英語語言學(xué)中的一些基本定義_第1頁
英語語言學(xué)中的一些基本定義_第2頁
英語語言學(xué)中的一些基本定義_第3頁
英語語言學(xué)中的一些基本定義_第4頁
英語語言學(xué)中的一些基本定義_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩24頁未讀 繼續(xù)免費閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

英語語言學(xué)中的一些基本定義語言學(xué)語言學(xué)定義:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.語言學(xué)語言學(xué)感念區(qū)分:(1)規(guī)定性與描寫性(Prescriptiveanddescriptive)規(guī)定性:為語言確立規(guī)則描述性:分析語言實際運用(2)共時性與歷時性(Synchronicanddiachronic)共時性:對語言在歷史的某一時間點描述歷時性:語言在某一段時間內(nèi)的歷史發(fā)展(3)言語與文字(speechandwriting)口語與書面語(4)語言和言語(Langueandparole[p??ro?l])語言:一個話語社團(tuán)所有成員共有的抽象的語言系統(tǒng)言語:語言在實際運用中的實現(xiàn)(5)語言能力與語言運用(competenceandperformance)語言能力:語言使用者對語言規(guī)則方面的知識語言運用:將這種知識在交流中具體體現(xiàn)出來。Chapter1Introduction[A]

Whatislinguistics?

什么是語言學(xué)ThedefinitionoflinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage

(對語言進(jìn)行的科學(xué)研究

)為什么scientific?答案在書上Processoflinguisticstudy:①

Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;②

Hypothesesareformulated;③

Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;④

Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通語言學(xué)

:thestudyoflanguageasawhole從整體研究微觀上1.Phonetics:thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified)2.Phonology:isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)3.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)4.Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences)5.Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginabstraction6.Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse宏觀上Sociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemindAppliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningAnthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics①

Prescriptivevs.Descriptive

規(guī)定性與描寫性②

Synchronicvs.Diachronic

共時性與歷時性(現(xiàn)代英語多研究共時性)

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime;Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.③

Speechandwriting

言語與文字

Spokenlanguageisprimary,notthewritten為什么spokenlanguage要好?答案在書上④

Langueandparole

語言和言語ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity(指一個話語

社團(tuán)所有成員共有的語言系統(tǒng))Parole:referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse(指語言在實際運用中的實現(xiàn))⑤

Competenceandperformance

語言能力與語言運用ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)Competence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.(理想的語言使用者關(guān)于語言規(guī)

則方面的知識)Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication.(這種知識在語言

交流中的具體實現(xiàn))⑥

traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics《courseingenerallinguistics》索緒爾

markedthemodernlinguistics索緒爾

社會學(xué)

喬姆斯基

心理學(xué)Whatislanguage?

什么是語言[A]ThedefinitionoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

(語言是一個具有任意

性、用于人類交流的語音符號系統(tǒng)。

)a)

System:combinedtogetheraccordingtorules

(根據(jù)規(guī)則組合在一起)b)

Arbitrary:nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(語言符號和

符號所代表的事物之間沒有內(nèi)在的必然的聯(lián)系)c)

Vocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages

(所有語言的首要媒介都是聲音)d)

Human:languageishuman-specific

(語言是人類所獨有的)[B]

Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

(識別特征

是指人類語言區(qū)別于任何動物交際系統(tǒng)的本質(zhì)特征)①Arbitrariness(任意性)Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundorword)anditsmeaning.Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.(意義和語音之間沒有什么邏輯的聯(lián)系;雖然是任意性的,但并非完全任意)a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:onomatopoeicwords(擬聲詞)(rumblecrashcacklebang)b)somecompoundwords(某些復(fù)合詞)②Productivity/creativity(能產(chǎn)性,創(chuàng)造性)

Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(Creativityoropen-endedness)③

Duality(雙重結(jié)構(gòu)性,兩重性或二元性)Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword(doublearticulation)(語言是一個系統(tǒng),包含兩組結(jié)構(gòu)或者兩個層面。在較低

