新探索研究生英語(基礎(chǔ)級)讀寫教程參考答案Language-focus

Unit1IdentityAcademicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningtraitn.aparticularqualityinsb.’scharacter特性、品質(zhì)ascribev.~sth.tosb./sth.tobelievethatsth.orsb.hasaparticularquality認為……是……toclaimthatsth.iscausedbyaparticularperson,situation,etc.把…歸因于siblingn.abrotherorsister兄弟，姊妹affiliationn.theconnectionorinvolvementthatsb.orsth.haswithapolitical,religious,etc.organization.(與政治、宗教等組織的)聯(lián)系，從屬關(guān)系multilingualadj.using,speaking,writteninseveraldifferentlanguages使用多種語言的；以多種語言表達的stubbornadj.determinednottochangeyourmind,evenwhenpeoplethinkyourarebeingunreasonable.固執(zhí)的，頑固的，執(zhí)拗的rivalryn.(pl.rivalries)asituationinwhichtwoormorepeople,teams,orcompaniesarecompetingforsth.,esp.overalongperiodoftime,andthefeelingofcompetitionoverthem(尤指長期的)競爭，競賽，較量fostervt.tohelpaskill,felling,idea,etc.developoveraperiodoftime促進，培養(yǎng)，助長WordsinuseShesaidexactlywhatshethought,withoutthinkingabouttheconsequence.Ingeneral,shynessisapersonalitytraitthatispartlybiologicalandpartlyenvironmental.Internationaltravelhasgrowntothepointthatmanyhotelsfinditnecessarytoemploymultilingualstaffmembers.IcanonlyascribetheuncommonbehaviorofthestrangersImeettomybeingaforeigner.Ihavecategorizedmysocialmediacontactsintofamily,closefriends,andworkcolleagues.Thecityhopeshistoricdistrictswillfosterasenseofcommunity,whichcanbelackinginyoungandfast-growingplaces.Laughingatthesamejokewouldhelpustoshowaffiliationwithothers,andthismaybewhyitisespeciallyinfectious.Onceyougraduatefromschool,you’llstarttofeelfiercerivalryasyoucompeteforagoodjob.TranslationAlthoughsustainedsiblingrivalrycanresultinbehavioralproblemsandissueswithrelationship-buildinglaterinlife,milderformshavebeenshowntohaveabeneficialimpactondevelopmentinchildhood.雖然持續(xù)的手足之爭可能會導致孩子在以后的生活中出現(xiàn)行為問題和關(guān)系構(gòu)建方面的問題，但溫和的競爭已被證明有利于兒童的發(fā)展Confirmation

