鍋爐整體啟動停止過程

鍋爐整體啟動鍋爐冷態(tài)啟動

CFB鍋爐的冷態(tài)啟動操作

OperationsofcoldstartofCFBB

鍋爐參數(shù)Two.Boilerparameter額定蒸發(fā)量Ratedevaporation75t/h額定蒸汽壓力Ratedsteampressure5.3MPa額定蒸汽溫度Ratedsteamtemperature485℃給水溫度Feedwatertemperature150℃排煙溫度Smoke-exhaustedtemperature150℃鍋爐設(shè)計效率Boilerdesignedefficiency88.2%排污率Sewagerate2%1.開車前的準(zhǔn)備工作preparedworksbeforestart1.1煤倉上滿煤，上煤前關(guān)閉煤倉下部的閘板Fullfillthesilowithcoal,shutthebottomflashboardbeforefilling1.2給鍋爐上水，通常上到-100毫米Feedwaterfortheboiler,usuallytothelevelof-100mm1.3上床料，上10mm篩下的底料，上到靜止的料層450---550mmFeedmaterialwhichunderthescreenof10mmmeshonbed,tothequietthicknessof450---550mm1.4點火4小時前，投上電除塵瓷瓶電加熱裝置PutontheelectricalheaterofthewireconnectingpolesofESP4hoursbeforeignition1.5檢查所有風(fēng)機(jī)和冷渣器冷卻水，確保水量水壓正常流量Checkthecoolingwaterforallkindsoffansandbottomashcoolers,toensurethepressureandflowamountarenormal1.6通知電氣值班人員，給所有的輔機(jī)送電Informtheelectricalwatchersofsupplyingpowertoalltheauxiliaryequipment1.7通知熱控值班人員，投有所有熱控儀表InformtheI&CwatcherstoputalltheI&Cdevicesintouse1.8檢查并關(guān)閉所有風(fēng)機(jī)進(jìn)出口擋板調(diào)節(jié)門Checkandclosetheinletandoutletdamperoffans,1.9啟動點火油泵備用，將油泵出口油壓調(diào)整到1.5--2.0MPa之間Startupignitingoilpumpandregulatetheexitpressurebetween1.5--2.0MPaforstandby.2.開車startup2.1按程序啟動引風(fēng)機(jī)，然后啟動送風(fēng)機(jī)StartuptheIDfan,FAfaninsequence.2.2逐漸增加一次風(fēng)量，打開燃燒室人孔，用肉眼觀察床料的流化情況，當(dāng)所有床料完全流化時停止加風(fēng)，記下當(dāng)時風(fēng)量作為本次點火的最小流化風(fēng)量。Increasetheamountofprimaryairgradually,openthemanholeofthedenseregion,observethefluidizingstatusbynakedeye,stopincreasingtheairwhenallthematerialsonbedarefluidized,andrecordtheairflowasthecriticalfluidizingairflow.2.3關(guān)閉人孔，增大一次風(fēng)量，讓床料徹底強(qiáng)烈流化，突然停掉一次風(fēng)，打開人孔觀察床面是否平整，床面平整表明布風(fēng)均勻，如果哪里床料有堆積，一定要清理床料檢查風(fēng)帽。Closethemanhole,increasetheairflowagaintomakethematerialsfluidizingviolently,then,stopthePAfansuddenly,openthemanholetocheckwhetherhasanuniformsurfaceofthedepositedmaterials,auniformsurfacerevealsagoodairdistribution.Materialwherehasapilemustbecleanedandnozzlesshouldbechecked2.4重新啟動一次風(fēng)機(jī)，增加一風(fēng)量略大于臨界流化風(fēng)量StartupthePAfanandincreasetheairflowalittlemorethenthecriticalfluidizingairflow.2.5啟動反料風(fēng)機(jī)，增加風(fēng)量到冷態(tài)試驗時確定的風(fēng)量Startuptheboostfanandincreasetheairflowtotheamountthatconfirmedinthecoldstatetest2.6送入床下油槍和電子點火器，點燃油槍，然后退出點火器Pushintheoilgunandtheelectronicsparkproducerwhichunderthebed,ignitetheoilgunandthenpulloutthesparkproducer2.7通過控制風(fēng)量一油量來控制熱風(fēng)溫度和床溫上升速度，通常熱風(fēng)溫度不超850