定語(yǔ)從句學(xué)案

一、定語(yǔ)的概念：定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞的。例如：(先試試用橫線劃出下面短語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)，然后在背面的括號(hào)里注明是什么在作定語(yǔ))abeautifulgirl （） threeboys（） ashoefactory （）Jim’sfather() ourteacher()themaninthecar（） themanstandingatthedoor （） themanwhoistalkingwithSam（）二、定語(yǔ)從句的概念及重要特性：

1．定語(yǔ)從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后；引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。請(qǐng)劃出下列句子中的定語(yǔ)從句、先行詞及關(guān)系代詞：

Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.

2.定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞重要特性：（1）指代作用：關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）指代先行詞；（2）成分作用：關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）在從句中必須作成分；三、定語(yǔ)從句的基本使用方法：關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？梢允÷裕樵~提前時(shí)背面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語(yǔ)Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.whose人，物定語(yǔ)Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.that人，物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.as人，物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做賓語(yǔ)一般不省略關(guān)系副詞where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)詞都不能省when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)why原因原因狀語(yǔ)思索：怎樣選定對(duì)的的關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）（一）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

1．who

指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也作賓語(yǔ)。

Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.

想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點(diǎn)到大門(mén)口集合。

分析：先行詞__________,引導(dǎo)詞who在從句中作________。2.whom

指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。

MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.

分析：先行詞__________在從句中作________。注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常可用who來(lái)替代，也可省略。

Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.whose

一般指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.

我拜訪了一種全國(guó)著名的科學(xué)家。分析：先行詞__________在從句中作________。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.

譯成漢語(yǔ)：_________________________________分析：先行詞__________在從句中作________。注意：指物時(shí)，常用下列構(gòu)造來(lái)替代：

Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

＝Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?

＝Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?

自己總結(jié)一下：在定語(yǔ)從句中，whose+名詞＝___________________________4.which指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。

Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.

足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)。分析：先行詞__________在從句中作________。

5.that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人時(shí)，相稱(chēng)于who或whom；指物時(shí)，相稱(chēng)于which.。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。

Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.

注意：關(guān)系代詞that與which的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句在下列狀況下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人時(shí)可以用who/whom）1.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或者序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：

ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.

ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.

在倫敦他們參觀的第一種地方是大本鐘。

2.當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,much等代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代詞修飾時(shí)。如：

HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?

Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.

Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.

3.當(dāng)先行詞被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast修飾時(shí)。如：

ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.

這正是我要買(mǎi)的詞典。

Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.

4.當(dāng)先行詞是who,或which引導(dǎo)的主句時(shí)。如：

Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?

WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?

5.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。如：

Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool

Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.思索：什么時(shí)候只能which而不能用that呢？1.在___________中；2.在____________之后。(二)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

1.when

指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。?？梢杂胕n/on/atwhich替代。

IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.

分析：先行詞__________引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作________。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.

你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？翻譯：___________________________________________2.where

指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。?？捎胕n/on/atwhich替代。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.

我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。注意：當(dāng)先行詞是situation,occasion,point（地步，程度），case（狀況，例子），position（職位，位置），scene（場(chǎng)景）等表達(dá)抽象“地點(diǎn)”的名詞作先行詞時(shí)，若定語(yǔ)從句中缺乏主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which,that來(lái)引導(dǎo)；若從句中缺乏地點(diǎn)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。Sometimesyouwillfindyourselfinasituationwhereyoufeltveryembarrassed（尷尬）.Hehasreachedapointwherenobodycancomparewithhim.Haveyoumetwiththecasewhichissimilartothisone?即學(xué)即練：Measuremustbetakentochangethesituationitisunfavourabletous.Canyouthinkoutasituationcanagreewithwhathehassaid?Hehasreachedastagehehadtogiveupsmoking.Hehasreachedastageisimportanttohiswholelife.3．why

指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。?？捎胒orwhich來(lái)替代。

Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.

請(qǐng)告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.

譯成漢語(yǔ)：____________________

注意：1)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句常?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表達(dá)。如：

①Fromtheyearswhen(=______________)hewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.

自從他在農(nóng)村讀小課時(shí)，他就已經(jīng)懂得長(zhǎng)大后要做什么。②Iwillneverforgetthemomentwhen(=______________)theblindstudentsmovedus.

③Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere(=______________)theylive.

他們生活的都市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。④Thereasonwhy(=______________)herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.

他為何拒絕接受邀請(qǐng)的原因是十分明了的。2)表達(dá)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因的名詞來(lái)作先行詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句可用關(guān)系代詞也可用關(guān)系副詞，詳細(xì)需根據(jù)從句所缺成分。①I(mǎi)willneverforgetthedays________weclimbedthemountaintogether.Iwillneverforgetthedays________wespenttogether.②Wevisitedthehouse_______LuXunusedtolive.Wevisitedthehouse_______LuXunusedtolivein.③Thisisthereason_______hewasunhappy.

Thisisthereason_______heexplainedatthemeeting.即學(xué)即練：①Thereseemstobenothingseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.②Hepreferstheapplescomesfromhisparents’farm.③Ihavereadallthebooksyougiveme.④Thisisthebestfilmhasbeenshownthismonth.⑤Thepancakesyouhadforbreakfastweremadeofcorn.⑥ThisistheonlynewspaperIreadinthemorning.⑦Fromthetimehewaslittle,hehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.⑧Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivitysightmattersmorethanhearing.⑨ShanghaiistheplaceIwasborn.⑩weallknowthereasonheissosadtoday.(三)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：

TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.

Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.

非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：

Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.

他媽媽十分地愛(ài)他，對(duì)他規(guī)定很?chē)?yán)格。

China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.

LastsummerIvisitedthePeople’sGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.注意：在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，有時(shí)which所指代的先行詞是前面的整個(gè)句子。XiaoLicametoseemeoff,whichwasverykindofher.Hedidn’tpasstheexam,whichsurprisedus.歸納總結(jié)：區(qū)別限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句形式與主句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)與主句之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)功能對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行限定、修飾。假如省去從句部分剩余部分意義便不完整、不明確對(duì)先行詞作附加闡明。去掉后，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整、明確。先行詞名詞、代詞或名詞詞組名詞、名詞詞組或整個(gè)主句引導(dǎo)詞所有關(guān)系詞除that和why之外的關(guān)系詞翻譯先譯從句再譯先行詞主句從句分別翻譯即學(xué)即練：用對(duì)的關(guān)系詞填空并翻譯下列句子①WearestudyingthebusinessEnglish,isveryusefulforusinthefuture.②IhatethehotelIlived.③Themanwasbitbymydogwasbitbymydogtodayagain④Asachild,Jackstudiedinavillageschool,isnamedafterhisgrandfather.⑤Becauseofthefinancialcrisis,daysaregone______local5-starhotelscharged6,000yuanforonenight.⑥They’vewontheirlastthreematches,______Ifindabitsurprising.(四)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。

①Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.

＝Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.

他曾經(jīng)就讀過(guò)的學(xué)校很出名。

②We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.

＝We’llgotohearthefamoussinger________________wehaveoftentalked.我們將去聽(tīng)那位我們常常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩?。③ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.

＝Themanager________________Iworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.我工作的那家企業(yè)的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。注意：1)具有介詞的固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的背面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof,giveup等。

Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.

(正)

ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.

(誤)2)若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who,that；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that;關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。

Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.

(正)

Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.

(誤)

3)根據(jù)表意需要“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：

①Heloveshisparentsdeeply,ofwhomareverykindtohim.

（父母都對(duì)他好）②Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,havegonebad.

（其中的某些已經(jīng)壞了）③Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.

④Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,areaboutcountrylife.