bias

is

the

tendency

of

people

to

favor

information

that

confirms

theirexisting

beliefs

or

hypotheses.確認偏誤是指人們傾向于偏好能證實自己已有的信念或假設(shè)的信息We

all

have

the

potential

for

stubborn

tendencies,

but

in

people

with

a

strong

fear

of

change,

stubbornness

can

become

a

dominant

pattern.我們都可能有固執(zhí)的傾向，但在那些強烈害怕改變的人身上，固執(zhí)可能成為一種主導模式The

view

of

self

in

a

profession

consists

of

beliefs,

values,

motives,

and

experiences,

which

are

used

to

define

and

guide

individual

growth

and

practice。職業(yè)中的自我觀由信念、價值觀、動機和經(jīng)歷構(gòu)成，它們被用來定義和指導個人成長和事件Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcorrelationn.aconnectionbetweentwoideas,facts,etc.,esp.whenonemaybethecauseoftheother相互關(guān)系；關(guān)聯(lián)；因果關(guān)系temptvt,tomakesb.Wanttohaveordosth.,eventhoughtheyknowtheyreallyshouldnot誘惑，引誘，誘使co-workern.sb.whoworkswithyouandhasasimilarposition同事，同僚procrastinatevi.todelaydoingsth.thatyououghttodo,usu.becauseyoudonotwanttodoit耽擱，拖延self-esteemn.thefeelingofbeingsatisfiedwithyourownabilities,andthatyoudeservetobelikedorrespected自遵（心）WordsinuseThesurveywasdistributedtoover1000people,butunfortunately,onlyabouthalfoftheparticipantscompleteditcorrectly.Isthereanycorrelationbetweengenderandpersonalitytraits.WhenIdon’tunderstandsomethingevenaftertheteacherhasexplainedittwice,Ifeelfrustrated.4.Thispsychologyjournalhasaninterestingarticleaboutaverycomprehensivestudycarriedoutonagroupof500volunteers.5.Theapplicantwasratedveryhighintechnicalskills,butratherlowinsocialskills.6.Theresultsofmyresearchsuggestedthatidentityisimportantinallculturesintheworld.7.Fast-foodchainswilltemptyouwithmoreefficienttakeoutoptions.8.Sharingfamilyphotosintheworkplacehelpsco-workersbecomeandremainconnected.Translation1.Thescopeofthestudywasbroad:ittookintoaccountsuchvariablesasage,gender,hoursperweekspentonline,andyearsofonlineuse.這項研究的范圍很廣：諸如年齡、性別、每周上網(wǎng)時間和網(wǎng)齡等變量均被考慮在內(nèi)。2.Iwassurprisedbytheoutcomeofthestudy,whichsuggestedthatthemajorityofpeopleexaggeratedinformationaboutthemselves,heldinformationback,andinsomecases,evenpostedinformationthatwasn’ttrue.研究結(jié)果顯示大多數(shù)人都會夸大與自己相關(guān)的信息，隱瞞信息，在一些情況下甚至會發(fā)布不實信息，這一結(jié)果讓我感到驚訝。3.Peoplemayprocrastinatewhentheyareconfusedbythecomplexityofataskorwhenthey’reoverlydistractedorfatigued.當人們對復雜的任務感到困惑時，注意力不集中或太過疲勞時，人們可能會拖延。4.Eachperson’sexperienceisdifferent,butoverthecourseofthelifespan,self-esteemseemstoriseandfallinpredictable,systematicways.雖然每個人的經(jīng)歷不同，但在人的一生中，自尊心似乎以可預測的、系統(tǒng)性的方式起伏。Unit2Academicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcraftsmann.sb.whoisveryskilledataparticularcraft工匠；手藝人potteryn.objectsmadeoutofbakedclay陶器ceramicsn.1theartofmakingpots,bowls,tiles,etc.,byshapingpiecesofclayandbakingthemuntiltheyarehard.陶瓷工藝2thingsthataremadethisway陶瓷制品aestheticn.asetofprincipalsaboutbeautyorart美學原則（理論）humilityn.thequalityofnotbeingtooproudaboutyourself-usethistoshowapproval謙遜謙恭beadn.oneofasetofsmall,usu.Round,piecesofglass,woodplastic,etc.Thatyoucanputonastringandwearasjewellery.