大地測量實習(xí)報告(主要步驟)

五、坐標(biāo)系及高程系的選擇1、因為測區(qū)中心的大地坐標(biāo)已知我們可以利用高斯平面坐標(biāo)正算的出測區(qū)中心的直角坐標(biāo)，計算用軟件實現(xiàn)，過程如下：再通過給定的測區(qū)中心的高程范圍可以求得Hm=(30+244)/2=137m然后可以利用下列式子求得測區(qū)中心的綜合變形，與±1/40000比較，看是不是要選擇獨立坐標(biāo)系。取S=s,R=RA=6371km，Y,H以千米為單位上公式可變?yōu)椋和ㄟ^計算，可以算得綜合變形為：-0.000017>-0.000025。所以不用選擇獨立坐標(biāo)系。直接選擇中央子午線為117度的高斯平面直角坐標(biāo)系。2、由已知條件可知，已知點給出的是1985國家高程基準(zhǔn)。所以我也選擇85高程系統(tǒng)。六、現(xiàn)行測量規(guī)范：（1）全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）測量規(guī)范，GB/T18314-2009。（2）全球定位系統(tǒng)城市測量技術(shù)規(guī)程，CJJ73-97。（3）工程測量規(guī)范，GB50026-2007。（4）城市測量規(guī)范，CJJ8-99。（5）國家一、二等水準(zhǔn)測量規(guī)范，GB12897-91。（6）國家三、四等水準(zhǔn)測量規(guī)范。GB12898-91（7）《1:5001:10001:2000地形圖圖式》GB/T20257.1-2007；七、經(jīng)費預(yù)算可參考下列數(shù)據(jù)：GPS單頻接收機(jī)每臺1.5萬元，雙頻接收機(jī)每臺5萬元；全站儀每臺2萬元；DJ2經(jīng)緯儀每臺2萬元；DS1水準(zhǔn)儀每臺8千元，DS3水準(zhǔn)儀每臺2千元；標(biāo)石每座100元。測繪人員每人每天生活補(bǔ)貼費100元。交通、住宿費按每人每天200元計算。不可預(yù)見費按總費用的10％計算。每個點的經(jīng)緯度及其分布圖如下D026D027D032EO1E02E03E04E05E06E07E08GPS布置網(wǎng)如圖（相同顏色為同一時段獨立基線）：給各基線編流水號（如下）：各點近似經(jīng)緯度（如下表）：點名經(jīng)度(°′″)緯度(°′″)D0261171029.08341343.58D0271171548.31341410.6D032117131.57341041.39E011171043.0334127.85E021171232.6341427.21E031171241.5734133.17E041171233.71341138.13E051171451341211.72E061171419.67341351.3E071171055341042.73E081171630.9334130.34再通過坐標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換，可以求出每個點的80坐標(biāo)：下面是其中一個由大地坐標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換為高斯平面坐標(biāo)的示意國家80平面坐標(biāo)如下：點名X(m)Y(m)D0263789053.453516100.338D0273789903.595524268.405D0323783447.159520015.05E013786104.351516462.539E023790403.782519258.889E033787814.73519493.808E043785193.985519297.999E053786236.867522810.668E063789303.31522001.389E073783482.107516773.669E083787741.554525364.956對每條基線進(jìn)行距離和中誤差計算以2500米作為單位觀測誤差，所以單位觀測中誤差為：按照公式若第j某條基線向量的長度為2km，則其ΔX、ΔY的觀測值中誤差分別為：通過計算得各點權(quán)如下表：序號基線名稱距離方差X權(quán)Y權(quán)1D026-E023435.0884735.776854010.5660.5662D026-E012971.2610431.350266620.7380.7383E01-E033480.5154936.213240770.5530.5534E02-E032599.687927.853863640.9340.9345E02-E062955.0541231.196706350.7440.7446E06-E053171.4358233.253579010.6560.6567E06-D2072345.1446925.494516321.1151.1158E207-E082424.2205726.223739971.0541.0549E08-E052964.535431.28653090.7410.74110E05-E033673.0385138.067324450.50.511E05-D0323949.424140.740582630.4370.43712D032-E041888.269921.367178591.5881.58813E04-E032628.0497628.118758010.9170.91714E04-E073050.0439732.097925530.7040.70415E07-E012640.6373228.236440060.9090.909