/基本層面存在著語音結(jié)構(gòu),其自身沒有什么意義;較高層面存在著意義單位;結(jié)構(gòu)的雙重性

/語言的雙層性)④Displacement(跨時空性,移位性)

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker(refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations)⑤Culturaltransition(文化傳遞性)

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis(everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage),thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.[C]

fuctionoflanguage主要功能①

descriptivefuction

描述功能②

expressivefunction

表達(dá)功能③

socialfunction

社會功能基本功能SixelementsofaspeecheventspecifiedbyRomanJakobson

俄羅斯Addresser-Emotive動機/情感功能Addressee–

意動功能Context-Referential

參考功能Message-Poetic

詩意功能Contact-Phaticcommunion

交際性/寒暄功能Code-Metalinguistic

元語言功能宏觀功能Ideational

概念功能Interpersonal

人際功能Textual

語篇功能Chapter2Phonology音位學(xué)

[A]Thedefinitionofphonetics(語音學(xué))

Phonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.(是指對語言的語音媒介進(jìn)行的研究,它關(guān)注語言世界中的所有語音)

Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.(發(fā)音語音學(xué))Acousticphonetics:dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.(聲學(xué)語音學(xué))Auditory(orperceptual)phonetics:dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.(聽覺語音學(xué))

[B]Organsofspeech(發(fā)音器官)

Voiceless:清音

whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.

聲帶不震動Voiced(Voicing):濁音

whenthevocalcords(聲帶)aredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.

聲帶振動AlltheEnglishvowels(元音)aretypicallyvoiced(voicing).

Theimportantcavities:Thepharyngealcavity咽腔Theoralcavity口腔Thenasalcavity鼻腔

其他部位:1.Lips唇2.teeth齒3.teethridge(alveolus)齒齦4.hardpalate硬腭5.softpalate(velum)軟腭6.uvula小舌7.tipoftongue舌尖8.bladeoftongue舌面9.backoftongue舌后10.vocalcords聲帶

[C]Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds:Broadandnarrowtranscriptions(語音的正字法表征:寬式/窄式標(biāo)音)

IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet/Association國際語音協(xié)會/國際音標(biāo))提供了兩種表音方式:1.

Broadtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly(代表字母的符號)2.

Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics(變音符)

E.g.:[l][li:f]--aclear[l][l][bild]--adark[l][l][help]--adental[l][p][pit]--anaspirated[p][p][spit]--anunaspirated[p]

[D]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants(英語輔音的分類)

Intermsofmannerofarticulation根據(jù)發(fā)音方法分

(themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated)

①Stops閉塞音:theobstructionistotalorcomplete,andthengoingabruptly[p]/[b],[t]/[d],[k]/[g]②Fricatives摩擦音:theobstructionispartial,andtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemonth[f]/[v],[s]/[z],[∫]/[з],[θ]/[δ],[h](approximant)③Affricates塞擦音:theobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlyasinfricatives[t∫]/[dз]④Liquids流音:theairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth[l]alateralsound;[r]retroflex⑤Glides滑音:[w],[j](semi-vowels)Liquid+glides+[h]approximants⑥Nasals鼻音:thenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalatetoletairpassthroughit[m],[n],[η]Byplaceofarticulation

根據(jù)發(fā)音部位分

(theplacewhereobstructioniscreated)

①bilabial雙唇音:upperandlowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstructions[p]/[b],[w](velar)②labiodentals唇齒音:thelowerlipandtheupperteeth[f]/[v]③dental齒音:thetipofthetongueandtheupperfrontteeth[θ]/[δ]④alveolar齒齦音:thefrontpartofthetongueonthealveolarridge[t]/[d],[s]/[z],[n],[l],[r]⑤palatal腭音:tongueinthemiddleofthepalate[θ]/[δ],[t∫]/[dз],[j]⑥velars軟腭因:thebackofthetongueagainstthevelum[k],[g],[η]⑦glottal喉音:theglottalisthespacebetweenthevocalcordsinthelarynx[h]

[E]ClassificationofEnglishvowels(英語元音的分類)