珠子，小珠WordsinuseTraditionalJapaneseideasofbeautycontainnotionsthatmayseemquiteforeigntoWesterners,whonamethem‘’Japaneseness.’’Chineselandscapepaintingsarenotthekingofartthatmerelyimitatenaturebutexpressestheartist’sheartandmind.WehavefullydescribedthishistoricalincidentofJapaneseartherebecauseithasanimportantbearingonJapanesephilosophy.OneofthetraditionalChinesevaluesishumility,referringtothequalityofbeinghumble,thequalityofnotthinkingthatyouarebetterthanotherpeople.Discoveredanobviousdesignflaw,hisnewwork,abuildinginaScottishcity,hasbeenridiculedbypeopleonsocialmedia.Morethan2,000yearsago,LuBan,themostfamouscraftsmanofChina,solvedmanyarchitecturalproblems.Wedesignedthree-andfour-storeyhouses,combiningamodernaestheticwithahighlevelofsustainability.Somesocialmediacompaniesaredeliberatelyattractinguserstotheirproductsforfinancialgain.Translation1.Wabi-sabiisanEasternphilosophythatreferstotheabilitytoseethebeautyinimperfections,whichmanifests(顯現(xiàn)，顯露)itselfbothindailylifeactivityasmakinghomepottery,andinspiritualexperienceofopeningupinnervisionsthatcanchangealife.“侘寂”是一種東方哲學，指的是在缺陷中看到美的能力。這種能力既體現(xiàn)在制作家用陶器這樣的日?；顒又?，又體現(xiàn)在打開心胸以改變生命的精神體驗中。2.Xieyi(寫意)isalooserstyleofChinesepainting,usuallyusedinlandscapes,featuringexaggeratedformsandexpressingtheartist’spersonalityandcharacter.“寫意”是中國畫中更隨意的一種繪畫風格，常常用在山水畫的創(chuàng)作中，特點是形式夸張，表達藝術(shù)家的個性特征。3.OriginatinginChina,theearliestporcelains(瓷器)usedaspecialtypeofclayandatypeofgranite(花崗巖)whileearlyEuropeanversionsusedclayandglass.最早的瓷器起源于中國，用一種特殊的陶土和花崗巖制作而成，而早期歐洲的瓷器則使用陶土和玻璃。4.TheJapaneseartofkintsugiteachesthatbrokenobjectsarenotsomethingtohidebuttodisplaywithpridebecausethevalueofpotteryisactuallyenhancedthankstoits"scars."日本的“金繼”藝術(shù)告訴我們，碎裂的物品不用藏起來，可以驕傲示人，因為正是“傷痕”提升了陶器的價值。Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcraftsmanshipn.thespecialskillthatsb.Usestomakesth.beautifulwiththeirhands手藝；工藝；技藝handcraftedadj.skillfullymadebyhand,notbymachine手工做的plankn.alongnarrowpieceofwoodenboard,usedesp.formakingstructurestowalkon(厚）木板，板條artistryn.skillinaparticularartisticactivity藝術(shù)技巧；藝術(shù)才華carvevt.tomakeanobjectorpatternbycuttingapieceofwoodorstone雕，刻WordsinuseItisentirelytruethatnoartworkcansatisfyeveryone.Theartistryofthisclockoffersathoughtfulmarriageofformandfunction.Somemoderndesignersbelievethatwell-designedbuildingsshouldbefunctionalaswellasbeautiful.AnimportantinventionoftheancientChinesepeoplewasthatofafine,delicateitemknownasporcelain.Myparentscan’tjudgetheiroldhomerealistically.Theyhavearomanticimpressionofit,andthinkit’sbetterthanitreallywas.Itrustthattheaboveobjectionswillbetakenfullyintoaccountindeterminingwhichdesigntouse.TranslationThemechanicaladvantageofamachineistheabilitytoworkefficientlyandeffectively,especiallytodotasksthataredifficultforhumanssuchasliftingthickplanksorpushingheavythings.機器的機械優(yōu)勢在于能快速有效地工作，尤其是做人工很難完成的事情，比如舉起厚木板，或者推動重物。Althoughtheydidnotintendtoharmthelocaltraditions,whathappenedineffectwasthedisappearanceoftraditionalcraftsmanship.雖然他們并非有意傷害當?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)，但事實上傳統(tǒng)手工藝消失了。Keepingongoodtermswithlocalpeoplewillhelpthecompanytosurviveoverseas.和當?shù)厝吮３至己藐P(guān)系能幫助公司在海外立足。