通過matlab軟件，通過編寫程序得出P陣，B陣，和法矩陣BTPB陣，及Qxx陣。程序如下：（已知點用99表示）B=zeros(30,15);JK=[2,99;1,99;3,1;2,3;2,6;5,6;6,99;8,99;8,5;5,3;5,99;4,99;4,3;7,4;1,7;];i=1;while1ifi==16;break;endj=JK(i,1);k=JK(i,2);B((i-1)*2+1,(j-1)*2+1)=1;B((i-1)*2+2,(j-1)*2+2)=1;ifk==99a=1;elseB((i-1)*2+1,(k-1)*2+1)=-1;B((i-1)*2+2,(k-1)*2+2)=-1;endi=i+1;endP=blkdiag(0.566,0.566,0.738,0.738,0.553,0.553,0.934,0.934,0.744,0.744,0.656,0.656,1.115,1.115,1.054,1.054,0.741,0.741,0.5,0.5,0.437,0.437,1.588,1.588,0.917,0.917,0.704,0.704,0.909,0.909);BTPB=B'*P*B;QXX=inv(BTPB);得出P陣（30×30）如下：P=blkdiag(0.566,0.566,0.738,0.738,0.553,0.553,0.934,0.934,0.744,0.744,0.656,0.656,1.115,1.115,1.054,1.054,0.741,0.741,0.5,0.5,0.437,0.437,1.588,1.588,0.917,0.917,0.704,0.704,0.909,0.909)得出B陣（30×16）0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0得出BTPB陣（16×16）如下：得出Qxx陣（16×16）如下：經(jīng)過觀察可以得出：E07號點為最弱點，其協(xié)因數(shù)為：Qxx=0.9153Qyy=0.9153Qxy=0單位權(quán)中誤差為：

導(dǎo)線網(wǎng)（加密網(wǎng)）設(shè)計圖如下：-2654321-1S7S6S5S4S3S2S1-2654321-1S7S6S5S4S3S2S1β6β5β4β3β2β11點2點3點4點5點6點未知點的近似坐標(biāo)計算：點名度分秒高程/mX(轉(zhuǎn)換后)/mY（轉(zhuǎn)換后）/m實際x/m實際y/mD026緯度341343.581453789053.453516100.3389053.45316100.34經(jīng)度1171029.08D032緯度341041.39393783447.159520015.053447.15920015.05經(jīng)度117131.571緯度341259.87513787706.735516170.7377706.73516170.74經(jīng)度1171031.742緯度341241258516932.2697131.25816932.27經(jīng)度117111.453緯度34124.24413785993.856516879.7885993.85616879.79經(jīng)度1171059.324緯度341144.29363785380.437517588.0615380.43717588.06經(jīng)度1171126.945緯度341059.7313784007.076517898.9444007.07617898.94經(jīng)度1171138.986緯度34114.98333784172.089519078.8534172.08919078.85導(dǎo)線網(wǎng)的權(quán)陣P=blankdiag（1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1）;Matlab程序如下：B=zeros(13,6);JKH=[1,2,-1;2,3,1;3,4,2;4,5,3;5,6,4;6,-2,5];JK=[1,-1;1,1;3,2;4,3;5,4;6,5;-2,6];XYJS=[9053.453,16100.338;7706.735,16170.737;7131.258,16932.269;5993.856,16879.788;5380