Monophthongs①Thehighestpositionofthetongue:front,central,back;

舌在口腔中的位置:前中后元音②Theopennessofthemouth:close,semi-close,semi-open,open;

口腔的張開程度:閉,半閉,半開,開元音③Theroundness(shape)ofthemonth(thelips):

嘴唇的形狀:圓唇和非圓唇Allthefront,centralvowelsareunroundedvowelsAllthebackvowels,except[A:]areroundedvowels④Thelengthofthesound:longvowels&shortvowelstensevowels&laxvowels元音的發(fā)音長度:長短元音/緊松元音

Diphthongs其第一組成部分為[i]或[u]:[ei][ai][?i][au][?u]集中雙元音其第二組成部分為[?]:[i?][ε?][u?]

[F]Thedefinitionofphonology(音位學(xué))

Phoneticsisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.

有其一般性的本質(zhì),對所有人類語言的所有語音都感興趣。

Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguages;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

發(fā)現(xiàn)一門語言中的語音是如何形成模式的,這些語音是如何在語言交際中用來傳達(dá)意義的。

[G]Phone,phoneme,andallophone(音素、音位、音位變體)

Phone:aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment(音素是一個語音單位或者說語音段)

相當(dāng)于所有的音Phoneme:aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue,itisanabstractunit.(音位是一個音位學(xué)的單位,而且是一個有區(qū)別意義的單位,是一個抽象的單位)相當(dāng)于broadtranscriptionAllophone:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.(在不同的語音環(huán)境下代表某個音位的音素被稱為該音位的音位變體)

[H]Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair(音位對立、互補分布、最小對立體)

Phonemiccontrast:(兩個音位之間的關(guān)系)whentwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentsintwowordsandtheydistinguishmeaning,they’reinphonemiccontrast.E.g.pin&bin

/p/vs./b/rope&robe

/p/vs./b/(要會判斷)

Complementarydistribution

:(音位變體之間的關(guān)系)twoormorethantwoallophonesofthesamephonemesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionbecausetheycannotappearatthesametime,oroccurindifferentenvironment,besidestheydonotdistinguishmeaning.

Minimalpair

:(彼此語音數(shù)量相等,彼此意義不同,僅存在一個語音差異,語音差異出現(xiàn)在一個位置上)whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Whenagroupofwordscanbedifferentiated,eachonefromtheothers,bychangingonephoneme(alwaysinthesameposition),thenallofthesewordsconstituteaminimalsets.

[I]Somerulesinphonology

sequentialrules

序列規(guī)則Phonotacticsof3consonantsoccurringinonset:如果三個輔音都出現(xiàn)在詞首,必須遵循以下三條規(guī)則:1./s/第一個音位一定是/s/2.voicelessstops:/p/,/t/,/k/第二個音位一定是/p/,/t/,/k/3.approximants:/r/,/l/,/w/,/j/第三個音位一定是/r/,/l/,/w/,/j/

assimilationrules

同化規(guī)則Co-articulationeffects:theprocessofmakingonesoundalmostatthesametimeasthenextiscalledco-articulation.Assimilation&elisioneffects元音省略Assimilation:twophonemesoccurinsequenceandsomeaspectofonephonemeistakenorcopiedbytheotherE.g.nasalizeavowelwhenitisfollowedbyanasalsound.鼻音化現(xiàn)象

deletionrule/Elision

省略規(guī)則Definition:theomissionofasoundsegmentwhichwouldbepresentindeliberatepronunciationofawordinisolationE.g.deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant省略詞末鼻輔音前的[g]音

[J]Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征)

Stress重音Wordstress&sentencestressThestressoftheEnglishcompoundsalwaysonthefirstelement英語中的重音位置可以區(qū)別意義

Tone

聲調(diào)Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikemorphemes.像音素一樣可以區(qū)別意義Tonelanguage,likeChinese,hasfourtones.漢語就是一種典型的聲調(diào)語言,有四個音調(diào)Level,rise,fall-rise,fall陰平陽平上聲去聲

Intonation

語調(diào)Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.English:thefourbasictypesofintonation,orthefourtones四種語調(diào)Thefallingtone,therisingtone,thefall-risingtone,andtherise-falltone降調(diào)聲調(diào)將聲調(diào)升降調(diào)Chapter3Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)

[A]Thedefinitionofmorphology

Morphology

isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.(指對詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)以及構(gòu)詞規(guī)則的研究)Morpheme:詞素themostbasicelementofmeaning.(意義的最基本要素)(Aminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction

最小的意義單位或者語法功能)

[B]openclassandclosedclass

1.