℃過較安全，床溫升溫速度控制在每分鐘3--5℃Controlthehotairtemperatureandtheincreasingspeedofthetemperatureonbedthroughcontrollingtheairflowandtheamountofoil,usually,itissafeforthehotairtemperaturenomorethan850℃,thespeedis3--5℃/m.2.8點火初期，可以通過調(diào)節(jié)油槍前頭手動閥開度的大小來控制床溫的上升速度，當(dāng)床溫升速減緩，或停止上升時，可以全開手動閥并且提高油壓來提高床溫Intheearlystageofstarting,cancontroltherisingspeedofbedtemperaturethroughadjustingthemanualvalvebeforetheoilgun,whenthebedtemperaturerisesslowlyorstoprising,canthroughincreasingtheoilpressureandopenthevalvefullytoincreasethebedtemperature.2.10當(dāng)床溫高于煤的著火點以后，啟動給煤分布風(fēng)機(jī)，啟動給煤機(jī)，打開煤倉下閘板Whenthebedtemperaturehigherthantheburningpointofcoal,startupthecoaldistributingairfan,startupthecoalfeeder,openthebottomflash-gateunderthecoalsilo.2.11加煤初期，先投用一臺或兩臺給煤機(jī)，通常加5%給煤量，加5分鐘后停止給煤，觀察床溫的變化趨勢,如果床溫下降，表明不但是煤沒有燃燒，并且加煤量過多對床料起到了冷卻作。Putoneortwosetsofcoalfeedersinuseintheinitialtime,usuallyputon5%ofthefullspeedandstopit5minuteslater,seethetrendofbedtemperaturechange,droppingrevealsnotonlythatthecoalnotburntbutalsothattheamountofcoaltoomuchandmakeacoolingfunctiononthebedmaterial.如果加煤后床溫上升，表明煤進(jìn)入爐內(nèi)后已開始燃燒,如果溫長減緩或停止，說明加入的煤已燃盡，應(yīng)立即投入給煤機(jī)。加煤過程中，給煤機(jī)應(yīng)間斷加煤，并且?guī)着_給煤機(jī)切換投用。Ifthebedtemperatureincreasesafterfeeding,revealsthecombustionofcoal,whentherisingspeedsloworceased,itmeansthatthecoalfedininitiallyburnedout,feedersshouldputonimmediately.Intheprocessoffeeding,feedersshouldbeputinuseperiodicallyandonshift.2.12當(dāng)床溫超過750℃以后，根據(jù)床溫的上升速度適當(dāng)降低油壓，關(guān)小油槍前手動閥門開度Whenthebedtemperatureover750℃,decreasetheoilpressureandtheopeningofthemanualvalvebeforeoilgunslightly,accordingtotherisingspeedofbedtemperature.2.13當(dāng)床溫超過800℃以后，停掉油槍，同時適當(dāng)增加給煤量，調(diào)整風(fēng)量，將床溫控制在900℃附近Whenthebedtemperatureover800℃,stoptheoilgun,atthesametimeincreasetheamountofcoalproperly,adjusttheairflowtocontrolthebedtemperaturenear900℃.2.14當(dāng)床溫穩(wěn)定以后，停掉油泵，將油槍吹掃后退出Whengetastabletrendofthebedtemperature,stoptheoilpump,blowouttheoilgunandpullitout.2.15增加風(fēng)量和煤量，提高鍋爐負(fù)荷，調(diào)節(jié)風(fēng)煤配比，提高燃燒效率，實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)運行Increasetheairflowandtheamountofcoaltoraisetheloadofboiler,adjusttheratioofthemtogetasufficientandeconomicalcombustion.3.點火過程中汽水系統(tǒng)的操作