Whetheracquiredbytradeorbygift,thesehandcraftsweretreasuredthroughouttheMiddleAges(中世紀)asmarvelsofimaginativecraftsmanshipandwereoftenimitated.這些手工藝品無論是通過貿(mào)易還是饋贈獲得，在中世紀都被視為極具想象力的手工藝珍寶，常常被模仿。Unit3Academicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningpandemicn.adiseasethataffectspeopleoveraverylargeareaorthewholeworld流行病，大流行病，瘟疫propagatevt.tospreadanidea,belief,etc.tomanypeople傳播，散播，宣傳（觀點、信仰等）WordsinuseThefollowingstandardoperatingproceduremustbefollowedbyalllaboratoryworkerswherelaboratoryworkinvolveshazardouschemicals.Currentliteratureprovidesadequateevidencethatintensivelifestylemodificationscouldlowertheincidenceofdiabetesandcardiovascular(心血管的）diseases.Inthehospital,everypatientispotentiallyatriskofacquiringandtransmittinginfectiousdiseasestootherpatientsandhealthcareworkers.Immunizationprovidesthechiefdefenseforchildrentosurvivedeadlydiseases.PeoplemaybeinfectedbytouchingsomethingcontaminatedbytheCOVID-19virusandthentouchingtheirownmouth,nose,oreyes.Expertsacrosstheglobepredictthattherewillbeanotherviralpandemicsoonerratherthanlater.Thegovernmenthaslaunchedaseriesofprogramstopropagateknowledgeabouttherecentpandemicoutbreakandpreventivemeasuresagainstit.ObesityoccurswhentoomuchfatisdepositedinthebodyduetoanimbalanceofEnergyintakeandconsumption.Translation1.Mostpeoplewithhealthyimmunity(免疫力)arenoteasilyaffectedbybacteriaontheskin,butpeoplewithaweakenedimmunesystemaremoreatrisk.大多數(shù)免疫力良好的人不容易受到皮膚上的細菌的影響，但是免疫系統(tǒng)較弱的人面臨感染的風險更大。2.Globallyhealthcareprofessionalsareconvincedthattechnologieslikepersonalhealthmonitoringdeviceswillplayavitalroleincreatingapositivehealthcarefuture.全球醫(yī)療保健專業(yè)人士堅信，諸如個人健康監(jiān)測設(shè)備之類的技術(shù)將發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用，為醫(yī)療保健創(chuàng)造一個光明的未來。3.Notably,earlyriskdetectionontheoutbreakoftheinfectiousdiseasewillhelptoimposetimelyandeffectivepublichealthmeasurestopreventitsspread.值得注意的是，及早發(fā)現(xiàn)疫情風險，有助于采取及時有效的公共衛(wèi)生措施，防止疫情蔓延。4.Medicalresearchersproposedanewdiseasecategoryofskindisorders.醫(yī)學研究人員提了一種新的皮膚病類別。5.Furtheranalysisrevealedsignificantdifferencesbetweenthecontrolgroupandthetreatmentgroup.進一步的分析顯示，對照組和治療組之間存在顯著差異。Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcatastrophicadj.causingalotofdestruction,suffering,ordeath災難性的，毀滅性的diminishv.tobecomeormakesth.Becomesmallerorless(使）減少。（使）減小pharmaceuticaladj.relatingtotheproductionofdrugsandmedicines制藥的predominantlyadv.mostlyormainly在很大程度上，主要地vaccinen.asubstancewhichcontainsaweakformofthebacteriaorvirusthatcausesadiseaseandisusedtoprotectpeoplefromthatdisease.疫苗closuren.theactofclosingorthestateofbeingclosed關(guān)閉；封閉detrimentaladj.causingharmordamage有害的，不利的demographyn.1themakeupofaparticularhumanpopulation人口組成2thestudyofhumanpopulationsandthewaysinwhichtheychange,forexamplethestudyofhowmanybirths,marriagesanddeathshappeninaparticularplaceataparticulartime人口學，人口統(tǒng)計學WordsinuseInpastdecades,thefieldofcardio-oncology(腫瘤心臟病學)haspredominantlyfocusedonpreventionandtreatmentofcardiovasculardiseaseincancersurvivors.2.Amongthemanytypesofcatastrophicmedicalmistakesthatoccur,surgicalerrorscanbethemostdreadful.3.Severalmodelshavebeenproposedtoexplainthechangingdemographyofchronicdiseasesofaffluence,suchascardiovasculardisease.4.Thegel(凝膠)quicklycoatsthepointofbleeding,resultinginthephysicalclosureofthebrokenbloodvessel.5.Itnormallytakesyearstodesignamanufacturingprocessanddevelopanewvaccineordrug.6.Chronic,prolonged(持久的)stresscanbedetrimentaltoouroverallhealthifleftuntreated.7.Governmentsshouldmakelawstoguaranteethemanufacturinganddeliveryofurgentlyneededpharmaceuticalproductsusedtotreatemergingthreats.8.Mostconsumersprefereatingcookednutsasopposedtorawalthoughcookingdiminishestheirhealthbenefits.TranslationCarryingexcessweighthasanadverseconsequenceforone’shealthandincreasestheriskofhealthproblems.超重會給一個人的健康造成不良后果，并增加健康問題的風險。。Themainobjectivesofthisreformweretoreducehealthexpenditureforpatients,andimprovethequalityofhospitalservices.這次改革的主要目標是減少病人的醫(yī)療開支，提高醫(yī)院的服務質(zhì)量。Itisestimatedthatby2050,therewillbenearly13.8millionAmericansage65andolderthatwillsufferfromAlzheimer’s(阿爾茨海默病).據(jù)估計，到2050年，將有近1380萬65歲及以上的美國人患阿爾茨海默病。Thegovernmentfundedanewmediacampaigntoraisepeople’sawarenessandconcernaboutautism(自閉癥).政府資助了一項新的媒體宣傳活動，以提高人們對自閉癥的認識和關(guān)注。Unit4Academicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningapproximatelyadv.moreorlessthananumberoramount大約，大概linguisticallyadv.Inawaythatrelatestolanguage,words,orlinguistics語言學方面discriminationn.thepracticeoftreatingonepersonorgroupdifferentlyfromanotherinanunfairway.歧視enforcevt.tomakepeopleobeyaruleorlaw執(zhí)行，實施（法律）urbanizationn.theprocessofcreatingcitiesortownsincountryareas城市化dedicatedadj.1.sb.whoisdedicatedworksveryhardatwhattheydobecausetheycarealotaboutit滿腔熱枕的，有奉獻精神的2.（onlybeforenone)madefororusedforonlyoneparticularpurpose專用的dedicatevt.1togiveallyourattentionandefforttooneparticularthing致力于，獻身于2touseaplace,time,money,etc.onlyforaparticularpurpose把...專用于reversevt.tochangesth.,suchasadecision,judgement,orprocesssothatitistheoppositeofwhatitwasbefore推翻，徹底改變（決定、判決、過程等）WordsinuseIfwecanembraceculturaldiversitywheninteractingwithothers,wewillbeabletobuildbridgestotrust,respect,andunderstandingacrosscultures.Nolanguageissuperiortoanother.Alllanguagesareequalnomatterwhethertheyarespokenbythemajorityornot.Theworldhasexperienceddramaticurbanizationinrecentdecadesasmoreandmorepeoplemovetocitiesforbetterjobsandopportunities.Minoritylanguagesneedtobeprotectedinordertobeabletosurviveintheprocessofglobalization.Thedesiretoengageinhands-onactivitiestosolveproblemsinnovativelyisthehallmark(特征)ofapassionateanddedicatedscientist.Themosteffectivewaytoprotectalanguageistograntitaspecialstatus.Commerceaffectsmanydecisions.Themajorityofbusinessmenarefocusedoneconomicsuccess.Thedistributionofanimalscanbeimproved.Someendangeredanimalscouldbereintroducedtoareastheyoncelived.TranslationEarlychildhoodeducatorsfacehugechallengeswhentheyworkwithchildrenandfamiliesfromculturallyandlinguisticallydiversebackgrounds.有多元語言文化背景的兒童和家庭會給幼兒教育工作者帶來巨大挑戰(zhàn)。Stronggovernmentcommitmentandleadershipareneededtoenforceeffectivemeasurestoprotectculturalheritagefrommultiplethreats.要保證有效舉措得以實施，需要政府的充分投入和強有力的領(lǐng)導，從而使文化遺產(chǎn)免受各種威脅。