大學(xué)英語深層語法

大學(xué)英語深層語法AdvancedCollegeEnglishGrammar大學(xué)英語深層語法Realknowledge,likeeverythingelseofvalue,isnottobeobtainedeasily,itmustbeworkedfor,studiedfor,thoughtfor,andmorethanall,mustbeprayedfor.byThomasAmoldContentsChapter1英語語法結(jié)構(gòu)Chapter2英語句子類型Chapter3名詞Chapter4動詞Chapter5情態(tài)詞Chapter6非謂語動詞Chapter7形容詞的級Chapter8數(shù)詞Chapter9代詞Chapter10介詞Chapter11連詞Chapter12副詞和狀語Chapter13形容詞從句Chapter14名詞從句Chapter15引語Chapter16主謂一致Chapter17信息結(jié)構(gòu)與強(qiáng)調(diào)第一章英語語法結(jié)構(gòu)詞素（自由詞素和粘附詞素）單詞詞組

分句

句子

段落

篇章第二章句子類型句子的表意類型（肯定句+否定句）肯定句（陳述句、祈使句、感嘆句、疑問句）否定句（否定陳述句、否定疑問句、否定祈使句、否定感嘆句）陳述句

陳述疑問句（表感嘆、疑問、祈使）Idon’tdaretoaskyou,myyounglady,howoldyouare.I’dliketoknowthenameofyourlastemployer.祈使陳述句I’dlikeacupofcoffee.=Pleasebringmeacupofcoffee.Yourflyisopen.=Examineyourzipper.疑問句Whoknows?=Idon’tknow.CharlesgaveDiannaanengagementring?(陳述疑問句）Aren’ttheflowerslovely?(感嘆疑問句）Whydon’tyoutakeanaspirin?(祈使疑問句）祈使句

RememberthatIamalwaysreadyforyou.(陳述祈使句）Tellmewhatyouwant!(祈使疑問句)AmIhungry!(感嘆祈使句）感嘆句Whatabeautifulgirlyouare!(陳述感嘆句）Hasn’tshegrown!(疑問感嘆句）Howslowyourmovementis!(祈使感嘆句）肯定句陳述句（陳述事實(shí)或看法）Knowledgeispower.Therecanbenoeconomywherethereisnoefficiency.(沒有效率就沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)）祈使句（表示請求、命令、號召、祝愿、詛咒、建議、告誡）Theshipisgoingtosuckusdown.TakeadeepbreathwhenIsay.Kickforthesurfaceandkeepkicking.Getonit.Alwaysremembertosmile!Don’tbestandingintherain!感嘆句（表示驚嘆、喜悅、氣憤）How+（被強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞、副詞、動詞）+主語+謂語Howwonderfulapictureitis!What+被強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞、名詞詞組+主語+謂語Whatawonderfulpictureitis!疑問句分類：一般、特殊、混合、選擇、附加一般疑問句（多用yes/no回答并有助動詞、系詞、情態(tài)詞開頭的句子）Isheaworker?Yes,heis.DoeshespeakEnglish?No,hedoesn’t.Haveyouabike?Yes,Ihave.特殊疑問句（特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句）Whatdoyouwant?WhatcanIdoforyou?WhoisyourEnglishteacher?Whichishis?Whatbooksareinit?Whichbookismine?Whosebookisonthedesk?常見特殊疑問句句型Whatabout….?Howabout…..?(征求意見）=whatdoyouthinkabout….?Whatabouthavingawalk?HowaboutonSunday?Whynot+V.?=whydon’tyou…..?Why