Theoperationsofsteam-watersystemduringtheprocessofigniting3.1在點火過程中，應(yīng)該間斷上水保持水位正常，當(dāng)上水的時候應(yīng)關(guān)閉在循環(huán)閥，停止上水時打開再循環(huán)閥Duringtheigniting,youshouldfeedwaterdiscontinuouslytoensureaordinarywaterlevel,whenfeedingwater,thevalveonre-circulatingpipeshouldbeclosedandafterfeedingwater,itshouldbeopen.3.2在點火過程中，高低過和減溫器上的疏水應(yīng)該打開Duringtheigniting,drainagevalvesonlowtemperaturesuper-heater,hightemperaturesuper-heater,temperaturereducershouldbeopened3.3點火過程中，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)排污來改善水循環(huán)Duringtheigniting,youshoulddischargethewastewaterperiodically,toimprovethenaturalcirculation.3.4當(dāng)汽溫、汽壓達(dá)到正常值時，可以并汽，關(guān)閉所有疏水，投入連排Whenthetemperatureandpressurereachtheordinaryvalue,youcancombinethesteamtothemotherpipe,closeallthedrainagevalvesandputthecontinuousdischargewastewatervalvesinuse.4.冷渣器的操作Theoperationsofashcooler1點火過程中，當(dāng)加煤以后，料層差壓會增加，這時應(yīng)該增加一次風(fēng)量來保證料層流化正常，否則，就應(yīng)該啟動冷渣器，通過排渣保持料層穩(wěn)定Duringtheprocessofigniting,whenyoufeedcola,thematerialdifferentialpressurewillincrease,soyoushouldincreasetheamountprimaryairflowtokeepagoodfluidization,otherwise,youshouldputtheashcoolerinusetokeepthematerialdifferentialpressureconstantly2打開冷渣器循環(huán)水閥，投用冷卻水Openthevalvesoncirculatingwaterpipes,putthecoolingwateroftheashcoolerinuse.3啟動冷渣器，給定一個合適的轉(zhuǎn)速Startuptheashcooler,giveaspeedappropriately電除塵器的操作TheoperationsofESP1當(dāng)停掉油槍30分鐘以后，可以投入電除塵的電場Aftertheoilgunhasbeenstopped,Atleast30minuteslateryoucanputonelectricalfieldoftheESP2停止電加熱，切到自動加熱位置Stoptheelectricalheater,changetoautomatism3打開灰倉下部手動（氣動或電動）閥Openthemanual(pneumaticormotordriven)valveundertheashsilo6.點火過程中的結(jié)焦問題Theproblemofslagingduringtheprocessofignition6.1結(jié)焦時的現(xiàn)象Thephenomenawhenslaging當(dāng)結(jié)焦發(fā)生時，床溫比正常情況增長迅速，通常每分鐘上升20—50℃，有時接近每分鐘100℃，在一些嚴(yán)重的結(jié)焦過程中，從煤的著火點到結(jié)焦只有幾分鐘時間Whenslaging,thebedtemperaturewillincreasefasterthanordinary,usually20—50℃/min,sometimesnear100℃/min,insomeseriousprocessofslaging,fromtheburningpointtothemeltingpointonlyconsumesseveralminutes.煙氣含氧量迅速降低，有接近到零Theproportionofoxygendecreasefast,sometimesnearzero.爐膛負(fù)壓大幅度波動Thefurnacepressurefluctuatesinalargerange汽壓、汽溫、水位快速升高Thesteampressure,steamtemperaturewaterlevelincreasesfast6.2結(jié)焦原因Thecausationsofslaging在低溫結(jié)段加煤太多，不時沒有燃燒，當(dāng)床溫超過煤的著火點后造成爆燃Feedtoomuchcoalatalowtemperature,andcannotbeburnedatthattime,whenthebedtemperatureovertheburningpoint,causedburstingcombustion一次風(fēng)量太小，低于臨界流化風(fēng)量，煤顆粒沉積在床面上燃燒并粘結(jié)到了一起Theprimaryairflowlessthanthecriticalfluidizationairflow,coaldepositsonthebed,burnandadheretogether個別風(fēng)帽小孔堵塞，造成局部流化不良Somenozzlesoftheaircapblocked,causedpartialunfluidization6.3預(yù)防結(jié)焦的措施Themethodsofpreventslaging在上底料之前檢查所有風(fēng)帽小孔，確保每一個風(fēng)帽暢通Checkeverynozzletoensurealltheaircapventilatingwellbeforefeedingmaterialonbed點火之前做臨界流化風(fēng)量試驗，點火過程中一次風(fēng)量不能低于該風(fēng)量takeoutacriticalfluidizingairflowtestbeforeigniting,theprimaryairflowkeptnolessthanitduringtheignitingprocess.