開放性詞類:名詞動詞形容詞副詞2.

封閉性詞類:語法性或者功能性的詞連詞介詞冠詞代詞

[C]Freemorphemes&boundmorphemes(自由詞素和黏著詞素)

Freemorphemes:canstandbythemselvesassinglewords

Lexicalmorphemes

[n.a.v]&

functionalmorphemes

[n.]Boundmorphemes:cannotnormallystandalone,butwhicharetypicallyattachedtoanotherform

Derivationalmorphemes派生詞素(有些詞素能改變詞的范疇或者詞的語法類)affix詞綴(suffix,infix,prefix)+root后綴中綴前綴+詞根

Inflectionalmorphemes

曲折詞素(有些詞素附著于單詞或者詞素,但是它們永遠(yuǎn)不會改變其句法范疇)8typesofinflectionalmorphemesinEnglish第一大類:Noun+-’s,-s[possessive所有格;plural復(fù)數(shù)]第二大類:Verb+-s,-ing,-ed,-en[thirdpersonpresentsingular第三人稱單數(shù);presentparticiple現(xiàn)在分詞;pasttense過去式,pastparticiple過去分詞]第三大類:Adj+-er,-est[comparative比較級;superlative最高級]

Allomorph:語素的不同變化形式

[D]Derivationalvs.Inflectional

派生(范疇/語類)和曲折(語法標(biāo)志)

Inflectionalmorphemesneverchangethegrammaticalcategoryofaword

只表示語法標(biāo)志(時態(tài)、數(shù)、格)

Inflectionalmorphemesinfluencethewholecategory詞的范疇

DerivationalmorphemesareoppositeOrder:root(stem)+derivational+inflectional詞根/詞干+派生+曲折

[E]MorphologicalRules

形態(tài)學(xué)規(guī)則(詞的構(gòu)成方式詞素是怎樣組合成為詞)

1.

morphologicalrules:詞素音位規(guī)則(這些規(guī)則決定了詞素是如何組合而構(gòu)成單詞的)2.

productivemorphologicalrules:能產(chǎn)性詞素音位規(guī)則(有些詞素音位規(guī)則能夠相當(dāng)自由地用來構(gòu)造新詞)

[F]Word-formationprocess(構(gòu)詞法)

?Derivation派生構(gòu)詞法?Compounding復(fù)合構(gòu)詞法?Reduplication重疊構(gòu)詞法?Blending截搭構(gòu)詞法

?Clipping截短構(gòu)詞法?conversion詞性轉(zhuǎn)化構(gòu)詞法?backformation逆構(gòu)?Initialism&acronym詞首字母縮略構(gòu)詞法?Loans/borrowings借詞?onomatopoeia擬聲構(gòu)詞法?coinage新造詞語具體自己查閱資料Chapter4Syntax句法學(xué)

[A]ThedefinitionofsyntaxSyntax:

Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandrulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences(句法學(xué)是研究詞是如何組成句子以及如何支配句子構(gòu)成規(guī)則的一個語言學(xué)分支)

[B]Somecategories(句法范疇)

Syntacticcategories:refertoawordoraphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction,suchasthesubjectorthepredicate句法范疇是指某一特定語言中執(zhí)行相同或者相近功能的一組語言項目,如句子,名詞短語,或者動詞。

1.詞層面的范疇

Majorlexicalcategories(opencategories):N.V.Adj.Adv.Minorlexicalcategories(closedcategories):Det.Aux.Prep.Pron.Conj.Int.Phrasalcategories:NP,VP,PP,AP

DeterminationMeaning

e.g.,penbook,kick

Inflection

e.g.,boys;helped,cleverest

Nouns----pluralaffix:–s

Verbs----tenseaffix:–ed,-ing

Adjectives-----erand

-est

Distribution

e.g.,thegirl,willgo,toobright

Det+nouns:

thegirl,acard,

Aux+verbs:

shouldstay,willgo,

Deg+adjectives

verycool,toobright.