nottryagain?Whatif+分句?=whatwouldbetheresultif….?Whatifwemissthefirstbus?常見特殊疑問句句型Howcome+that分句“怎么會”=Howdoesitcome?Howcomeyouarelate?Whatthough+陳述句？表讓步=whatdoesitmatterif….?Whatthoughwearepoor?Westillhaveeachother?(窮又有什么關(guān)系？只要你還有我，我還有你。）混合疑問句（一般+特殊）Whodoyouthinkisthemasterhere,Ioryou,Eh?Howmuchdidyousaythisonecost?Whodoyouthinkmurderedthelady?Whatdoyouthinkshewouldfeel?反義疑問句主語用such時，單數(shù)用it,復(fù)數(shù)用they.Suchishisnature,isn’tit?Suchareyourexcuses,aren’tthey?陳述句It（high/about)time+同位語從句（動詞用過去時），用itItistimewewenttobed,isn’tit?Itwillbethethirdtimethathehasbeeninlovethisyear,won’tit?選擇疑問句（用or連接兩個或以上的并列成分）Areyougoingtothecinemaortothetheater?Doyouwantcoffeeorcoco?Whichwouldyouratherhave–steakorfish?Nowdoyoupeoplewanttoliveordoyouwanttodie?附加疑問句（陳述句、祈使句、感嘆句+附加疑問句）Sheisanurse,isn’tshe?Thatclockisslow,isn’tit?Openthedoor,won’tyou?Don’tforgettoposttheletter,willyou?Readthetext,willyou?Whatalovelychild,isn’tis?反義疑問句主語Eachof….作主語，用相應(yīng)的人稱代詞Eachofthepupilspassedtheexam,didn’tthey?陳述句用one，正式場合用one,非正式用you,美國英語用heOnecan’tbetoocareful,canone(you?)(he?)反義疑問句主語不定代詞（nobody/noone/none/everybody/everyone/somebody/anybody)作陳述句主語時，反義疑問句的主語在英國英語中用theyEverybodyhasgotaticket,haven’tthey?不定代詞（everything/something/anything/nothing)時，用itEverythinglooksfresh,doesn’tit?反義疑問句主語名詞，相應(yīng)人稱代詞Thisanswerisn’tcorrect,isit?Yourfatherusedtobeamusician,didn’t/usedn’the?不定代詞、動名詞、詞組、從句，用ItLiftingweightswillbuildarmmuscles,won’tit?Thattheyarefriendsisnottrue,isit?反義疑問句主語That/this/these/those,用it（單數(shù)）、they(復(fù)數(shù)）Thisisabook,isn’tit?Thesearenotbooks,arethey?主從復(fù)合句，反義疑問句主語與主句主語一致YouwereinthefactorywhenIlastsawyou,weren’tyou?反義疑問句主語主從復(fù)合句，主句主語是第一人稱，謂語think,consider,guess,believe,expect,imagine,suppose時，與從句主語一致Idon’tthinkyouareserious,areyou?Idon’tsupposehecares,doeshe?反義疑問句主語第一部分是第二人稱祈使句，用youDon’ttakeawaymydictionary,willyou?感嘆句的反義疑問句：反義疑問句的謂語用be的一般現(xiàn)在是的否定式。主語用he,you等人稱代詞，主語是物用itWhatafunnyman,isn’the?Howhottheteais,isn’tit?反義疑問句主語準(zhǔn)反義疑問句不表示“是不是”，反義疑問句可有自己的主語。Ifindthisfilmveryinteresting,don’tyou?(=whatdoyouthink?)反義疑問句謂語否定詞與反義疑問句主語有否定意義，謂語用肯定Nobooksareperfect,arethey?Thereisnorealdemocracyinthiscountry,isthere?Nobodycandoit,canthey?Noonecame,didthey?反義疑問句謂語賓語有否定，謂語肯否均可Hesaidnothingatthemeeting,did/didn’the?謂語有don’tthink之類的賓語從句時，用肯定Idon’tthinkhewillcometomorrow,willhe?有準(zhǔn)否定詞hardly,seldom,little,few時，用肯定反義疑問句的謂語Itseldomrainsinthedesert,doesit?Therewerefewpeoplethere,werethey?Hehadlittleworkthatday,hadhe?有否定意義的謂語或前綴、后綴是，用否定Heiscareless,isn’the?Hefailedtocome,didn’the?反義疑問句的謂語