.437,17588.061;4007.076,17898.944;4172.089,19078.853;3447.159,20015.05;];ro=2062.65;i=1;while1ifi==7;break;endj=JKH(i,1);k=JKH(i,2);h=JKH(i,3);ifj<=0j=6+abs(j);endifk<=0k=6+abs(k);endifh<=0h=6+abs(h);enddxjk=XYJS(k,1)-XYJS(j,1);dyjk=XYJS(k,2)-XYJS(j,2);dxjh=XYJS(h,1)-XYJS(j,1);dyjh=XYJS(h,2)-XYJS(j,2);sjk0=dxjk*dxjk+dyjk*dyjk;sjh0=dxjh*dxjh+dyjh*dyjh;j=JKH(i,1);k=JKH(i,2);h=JKH(i,3);ifj<=0&k<=0A=0;endifj<=0&k>=0B(i,k*2-1)=-ro*dyjk/sjk0;B(i,k*2)=ro*dxjk/sjk0;endifk<=0&j>=0B(i,j*2-1)=ro*dyjk/sjk0;B(i,j*2)=-ro*dxjk/sjk0;endifk>=0&j>=0B(i,j*2-1)=ro*dyjk/sjk0;B(i,j*2)=-ro*dxjk/sjk0;B(i,k*2-1)=-ro*dyjk/sjk0;B(i,k*2)=ro*dxjk/sjk0;endifj<=0&h<=0A=0;endifj<=0&h>=0B(i,h*2-1)=ro*dyjh/sjh0;B(i,h*2)=-ro*dxjh/sjh0;endifj>=0&h<=0B(i,j*2-1)=B(i,j*2-1)-ro*dyjh/sjh0;B(i,j*2)=B(i,j*2)+ro*dxjh/sjh0;endifj>=0&h>=0B(i,j*2-1)=B(i,j*2-1)-ro*dyjh/sjh0;B(i,j*2)=B(i,j*2)+ro*dxjh/sjh0;B(i,h*2-1)=ro*dyjh/sjh0;B(i,h*2)=-ro*dxjh/sjh0;endi=i+1;endwhile2ifi==14;break;endj=JK(i-6,1);k=JK(i-6,2);ifj<=0j=6+abs(j);endifk<=0k=6+abs(k);enddxjk=XYJS(k,1)-XYJS(j,1);dyjk=XYJS(k,2)-XYJS(j,2);sjk0=sqrt(dxjk*dxjk+dyjk*dyjk);j=JK(i-7,1);k=JK(i-7,2);ifj<=0&k<=0A=0;endifj<=0&k>=0B(i,k*2-1)=dxjk/sjk0;B(i,k*2)=dyjk/sjk0;endifk<=0&j>=0B(i,j*2-1)=-dxjk/sjk0;B(i,j*2)=-dyjk/sjk0;endifk>=0&j>=0B(i,j*2-1)=-dxjk/sjk0;B(i,j*2)=-dyjk/sjk0;B(i,k*2-1)=dxjk/sjk0;B(i,k*2)=dyjk/sjk0;endi=i+1;endP=blkdiag(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1);BTPB=B'*P*B;QXX=inv(BTPB);得到B陣（13×12）如下：得到BTPB（12×12）陣如下：得到Qxx陣（12×12）如下：通過觀察1號點為最弱點。其協(xié)因數(shù)為：Qxx=0.8542Qyy=2.2491Qxy=1.3851單位權(quán)中誤差為：

3．水準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)可布設(shè)四等附合或閉合水準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)，平均1~2km一個水準(zhǔn)點。估算最弱點高程中誤差≤2cm。水準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)設(shè)計圖如下：h12h11h10h9h8h7h6h12h11h10h9h8h7h6h5h4h3h2h1水準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)精度估計，采用間接平差法，通過matlab編寫程序如下：B=zeros(12,8);JK=[1,99;2,99;6,2;6,99;8,99;8,5;5,4;4,3;3,1;5,99;7,99;1,7];i=1;while1ifi==13;break;endj=JK(i,1);k=JK(i,2);B(i,j)=1;ifk==99a=1;elseB(i,k)=-1;endi=i+1;endP=blkdiag(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1);BTPB=B'*P*B;QXX=i