控制加煤量，整個點火過程中加煤總量不能超過床料量的20%，以少量多次加煤較好Controltheamountofcoal,thetotalamountofspongecokewouldnotover20%ofthematerialonbedduringtheigniting,itwouldbebettertofeedthespongecokeinasmallamountandinmanytimes當(dāng)床溫接近正常后及時停掉并撤出油槍，如果忙亂中忘掉這一環(huán)節(jié)可能倒至結(jié)焦Stopandpullouttheoilgunwhenthebedtemperatureapproachtheordinaryvalue,itwouldcausedseriousresultifyouforgetthisstep第二節(jié)流化床鍋爐的壓火操作

Section2TheOperationsofBankingFire1.壓火的概念thenotionofbankingfireCFB鍋爐有一個特點，在它的密相區(qū)，有大量的床料，當(dāng)把送風(fēng)和給煤突然停下后，物料沉積在床面上并保持較高溫度，于是床內(nèi)有較大的熱容，如果鍋爐密封良好，床溫可以保持較長時間，通常能保持在著火點以上4—6個小時，如果密相區(qū)和風(fēng)室內(nèi)沒有受熱面，床溫可以保持8—10個小，這個過程叫做壓火。CFB-boilerhasacharacteristic,thatinitsdenseregion,hasalargeamountofmaterial,whentheairandfuelsupplyshutdownsuddenly,particlesdepositonthebedwithhightemperature,sotheyhaveabigcapacityofthermalenergy,ifboilerhasagoodsealing,thetemperaturecanlastalongtimeusually4—6hours,keptabovetheburningpointoffuel.Itmaybe8—10hoursifthereisnotheatingsurfaceindenseregionandinairchamber,thisprocessisknownasbankingfire.2.壓火的操作步驟Thestepsofbankingfire2.1降低鍋爐負(fù)荷到最低負(fù)荷Declinetheloadofboilertotheminimumload2.2調(diào)整風(fēng)煤配比，使床溫略高于正常運行床溫，一般控制在950—980℃Regulatetheratioofairandcoal,tocontrolthebedtemperaturehigherslightlythanthenormalvalue,usuallycontroledintherangeof950—980℃2.3停止冷渣器運行Stoptheslagcooler2.4停掉給煤機(jī)，當(dāng)床溫有下降趨勢時停掉所有風(fēng)機(jī)Stopthecoalfeedersuddently,stopallthefanswhentheseeadropingtrenofbedtemperature2.5關(guān)嚴(yán)所有風(fēng)機(jī)進(jìn)出口擋板，和所有進(jìn)入爐膛的風(fēng)口，防止有風(fēng)漏入爐膛Closetheallthedampersattheoutletandinletoffans,closethetheentrenceofairwhichcanconnecttofurnacetopreventairleaking2.6關(guān)閉定排、連排閥門Closethecontinuousandperiodicaldischargewastewatervalves2.7少量開啟低過進(jìn)口疏水閥Openalittleofthedrainvalveofinletheaderofsuperheater3.壓火過程的注意事項Attentionsduringtheprocessofbankingfire3.1壓火過程中要保持水位正常Thewaterlevelshouldbekeepedannormalvalueduringtheprocessofbankingfire3.2壓火前一般保持較高料層壓差，以增大爐內(nèi)熱容，延長壓火時間Tokeepahigherbedmaterialthickness,whichcanincreasethethermalcapacity,soastheextendthetimeofbankingfire3.3壓火過程中盡量不開對空排汽，如果壓火后壓力上升超過正常運行壓力，可小量開排汽，壓力下降后再關(guān)閉，以減少熱損失。