主語是”noneof+名詞“，反義疑問句的人稱和數(shù)和主語中的名詞保持一致。NoneofthestudentsarefromJapan,arethey?Noneofthenewssoundstrue,doesit?帶有only時，肯否均可。Therewereonlytwopeoplepresent,weren’t/werethey?情態(tài)詞與反義疑問句陳述句must表“必須”，用mustn’tWemustgosoon,mustn’twe?Must表“必要”，用needn’tThenursemusttakegoodcareofthechildren,needn’tshe?Mustn’t表“禁止”，用mustYoumustn’tparkyourcarhere,mustyou?反義疑問句謂語Mustbe表“猜測、準(zhǔn)是”，視情況而定（be,have,do等）Yourparentsmustbeinthekitchen,aren’tthey?TommusthavebeentoBeijing,hasn’the?Thescientistsmusthavesucceededintheirnewexperiment,didn’tthey?反義疑問句的謂語陳述句有haveto時，用do的適當(dāng)形式Ajournalisthastobegoodatwriting,doesn’tthey?陳述句有need(實(shí)義）時，用doIneedtobuyanEnglishbook,don’tI?Need（情態(tài)），用needn’tHeneednotcomeatpresent,needhe?反義疑問句謂語Dare(情態(tài)），用daren’t;dare(實(shí)意），用do的適當(dāng)形式Y(jié)oudarenotwalkinthedarkness,dareyou?Hedaredthedangeroflosinghisjob,didn’the?有oughtto時，用ought/shouldIoughttocomplain,shouldn’t/oughtn’tI?反義疑問句謂語有usedto時，用usedn’t/usen’t/didn’tYouusedtosmokeapipe,usedn’tyou?有hadbetter時，用hadn’tWehadbettertakeoffourshoes,hadn’twe?反義疑問句的謂語有wouldrather時，用wouldn’tYou’dratherstayinbedthangetuptoeat,wouldn’tyou?其他句型的反義疑問句陳述句wish,反義疑問句用may，兩部分都用肯定。Iwishtostayherealittlelonger,mayI?有hadsomethingdone,用didShehadherhaircut,didn’tshe?當(dāng)Have“有”，用Have；have“吃、經(jīng)歷、得到、遭遇”，用do反義疑問句的謂語HehadahouseinBeijing,hadn’the?Hehasbreadandmilkforbreakfast,doesn’the?當(dāng)有am時，用aren’tI/amInotIambeautiful,aren’tI/amInot?陳述句是肯定祈使句，用willyou/won’tyou；否定祈使句，用willu/canu;Let’s開頭的祈使句，用shallwe反義疑問句的謂語Let’sgo,shallwe?Letusgo,willyou?

Won’tyou?Don’tmakeanynoise,canyou?/willyou?Letmehelpyou,mayI?Goandshutthedoor,willyou/won’tyou?反義疑問句謂語陳述句是并列句，與鄰近的分句謂語保持一致Shewastoldagainandagain,butshestillcouldn’trememberit,couldshe?陳述句部分的句子過長，可將反義疑問句置于（系詞、助動詞、情態(tài)詞）后，前后用逗號隔開Shehadn’tatthetime,hadshe,beenfullyrecognizedasaseriouswriter?否定句（含有否定詞半否定詞的句子）Youarenotastudent.Youarenostudent.(你根本不配當(dāng)學(xué)生）Ican’tseethescreen.Idon’tthinkyouareright.Whydon’twesingittogether?Youwon’tgottheworkshop,willyou?否定句

Don’tbotheraboutgenius.Don’tworryaboutbeingclever.Trusthardwork,perseveranceanddetermination.不要為自己是否有天分煩惱，不要而自己是否聰明而憂心，要相信勤奮、毅力和決心。句子的結(jié)構(gòu)類型分類簡單句（單部和雙部）單部簡單句Night.Afracturedskull.Apoolofblood.Abrokenneck.…Ayoungmandead.Yearsofhardwork,littlefood,onlyacoldroomtoliveinandnever,neveramomenttorest.雙部簡單句SV型：Everybodylaughed.SVC型：Timeismoney.SVO型：ShestudiesEnglish.SVOO型：Shegavemeabook.SVOC型：WecalledherAnnie.SVA型：IliveinBeijing.SVOA型：Shetreatedmekindly.復(fù)合句

主從復(fù)合句WhathesaidisnotwhatIheard.Mybeliefisthatyouareright.Iinsistthathegoatonce.Hewhoknowsheknowslittleknowsmuch.復(fù)合句