Linguistsstudiedapproximately37,000wordsacrossfivedifferentlanguages(English,Spanish,Dutch,German,andPolish)tofigureouttheconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatwerepronouncedandtheemotionsthatwereexpressedinallfivelanguages.語言學家對五種語言（英語、西班牙語、荷蘭語、德語和波蘭語）中的約37000個單詞進行了研究，以分析這些語言的發(fā)音和所表達的情感之間的聯(lián)系。Inaflipped(翻轉(zhuǎn)的)class,thetraditionalteachingprocessisreversedwithclasstimededicatedtodiscussion-basedactivities,whereaslearnersconstructtheirownknowledgeoutsideoftheclassroom.在翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂中，傳統(tǒng)的教學過程被翻轉(zhuǎn)，課堂時間主要用來開展討論活動，而構(gòu)建知識體系的任務由學習者在課外完成。Experiencesofdiscriminationcantriggernegativeemotionsthatcanleadtoalteredphysiologicalreactions,whichcanincreasetheriskofpoorhealth.受到歧視會引發(fā)負面情緒，這種情緒會導致生理反應發(fā)生變化，增加損害健康的風險。Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningextinctionn.whenaparticulartypeofanimalorplantstopsexisting滅絕，絕種extinctadj.anextincttypeofanimalorplantdoesnotexistanymore滅絕的，絕種的conservationn.theprotectionofnaturalthingssuchasanimals,plants,forests,etc.,topreventthemfrombeingspoiledordestroyed(動植物、森林等的）保護intrinsicallyadv.Inanessentialornaturalway本質(zhì)上ecosystemn.alltheanimalsandplantsinaparticulararea,andthewayinwhichtheyarerelatedtoeachotherandtotheirenvironment生態(tài)系統(tǒng)exacerbatevt.tomakeabadsituationworse使惡化；使加重WordsinuseHumanactivitieslikethewidespreaddestructionoftreesandplantscandisrupttheenvironment.Possiblesolutionstofoodshortageincludeenhancingagriculturaltechnologies,reducingfoodwaste,andimprovinglandmanagement.Someanimalsareabletosurviveandthriveafteracatastrophe(災難)becausetheyhavequalitiesthatmakethemadaptableandcompetitiveintoughconditions.Somepeopleargueitisnaturalforanimalstodieoutbecausetheycannotsurvivethemodernworld.Doyouagree?Whenoneanimalisoverhunted,itwillaffectwhattheotheranimalseatbecauselotsofdifferentanimalsarelinkedtogetherthroughthefoodchain.Whichhabitatisbestforthewildlifeinyourcountry:mountain,desert,jungle,orsomethingelse?Somepeoplebreeddogstoperformspecifictasks,suchashunting,herding,andguarding.Electronicwastehasbeenregardedasoneofthegreatestthreatstoourplanet.TranslationOngoingurbanizationhasthepotentialtoexacerbatebeedeclines,unlessmeasuresaretakentomakesureappropriatefloral(花卉的)resourcesareavailable.持續(xù)的城市化有可能會加劇蜜蜂數(shù)量減少的問題，除非采取措施確保有可用的花卉資源。Aresearchindicatesabout100to2,500birdspeciesmaygoextinctduetoclimatechange,dependingontheseverityofglobalwarmingandhabitatloss,andontheabilityofbirdstofindnewhomesasrisingtemperaturesforcethemtohigherelevations(海拔)wherethereislessornohabitat.一項研究表明，氣候變化可能會導致大約100到2500種鳥滅絕，其決定因素包括全球變暖和棲息地喪失的嚴重程度，以及隨著氣溫上升，鳥類被迫遷往棲息地較少或沒有棲息地的高海拔區(qū)域時，是否有重新安家的能力。Somespecieslackthetraitsneededtoachievedominanceacrossarangeofhabitatsatallwhichwouldmakethemintrinsicallysubordinate(從屬的).有些物種缺乏在一片棲息地中占據(jù)支配地位所需的特性，這使它們在本質(zhì)上處于從屬地位。ThankstotheChinesegovernment’snationalconservationprogramforthegiantpandaanditshabitat,thenumberofpandareserveshasalreadydrasticallyincreased.中國政府制定的國家大熊貓及其棲息地保護計劃使大熊貓保護區(qū)的數(shù)量大幅增加。