there'ssome.ifyouthinktheoneontheleftisjazzandtheoneontherightisswing,clapyourhands.okay,abitmore.nowitturnsoutyou'reright.theoneontheleftisjazzandtheoneontherightisswing,butyouknowwhat?thisisahighlyuselesscategorizationscheme.(laughter)thecategoriesneedtosaysomethingtothechooser,notthechoice-maker.andyouoftenseethatproblemwhenitcomesdowntothoselonglistsofallthesefunds.whoaretheyactuallysupposedtobeinforming?myfourthtechnique:conditionforcomplexity.itturnsoutwecanactuallyhandlealotmoreinformationthanwethinkwecan,we'vejustgottotakeitalittleeasier.wehavetograduallyincreasethecomplexity.i'mgoingtoshowyouoneexampleofwhati'mtalkingabout.let'stakeavery,verycomplicateddecision:buyingacar.here'sagermancarmanufacturerthatgivesyoutheopportunitytocompletelycustommakeyourcar.you'vegottomake60differentdecisions,completelymakeupyourcar.nowthesedecisionsvaryinthenumberofchoicesthattheyofferperdecision.carcolors,exteriorcarcolors--i'vegot56choices.engines,gearshift--fourchoices.sonowwhati'mgoingtodoisi'mgoingtovarytheorderinwhichthesedecisionsappear.sohalfofthecustomersaregoingtogofromhighchoice,56carcolors,tolowchoice,fourgearshifts.theotherhalfofthecustomersaregoingtogofromlowchoice,fourgearshifts,to56carcolors,highchoice.whatamigoingtolookat?howengagedyouare.ifyoukeephittingthedefaultbuttonperdecision,thatmeansyou'regettingoverwhelmed,thatmeansi'mlosingyou.whatyoufindisthepeoplewhogofromhighchoicetolowchoice,they'rehittingthatdefaultbuttonoverandoverandoveragain.we'relosingthem.theygofromlowchoicetohighchoice,they'rehanginginthere.it'sthesameinformation.it'sthesamenumberofchoices.theonlythingthatihavedoneisihavevariedtheorderinwhichthatinformationispresented.ifistartyouoffeasy,ilearnhowtochoose.eventhoughchoosinggearshiftdoesn'ttellmeanythingaboutmypreferencesforinteriordecor,itstillpreparesmeforhowtochoose.italsogetsmeexcitedaboutthisbigproductthati'mputtingtogether,soi'mmorewillingtobemotivatedtobeengaged.soletmerecap.ihavetalkedaboutfourtechniquesformitigatingtheproblemofchoiceoverload--cut--getridoftheextraneousalternatives;concretize--makeitreal;categorize--wecanhandlemorecategories,lesschoices;conditionforcomplexity.allofthesetechniquesthati'mdescribingtoyoutodayaredesignedtohelpyoumanageyourchoices--betterforyou,youcanusethemonyourself,betterforthepeoplethatyouareserving.becauseibelievethatthekeytogettingthemostfromchoiceistobechoosyaboutchoosing.andthemorewe'reabletobechoosyaboutchoosingthebetterwewillbeabletopracticetheartofchoosing.thankyouverymuch.(applause)TED英語(yǔ)演講稿：我們?yōu)楹我X(jué)ted演講稿（3）|簡(jiǎn)介：畢生中，我們有三分之一的時(shí)間都在睡眠中度過(guò)。有關(guān)睡眠，你又理解多少?睡眠專家russellfoster為我們解答為何要睡覺(jué)，以及睡眠對(duì)健康的影響。whati'dliketodotodayistalkaboutoneofmyfavoritesubjects,andthatistheneuroscienceofsleep.now,thereisasound--(alarmclock)--aah,itworked--asoundthatisdesperately,desperatelyfamiliartomostofus,andofcourseit'sthesoundofthealarmclock.andwhatthattrulyghastly,awfulsounddoesisstopthesinglemostimportantbehavioralexperiencethatwehave,andthat'ssleep.ifyou'reanaveragesortofperson,36percentofyourlifewillbespentasleep,whichmeansthatifyouliveto90,then32yearswillhavebeenspententirelyasleep.nowwhatthat32yearsistellingusisthatsleepatsomelevelisimportant.andyet,formostofus,wedon'tgivesleepasecondthought.wethrowitaway.wereallyjustdon'tthinkaboutsleep.andsowhati'dliketodotodayischangeyourviews,changeyourideasandyourthoughtsaboutsleep.andthejourneythatiwanttotakeyouon,weneedtostartbygoingbackintime."enjoythehoney-heavydewofslumber."anyideaswhosaidthat?shakespeare'sjuliuscaesar.yes,letmegiveyouafewmorequotes."osleep,ogentlesleep,nature'ssoftnurse,howhaveifrightedthee?"shakespeareagain,from--iwon'tsayit--thescottishplay.[correction:henryiv,part2](laughter)fromthesametime:"sleepisthe