復(fù)合句并列復(fù)合句Calcomeslookingforher,butsheturnsherfaceawayfromhimandhedoesn’tseeher.Notonlydoeshehelpme,butalsoIhelphim.Knowingisnotenough;wemustapply.Willingisnotenough;wemustdo.并列主從復(fù)合句Hewasverybusy,buthesaidhewouldcome.Ifyougiveamanafish,youfeedhimforaday;butifyouteachhimhowtofish,youfeedhimforlife.Ifwebeginwithcertainties,weshallendindoubts,butifwebeginwithdoubts,andwearepatientwiththem,weshallendincertainties.主從并列復(fù)合句Ifwegoback,they’llswamptheboat,they’llpullusdown.Ifyouhavetakenadvantageorhurtotherstoearnyourwealth,youwillnotbehappy,youwilllikeyourself,andyouwillnotfeelyouarecapable.多級主從復(fù)合句Happinessisabutterfly,which,when,pursued,isalwaysjustbeyondyourgrasp,butwhich,ifyouwillsitdownquietly,mayalightuponyou.幸福是一只蝴蝶，你要去追逐她，她總是在你前面不遠(yuǎn)的地方讓你抓不到；但是如果你悄悄坐下來，也許她會落在你的身上。第三章名詞名詞的分類從詞義學(xué)：具體名詞；抽象名詞從結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)：起名詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、動詞作用的名詞名詞的詞匯意義（表示具體概念或抽象概念的名稱）普通名詞（有形的事物）和專有名詞（無形的事物）具體名詞（按涵蓋面的大小，代表的多寡）：普通名詞（表泛指）；專有名詞（表特指）專有名詞的用法專有名詞普通化（前可加a/an，詞尾可有復(fù)數(shù)）TheylistentotheirWalkmanswhiletheteacheristalkingtothem.普通名詞專有化theWhiteHousetheGreatWalltheUnitedStates個體名詞與集體名詞普通名詞（個體名詞與集體名詞）集體名詞與謂語動詞搭配分三類：單數(shù)型、復(fù)數(shù)型、兩用型可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞：有一定形象或界限、前面可加基數(shù)詞、可用a/an限制、有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。不可數(shù)名詞：無復(fù)數(shù)形式、前不能加a/an、家單位名詞計數(shù)twoglassesofwater。凡是物質(zhì)名詞不可數(shù)water,sand,fish，無固定的形狀或范圍，將物質(zhì)取出一部分，名稱不變。不可數(shù)名詞用法不可數(shù)名詞的可數(shù)化：物質(zhì)名詞一旦有了復(fù)數(shù)形式，詞匯意義變化waters(洪水）sands(沙灘）times（時代、次數(shù)）物質(zhì)名詞表種類awine,agrass,asteel抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化twodifficulties,threedifferences少數(shù)抽象名詞可數(shù)ahope,anidea不可數(shù)名詞的用法不可數(shù)名詞有了定語、動作名詞有了邏輯賓語就變成可數(shù)名詞AhatredofdictatorshipAloveoffreedomThreeblackcoffees可數(shù)名詞的不可數(shù)化Makeroom騰出空地方Keephouse管家具體名義與抽象名詞具體名詞特征：看得見、摸得著Lap-topcomputerCell-phone絕大多數(shù)具體名詞時可數(shù)名詞。抽象名詞用法：抽象名詞具體化（抽象名詞前加形容詞、冠詞，詞尾有復(fù)數(shù)）Stop(停止）twostops(兩個站）具體名詞的抽象化具有地方意義的名詞前用零冠詞，都是具體名詞抽象化，要譯成漢語的動詞。Gotoschool去上學(xué)Gototheschool到學(xué)校去英語動作名詞動作名詞有動詞性的特點(diǎn)：有暗含的及物性、被動意義、時間意義、體的意義、虛擬式的意義；有邏輯的主語、賓語、狀語、狀定語；在謂語中起實(shí)義動詞的作用。動作名詞的動詞性特征詞匯意義Itismyprivatepersuasionthatheishonest.我哥熱恩相信他是誠實(shí)的。Hisactionsareinconsistentwithhisprofession.Heactsinconsistentlywithhisprofession.詞法特征及物性與不及物性具有及物意義的動作名詞的邏輯賓語要用所屬格（s所屬格、of的所屬格、物主代詞）Thearmydefeatedtherebels.Thearmy’sdefeatoftherebels.Therebels‘defeatofthearmyTheirdefeatbythearmy.詞法特征有些具有及物意義的動作名詞邏輯賓語不用of，而用其他介詞引導(dǎo)后跟for：apology，admiration，urge,consideration后跟to:address,answer,assistance,damage,devotion后跟on：advice,attack,comment,dependence,demand,mercy詞法特征動作名詞后面的介詞和動詞的搭配一致。Heagreedtopaythepricedemandedforthecomputer.Theworker‘sdemandforhigherwagesisreasonable.Don’tjudgeamanuntilhahasdied.Don’tpassjudgmentonamanuntilhehasdied.詞法特征表思想感情的動作名詞（love,hatred,admiration,patience,tolerance,affection,respect,hope等）的邏輯賓語用of或for引導(dǎo)都可以。Herlovefor/ofhermotherHishatredfor/ofallcorruptofficials詞法特征復(fù)合賓語的動作名詞要復(fù)合賓語AfteranhourortwoIcaughtsightofamanridingaponydownthestreet.Ilookedup,andsawamansittingonthetopofahugeearthmover.詞法特征有及物意義的動作名詞后可跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語，即同位語從句Ipredictthatitwillrain.Mypredictionthatitwillraincertainlycometrue.Theyrecommendedthatsheshouldbepromoted.Therewasarecommendationthatsheshouldbepromoted.詞法特征兩用動詞的動作名詞有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)Everybookisnetgainfortheadvancementofknowledge.(提高）Oneofthegreatestadvancesinmoderntechnologyhasbeentheinventionofcomputers.(進(jìn)展）詞法特征