Unit5Academicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningethicaladj.1relatingtoprinciplesofwhatisrightandwrong關(guān)于倫理的2morallygoodorcorrect合乎道德的；道德上正確的illegaladj.notallowedbythelaw非法的，違法的representativen.sb.whohasbeenchosentospeak,vote,ormakedecisionsforsbelse.代表，代理人maintainv.tomakesth.Continueinthesamewayoratthesamestandardasbefore保持；維持ultimatelyadv.Finally,aftereverythingelsehasbeendoneorconsidered.最后，最終controversialadj.causingalotofdisagreement,becausemanypeoplehavestrongopinionsaboutthesubjectbeingdiscussed.引起爭議的，有爭議的provisionn.whenyouprovidesth.thatsb.needsnoworinthefuture提供，供給；預備evasionn.whenyoudeliberatelyavoiddoingsth.thatyoushoulddo,orpayinganamountofmoneythatyoushouldpay回避，逃避WordsinuseThegovernmenthasintroducedaninitiativetofightagainsttaxavoidance.Corporateorganizationsshouldberesponsibleforthebehavioroftheiremployees.Thisinstituteaimstoimprovebusinessethicsandencouragehighstandardsofbusinessbehaviorbasedonethics,butithasnocontroloverhowcompaniesactuallybehave.Inanidealsituation,noonewoulddoanythingillegal.Theywouldallfollowthelaw.Ultimately,itisuptotheindividualtodecidewhatisrightandwrong.Thisreportdiscussesthepoliciesdevelopedatthenationalleveltoimprovetheprovisionofchildcarefacilities.Thecurbsonbigcompaniessuggestgovernmentsarebeginningtoreinin(約束)giants,andtheirevasionofresponsibilitymaybecomingtoanend.Generally,aparentorguardianofaminorchild(未成年子女)isregardedasthe“personalrepresentative”oftheminorchild.TranslationRegulationsaremadeaftertakingintoconsiderationthewholepublicatlarge,andsotheymustbefollowedbythem.Violationofanyregulationmaycauseseverepunishment.法規(guī)是在考慮大眾整體的基礎(chǔ)上制定的，所以必須為全體大眾所遵守。違反任何法規(guī)的行為都可能受到嚴厲懲罰。Managementdefinestheframeworkforhoworganizationalcultureaffectsemployees,customersandhowanorganizationdealswithethicalissues.公司管理在總體上決定了公司文化如何影響員工和客戶，以及一個公司如何處理倫理問題。Nowadays,multidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationsarecalledupontomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity.當下，需要多維度的維和行動來維持國際和平與安全。Whilewearemindlesslypostingourlivesonline,ourdataisshared,traded,andusedbytechcompanies,whichcreatesgrowingcontroversialissuesconcerningtheethicsofdigitaldatacollection.當我們毫不在意地將個人生活發(fā)布在網(wǎng)絡上時，我們的個人數(shù)據(jù)為科技公司所共享、交易和使用，這在數(shù)據(jù)收集的倫理問題上引發(fā)了越來越多的爭議。Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcreditn.approvalorpraisethatyougivetosb.forsth.theyhavedone贊揚；贊許misdemeanorn.abadorunacceptableactionthatisnotveryserious不當行為，不檢點行為issuev.ifanorganizationorsb.inanofficialpositionissuessth.suchasdocumentsorequipment,theygivethesethingstopeoplewhoneedthem(組織或官員）發(fā)給，分發(fā)（文件、設(shè)備等所需之物）motivatorn.sth.orsb.thatmakesyouwanttodoorachievesth.起激勵作用的事（人）促進因素；動力declarev.tostateonanofficialgovernmentformhowmuchmoneyyouhaveearned,whatpropertyyouown,etc.