（其中三個(gè)是有關(guān)鄉(xiāng)村生活的）

4）介詞確實(shí)定：（1）根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或形容詞確定介詞，其動(dòng)詞或介詞搭配，構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。例如：ThemanwithwhomyoushookhandsjustnowisourEnglishteacher.(shakehandswithsb)ThetwothingsaboutwhichKarlMarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidioms.(besureabout)（2）根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞確定介詞，其先行詞往往是表達(dá)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、措施、工具等的詞，它們與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)絡(luò)。例如：I’llneverforgetthedayonwhich(=when)Ijoinedthearmy.（3）表達(dá)“所屬”關(guān)系或“整體中的一部分”時(shí)，用of。Theoldmanhasthreesons,twoofwhomaredoctors.（4）根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。有些句子，先行詞完全同樣，定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是由固定的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的，這時(shí)，要根據(jù)句子所要體現(xiàn)的意思，選用不一樣的介詞。例如：ThisisthepilotforwhomIboughtacamera.Thisisthepilotwithwhommybrotherhasworkedfortenyears.Thisisthepilotbywhommysonwassaved.即學(xué)即練：①I(mǎi)nthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersonwhomshecouldturnforhelp.②Isthisthecarwhichyoupaidahighprice?③TheteacherwhomthestudentsinourclassarefondisMrWang,ourEnglishteacher.④Thefactorywhich(=where)hisfatherworksisfarawayfrommyhometown.⑤Water,whichmancan’tlive,isreallyimportant.(五)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如：Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.例③中的all意為“一切”，作單數(shù)。例⑤中沒(méi)通過(guò)考試的學(xué)生實(shí)際上只有一人，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)。即學(xué)即練：①Heisoneofthestudentswho________neverlate.譯成漢語(yǔ)：________________________②Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho________neverlate.譯成漢語(yǔ)：_________________（六）as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的使用方法①as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般用于thesame…as,such…as構(gòu)造中。Iwantthesameshirtasmyfriend’s.我要一件跟我朋友同樣的襯衫。SuchmachinesasareusedinourworkshoparemadeinChina.我們車(chē)間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。②as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句代指先行詞為整個(gè)主句；既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后；此外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思；一般用下列句型：asisknowntoall,asissaid,asisreported,asisannounced,asweallknow,asIexpect，asisofenthecase等。AsIexpected,hegotthefirstplaceagaininthismid-termexamination.正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。注意：1.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別①當(dāng)主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí)，用as；反之，用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Hemadealongspeech,asweexpected.Hemadealongspeech,whichwasunexpected.②當(dāng)非限制定語(yǔ)從句為否認(rèn)期，常用which引導(dǎo)。Tomdrinksaloteveryday,whichhiswifedoesn’tlikeatall.2.當(dāng)先行詞受thesame修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別。如：

SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.

她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過(guò)的同一條連衣裙。

Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.

她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的同樣的連衣裙。3.定語(yǔ)從句such…as…與成果狀語(yǔ)從句such…that…的區(qū)別：as在所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)；that在成果狀語(yǔ)從句中不做成分HehassuchagoodlaptopasIwanttobuy.HehassuchagoodlaptopthatIwanttobuyone.(七)以theway為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般由inwhich或that引導(dǎo)，并且一般可以省略。

Theway________heansweredthequestionswassurprising.

他回答這些問(wèn)題的方式令人驚奇。Idon’tliketheway________youlaughather.

我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。Testyourself:1.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,

,ofcourse,madethe

othersunhappy.

A.which

B.who

C.this

D.what

2.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown

hegrewupasachild.

A.which

B.when

C.that

D.where

3.Thegentleman

youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.

A.who

B.aboutwhom

C.whom

D.withwhom

4.Pleasetakeanyseat

isfree.

A.which

B.where

C.inwhich

D.that

5.Theoldmanhastwosons,

isasoldier.

A.oneofwhomB.bothofthem

C.allofwhom

D.noneofthem

6.NewYorkisfamousforitssky-scrapers(摩天大樓)，

hasmorethan100storeys.

A.thehigherofthem

B.thehighestofwhichC.thehighestofthem

D.someofwhich

7.Myhomevillageisnolongerthesame

itusedtobe.

A.which

B.as

C.where

D.when

8.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30p.m.,

manypeoplehavegonehome.

A.whosetime

B.that

C.atwhich

D.bywhichtime

9.Theboy

compositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup.

A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.which

10.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,

wasmorethanwecouldexpect.

A.what

B.which

C.that

D.it

11.Mr.Wangisaboss,

factoryLiPingworked.

A.inwhose

B.whose

C.inwhom

D.ofwhich

12.Idon'tliketheway

youspeaktoher.

A./

B.that

C.inwhich

D.AllA,B,andC

13.Ishallneverforgettheyears

Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,

hasa