不定式作賓語派生的動作名詞依然可帶todo作邏輯賓語（decision,demand,desire,determination,failure,offer,plan,promise,refusal,request)Wedecidedtowait.Ourdecisiontowaitwaswise.詞法特征被動意義與主動意義動作名詞可用作主動意義也可用作被動意義Respectissomethingyouhavetohaveinorderget.Hecommitsatheftofbicycle.Theprisonersreactedsharplytothetreatment.詞法特征動作名詞中用by引導(dǎo)的短語表示動作主體。這時動作名詞具有被動意義。ThearrestofthethiefbythepolicemanHerpraisebytheteacherwasright.Chinaremainedtobeafeudalstateuntilinvasionbyimperialism.詞法特征

做介詞賓語的動作名詞也可有被動意義SeveralseniorofficialsintheTreasuryareundersuspicioninthisbriberycase.Hisconductisabovecriticism.Theroadisunderrepair.Thehouseisforsale.Thebookisnotinprint.詞法特征

“介詞+動作名詞”表被動肯定：underconsideration,underrepair,forsale,insight,inquestion否定：beyondcompare,beyondcontrol,beyondcure,beyondsaving,beyondhope,abovereproach,pastcure,outofsight詞法特征

時態(tài)/時間的意義根據(jù)句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)或時間狀語推斷動作名詞暗含的時間意義。Whentheywereindanger,Gordonwenttotheirhelp.Thearrestofacitizenmustbedoneinaccordancewithlegalprocedures.詞法特征

體的意義在上下文中判斷完成體（已經(jīng)完成的活動）或進(jìn)行體（表示動作正在進(jìn)行）Hisexplorationofthemountaintook/willtakethreeweeks.Hisexploringofthemountainistakingalongtime.詞法特征虛擬式的意義下列動作名詞后的that從句中謂語用be型虛擬式：demand,desire,motion,order,proposal,recommendation,requirement,suggestionHeorderedthattheygo.Hegaveordersthatthey(should)go.詞法特征

動作名詞本身無虛擬式，但根據(jù)句中謂語動詞的要求，有暗含的虛擬式意義。TheNazisorderedhisarrest.TheNazisorderedthathe(should)bearrested.句法作用邏輯主語和邏輯賓語動作名詞短語中的所屬格可作動作名詞的邏輯賓語，也可作邏輯主語。Theking’spraise國王對某人的贊許某人對國王的贊許句法作用有不及物意義，無被動意義，只能是邏輯主語。AftertheirarrivalinPersiathePoloscontinuedtheirjourneybyseaandbyland.有及物意義的動作名詞，根據(jù)上下文來判斷.Whentheywereindanger,Gordonwenttotheirhelp.(=theyhelpedhim.)Thenwiththatman’spermissionandevenwithishelp,hetookheraway.(=hehelped.)句法作用在一動作名詞詞組中，有邏輯主語和邏輯賓語，則邏輯賓語用of屬格，邏輯主語用s屬格。邏輯主語s屬格，則邏輯賓語用by短語表示，表被動。Theman’sexamofthestudentsTheman’sexambythedoctorThetenants’scrutinyofthelandlordThetenants’scrutinybythelandlord句法作用無生命名詞作邏輯主語，用of屬格；邏輯賓語用to/for等介詞賓語來表示。Thewelcomeofthelandtothemenfromseawaswarmandgenerous.Theattractionofthemoonfortheearthcausesthetides.句法作用及物意義的動作名詞后可跟賓語從句，傳統(tǒng)語法叫做，同位語從句或主語從句。Itismyprivatepersuasionthatheishonest.Ipersuadedmyselfthatheishonest.句法作用