2.短語范疇

specifier+head+complement

head

中心語

specifier

標(biāo)志語

出現(xiàn)在中心語的左邊(限定語作為名詞的標(biāo)志語;修飾語作為動詞的標(biāo)志語;程度詞作為形容詞的標(biāo)志語)

complements

補語

出現(xiàn)在中心語的右邊(補語也是短語)

modifier

修飾語WhenamodiferproceedsHead,it'splacedafterthespecifier,whenitfollowsHead,it'splacedafterthecomplement.(動詞最為常見的修飾語是描述方式和時間的副詞短語和介詞短語,名詞最為常見的修飾語是形容詞短語)

XP→(specifier)(Mod)X(complement*)(Mod)

NP→(Det)N(PP)…e.g.astoryaboutasentimentalgirl

VP→(Qual)V(NP)…e.g.oftenhavenoodlesforlunchAP→(Deg)A(PP)…e.g.veryhotinsummerPP→(Deg)P(NP)…e.g.almostwithouthesitation

[C]短語結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則

①coordinationrules

并列規(guī)則Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,or,andbut.X→X*ConX

②XP規(guī)則就是短語范疇里面的內(nèi)容XP→(specifier)(Mod)X(complement*)(Mod)

[D]句子規(guī)則

1.

inflectionphraseInflP(=S)

NP+

Infl+

VPConsideringeverysentencehastenseandagreement,ittakesanabstractcategory“inflection”(Infl)asitshead.

2.

transformation

不能用第一種方法表示的

Auxiliarymovement

(帶有助動詞的一般疑問句)

Step1:theusualXPruleisusedtoformastatement.Step2:formayes-noquestionusingtransformation.Inversion

MoveInfltotheleftofthesubjectNP.

Doinsertion

(不帶有助動詞的一般疑問句)

Step1:theusualXPruleisusedtoformastatement.DoinsertionisneededincaseofanemptyInflposition.Step2:formayes-noquestionusinginversion(倒置).Doinsertion---InsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInflposition.

Wh-movement

(特殊疑問句)

surfacestructure:itisthatofthe

sentenceasitispronouncedorwritten.deepstructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorization

properties

Wh-movement(Revised)

---

MoveawhphrasetothespecifierpositionunderCP.

1.

Whphraseascomplementofaverborpreposition;

Whatshouldthestudentreport?thestudentshouldreportwhat

2.

Whphraseasasubject;

Whowonthegame?

3.

Whmovementinrelativeclauses.

Thedog(thathekeeps)bitesThedog(hekeepswhat)bites.

Moveαandconstraintsontransformations

Moveα(orMoveAlpha)ruleisageneraltermforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement(includingauxiliarymovement,wh-movement,etc.).However,syntacticmovementisnotatrandom.Chapter5Semantics語義學(xué)

[A]ThedefinitionofsemanticsSemantics:

語義學(xué)可以簡單地定義為對意義的研究。

[B]Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning關(guān)于意義研究的一些觀點

①thenamingtheory命名論(只能命名名詞還有抽象名詞也不行)由柏拉圖提出的。②theconceptualistview概念論由奧格登和理查茲提出的Thought/reference

concept思想/指稱Symbol/Form(words)符號/形式Referent(realobject)所指三角狀態(tài)③contextualism:

J.R.Firth

語境論④behaviorismBloomfield行為主義論

言者發(fā)出該形式的場景和它在聽者身上所起的反應(yīng)。

[C]Senseandreference(意義和指稱)