申報(收入、財產(chǎn)等）perfumen.aliquidwithastrongpleasantsmell,usu.madefromoilstakenfromflowersorspicesandoftenusedontheskinorclothing香水evadev.toavoidpayingmoneythatyououghttopay,forexampletax規(guī)避，逃避（納稅等）WordsinuseWhencompaniesrecruitnewemployees,theyshouldnotonlytakethecandidates’professionalcapacitiesintoaccount,butalsoevaluatetheirpersonalcharacter.Acompanynormallywouldupdatetheemployeehandbookannuallyinordertobetterregulateemployeebehaviorandconductatwork.Evenifinsomecasesanemployee’sintentionsaregood,hisorherbehaviorcanstillberecognizedasunethical.Thecompanywillissueanidentitycardtoeverynewemployeeattheveryfirstworkingday.Thecompanymightruntheriskofbeingsued(起訴)astheyhavefailedtocorrectlycalculateanddeclaretheamountoftaxaccordingtotheapplicablelaw.Oneoftheclausesinthecontractsaysthatemployeesarestrictlyforbiddentorevealanyinformationabouttheclients.Despitethefactthatcompanieswouldusuallystatetherelevantrulespubliclyandclearly,therearestilloccasionalviolations.TranslationWhatmighthinderacompany’sdevelopmentarenotnecessarilythoseillegalactsofcompanyemployees,butmisdemeanorssometimeshappeningwithoutbeingnoticed..阻礙一家公司發(fā)展的不一定是職員的違法行徑，而是一些有時甚至不為人所注意的不端行為。Individualsorentitiesbeingconvicted(判定…有罪)ofevadingtaxescouldbepunishedwithsubstantialpenaltieswhichmightincludefinesandasentenceofmonthsorevenuptoyears.被判偷稅罪的個人或?qū)嶓w會受到包括罰款以及數(shù)月甚至數(shù)年監(jiān)禁在內(nèi)的重大處罰。Scholarshavedefinedacorporatemoralcodeasasetofstandardsusedtoguidethebehaviorofbothemployeesandcompany.學者們將企業(yè)道德規(guī)范定義為一整套用來指導員工和公司行為的準則。Somepeopletreatrewardsasthemostpowerfulmotivatorsthathelpinregulatingonesbehaviorandemotionsintheworkplace.一些人將獎勵看作最強有力的激勵因素，能夠幫助規(guī)范個體在職場的行為和情緒。Unit6AcademicexplorationLanguagefocusVocabularylearningbiodegradableadj.materials,chemicals,etc.thatarebiodegradablearechangednaturallybybacteriaintosubstancethatdonotharmtheenvironment可生物降解的，能進行生物降解的obsoleteadj.nolongeruseful,becausesth.newerandbetterhasbeeninvented廢棄的，淘汰的；過時的devastatingadj.badlydamagingordestroyingsth.毀滅性的，破壞力極強的predecessorn.amachine,system,etc.thatexistedbeforeanotheroneinaprocessofdevelopment(機器、系統(tǒng)等的）前身radioactiveadj.aradioactivesubstanceisdangerousbecauseitcontainsradiation具有放射性的biomedicaladj.relatingtohowbiologyaffectsmedicine生物醫(yī)學的infancyn.1thetimewhensth.isjuststartingtobedeveloped初期，初創(chuàng)期2theperiodofachild’slifebeforetheycanwalkortalk嬰兒期revolutionizevt.tocompletelychangethewaypeopledosth.orthinkaboutsth.使徹底變革，給......帶來革命WordsinuseManynewproductsaredevelopedtotrytotackleaproblemthatexists.Adevastatingeventsuchasatsunami(海嘯)canendangerthousandsoflives.It’sarevolutionarymaterialthatcoulddramaticallychangehundredsofdifferentareas.Manytechnologicaldevelopmentseventuallybecomeobsoleteasnewproductsemerge.Manypeoplefiltertapwatertomakeittastebetter.Aparticleisatinyelementthatispartofanatom,suchasanelectron,proton(質(zhì)子),orneutron(中子).Scientistsandproductdevelopersoftenlookatthepropertiesofnewmaterialsandhowtheycanbeusedindifferentways.Muchresearchisdonetoimprovetheefficiencyofthingsthatalreadyexist.Translation1.Theuseofbiodegradableplasticsthatcanbreakdownnaturallycanreducetheaccumulationofenvironmentallypersistentplasticwastes.使用能自然分解的生物降解塑料可以減少那些對環(huán)境有長期影響的塑料廢物的聚積。2.Smaller,lighter,andnimbler(更靈活的)thanitspredecessors,thenewlydesignedroboticarmcanbeprogrammedtoperformawidevarietyoftaskswithgreataccuracy.新設(shè)計的機器人手臂比之前的版本更小、更輕、更靈活，能在程序控制下精準地執(zhí)行各種各樣的任務。3.Whennewtechnologiesreachamaturestageatwhichthey