Itisbettertoshououtthedischargesteamvalve,ifthepressurerisesaftertheboilerisbanked,canopenthesteamdischargevalvealittleandcloseitwhenthepressuredroped,thuscanreducethethermallosingtoextendthetime3.4壓火后床溫一般會緩慢下降，如果出現(xiàn)床溫上升現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)查明原因及時出理。Commonly,thebedtemperaturewillfallgradually,ifitrise,checkthematterandtackleitimmediately第三節(jié)流化床鍋爐的揚火操作Section3TheOperationsofReleasingFire揚火的概念Thenotionofreleasingfire重新啟動一臺處于壓火狀態(tài)的流化床鍋爐的過程叫作揚火，如果床溫遠(yuǎn)高于煤的著火溫度，不需投入油槍，只需在啟動風(fēng)機(jī)后迅速加煤，這個揚火過程叫熱啟動。Whenrestartaboilerwhichonthestateofbankingfire,maybe,wecancallthisprocessreleasingfire.Ifthetemperatureismorehigherthantheburningpoint,itdonotneedputintheoilgun,youcanfeedfuelimmediatelywhenfansstartedup,thisprocesscalledhotstart.如果床溫略高或低于煤的著火溫度，啟動風(fēng)機(jī)后需投入油槍助燃，為全揚火過程叫做溫態(tài)啟動。所以熱態(tài)啟動和溫態(tài)啟動在操作上的唯一區(qū)別就是看不投油槍。Ifthetemperaturealittleaboveorlowerthantheburningpoint,whenstartingupthefansneedputintheoilguntoincreasethetemperature,thisprocesscalledwarmstart.Sotheonlydifferenceonoperationbetweenthehotandwarmstartisthatwhetherneedtheoilguntosupportthecombustion.2.揚火操作的步驟Theoperatingprocedureofreleasingfire2.1啟動點火油泵，調(diào)整油壓到1.5—2.0MpaStartuptheoilpump,adjusttheoutletpressurebetween1.5—2.0Mpa2.2啟動引風(fēng)機(jī)，一次風(fēng)機(jī)，增加一次風(fēng)量略大于臨界流化風(fēng)量，在增加風(fēng)量的過程中打開油槍電磁閥，提前全開手動閥StartuptheIDfan,PAfaninsequence,increasetheprimaryairflowalittlemorethanthecriticalfluidizingairflow,inthisprocessopentheelectromagneticvalve,fullopenthemanualvalvebeforetheoilgunearly2.3啟動返料風(fēng)機(jī)Startuptheboostfan2.4啟動播煤機(jī)機(jī)，啟動給煤機(jī)備用Startupthecoaldistributingairfan,startupthecoalfeederforstand-by2.5在揚火初期，通常床溫會快速下降，幾分鐘后下降速度會減緩或走穩(wěn)，現(xiàn)在如果床溫高于煤的著火溫度，投入給煤機(jī)，如果床溫低于煤的著火溫度，就要著晚點加煤，余下的操作步驟和正常冷態(tài)點火相同。Atthebeginningtimeofstarting,usually,thebedtemperaturewilldropsharply,severalminuteslaterwillslowdownorgoeven,nowifthetemperatureabovetheburningpointofcoal,putonthecokefeeder,ifthetemperaturelowerthantheburningpoint,justwaitforit,theresidualstepsisthesameasthecoldstart.第四節(jié)流化床鍋爐的正常停爐Section4Normalshutting-downofCFBB0.前言preface鍋爐停爐之前，應(yīng)先降至最低負(fù)荷，正常停爐一般有兩個方案可供選擇，一是鍋爐停運時間較長，這時應(yīng)先停主燃料，允許引、送風(fēng)機(jī)繼續(xù)運行，至到鍋爐卻到可以檢修為至，但爐內(nèi)滅火后應(yīng)以小風(fēng)量運行風(fēng)機(jī)，降溫應(yīng)緩慢。第二種是不徹底冷卻，使?fàn)t內(nèi)還持一定溫度，使耐火層的溫度不完全冷卻，能夠滿足檢修要求就行，可以縮短下次啟動時間。但對于正常停爐，如果不是檢修需要，爐內(nèi)溫度降的越慢越好，以降低快速降溫對受熱面和耐火材料產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力。下面講解一次正常停爐的過程Beforeshuttingdowntheboiler,theloadshouldbereducedtothelowest.Usuallytherea