Sense:isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform,abstractandde-contextualized.(主要涉及語言形式的固有意義,是抽象,不與語境相關(guān)的)

Reference:meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience(指語言形式在現(xiàn)實物質(zhì)世界中的事物,是語言成分和非語言的經(jīng)驗世界之間的關(guān)系)(andifbut不指稱任何事物)

[D]Majorsenserelations(主要的意義關(guān)系)

synonymy同義現(xiàn)象

a.dialectalsynonyms方言同義詞

(美式/英式英語)(fallautumn)不同地區(qū)方言中所用的同義詞

b.stylisticsynonyms文體同義詞

(問題、正式度不同)(oldmandaddydadfathermaleparent)文體上存在差異的同義詞

c.synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning情感或評價意義不同的同義詞(褒貶義)情感或評價意義存在差異的同義詞

d.collocationalsynonyms搭配同義詞(詞語搭配、用法)(rottentomatoes,addledeggs)搭配的同義詞

e.semanticallydifferentsynonyms語義不同的同義詞(意義上稍有不同)(amazeastond)語義上存在差異的同義詞

polysemy多義現(xiàn)象

homonymy同音異義

Homophones:同音異義發(fā)音一樣(rainreign/nightknight/piecepeace/leakleek)

Homographs:同形異義拼寫一樣(bowv.n./tearv.n./leadn.v.)

Completehomonyms:完全同音異義詞(fastadj.v./scalen.v.)

hyponymy下義關(guān)系

——inclusiveness包含關(guān)系

上坐標(biāo)詞(flower)

下坐標(biāo)詞(rosetulicarnationlilymorningglory)

antonymy反義詞

——oppositeness

Gradableantonyms等級反義詞(有中間詞,程度不同)(oldyoung)

Complementaryantonyms互補反義詞(兩個極端dead/alive,male/female)

Relationalopposites:關(guān)系反義詞

(husbandwife)

[E]Senserelationsbetweensentences句子之間的意義關(guān)系

①XissynonymouswithY(X與Y同義)如果X真,Y真;X假,Y也假

②XisinconsistentwithY(X與Y不一致)如果X真,Y假;X假,Y真

③XentailsY(YisanentailmentofX)(X蘊含Y(Y是X的一個含義))如果X真,Y一定真(去過法國一定去過歐洲)如果X假,Y有可能真(沒去過法國去/沒去過歐洲歐洲)

④XpresupposesY(YisaprerequisiteofX)(X預(yù)設(shè)Y(Y是X的先決條件))如果X真,Y一定真如果X假,Y仍然真

⑤XisacontradictionX自我矛盾(總是假)

⑥XissemanticallyanomalousX語義反常

[F]Componentialanalysisawaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning(成分分析法分析詞匯意義的方法)

Semanticfeatures語義特征

這個理論是基于這樣一個信念:一個詞的意義能被分解成被稱為語義特征的意義成分。

加號和減號用來表示一個詞的意義中是否存在某一個語義特征,而且這些特征通常用大寫字母書寫。例如,man一詞可以分析為是由+human,+adult,+animate,+male這些特征構(gòu)成。

Showhowthosewordsarerelatedinmeaning,成分分析提供了一個洞察詞義的方法和研究意義的詞之間的關(guān)系的方法。

[G]PredicationanalysisawaytoanalyzesentencemeaningproposedbyBritishlinguist

G.Leech

(述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法分析句子意義的方法)

Semanticanalysis:

Predication(basicunit)述謂結(jié)構(gòu)

基本單位適用于任何句子形式,包括陳述句,祈使句和疑問形式。

theabstractmeaningofthesentence句子的抽象意義

Argument(s)

變元(名詞成分)

predicate謂詞(謂語)一個述謂結(jié)構(gòu)由變元和謂詞構(gòu)成。一個變元就是一個述謂結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯參與者,等同于一個句子的名詞性成分。謂詞是對變元所作的陳述或陳述一個句子中連接變元之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

Tomsmokes.

TOM(SMO

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評論

0/150

提交評論