不定式可作及物動作名詞的邏輯賓語。Herrefusaltoanswerpuzzledme.Itpuzzledmethatsherefusedtoanswer.若動作名詞無自己的邏輯主語，則句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語。Heisresponsibleforthemanagementoftheoffice.句法作用動作名詞的邏輯狀語副詞、副詞短語、副詞從句可修飾動作名詞，作其邏輯狀語。Theydidnotcontinuedrivewestward.Ishallneverforgetherappearancethismorning.Itwasquiteadisappointmenttome.Aftersupperwehadaquitesmoke.句法作用動作名詞的定狀語修飾動作名詞的各種定語（形容詞、介詞短語、名詞通格或?qū)俑竦龋┯袪钫Z意義（表時間、地方、度量、方式）MysecondflightfromLondontoParisinasmallplanewasaterrifyingexperience.句法作用凡修飾動詞帶-ly的副詞，修飾動作名詞可其形容詞。Theyinterruptedhisspeechcontinually.Theircontinualinterruptionofhisspeech.句法作用Verymuch修飾動詞，great修飾動作名詞。Helovedhischildrenverymuch.Hisgreatloveforhischildren動作名詞在句中可起實(shí)意動詞作用。Thematterisunderconsideration.Thematterisconsidered.動作名詞的名詞性特征句法作用動作名詞起名詞的任何作用Hisrejectionofthatgoodoffersurprisesme.(主語）Ican’tunderstandhisrejectionofthatgoodoffer.（賓語）WhatIcan’tunderstandisthathisrejectionofthatgoodoffer.(表語）句法作用同源賓語Wesingasong.Herunsarace.Hebreathedhislastbreath.Idreamedadream.英語動作者名詞動詞加后綴–or,-er,ar,ee,ess,ant,ent等詞義特征Youarealiar.Youlie!Hehasneverbeenagoodphotographer.他從來就拍不出好照片。英語名詞的比較級和最高級比較級Senior年長senioritySuperior較好superiorityMajor較多、較大majorityPrior優(yōu)先priorityJunior較年輕juniorityInferior較差priorityMinor較小minorityPosterior較后posteriority英語名詞的比較級Iknowthesuperiorityofherbeautytomine.我知道她比我漂亮。Itwillmakeyoufeelhersuperiorityandyourinferiority.這會使你覺得她比你優(yōu)越，你比她低劣。英語名詞的最高級Supreme最高、最優(yōu)supremacyMaximal最大、最多maximumExtreme最后、最末extremityMinimal最小、最少minimalTheyhaveachievedthemaximumofefficiencywiththeminimumoflabor.他們用最少的勞動力達(dá)到了最大的工作效率。限定詞限定詞：名詞詞組總隊名次中心詞起特指，泛指及數(shù)量等限定作用的詞限定詞的分類：按詞匯意義分：特指限定詞（definiteidentifiers）The,my,his;Tom’s,theoldman’s;whose,which,;such,thefirst;thenext,theother,thelast,this,that,those,these泛指限定詞（indefiniteidentifiers）A,an,either,neither,other,another,what,whatever,zeroarticle定量限定詞（definitequantifiers）Half,double,once,twice,onetime,twotimes,threetimes;onethird,twofifths;one,each,every,too,there,both不定量限定詞（indefinitequantifiers）Some,any,enough,many,much,more,most,several,few,afew,fewer,thefewest,alittle,little,less,theleast,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,abitof,agoodnumberof限定詞按詞序分：前位限定詞：量限定詞（all,both,half）;倍數(shù)詞（double,twice,threetimes）;分?jǐn)?shù)詞（onethird,twofifths）中位限定詞；冠詞（a,an,the,some,any）;指示詞（this,that,these,those）;形容詞性物主代詞（my,his,our）;名詞屬格（Mary’s,thepeople’s）;不定代詞（no,every,each,some,any,either,neither,enough）;wh-詞（what,whoever,whose,which,whichever）

后位限定詞：基數(shù)詞（one,two）;序數(shù)詞（first,second,third）;不定代詞（many,much,more,most,several,little,few,alittle,less,least）;last,next,other,another,such,additional,furtherAlltheotherstudents(=前位限定詞+中位限定詞+后位限定詞+中心名詞)在一個名詞詞組中只能有一個前位限定詞或一個中位限定詞，但后位限定詞則相互不排斥。如:allthethreeotherstudents

限定詞中位限定詞（按句法搭配分類）同單復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配也可同不可數(shù)名詞搭配：定冠詞the;物主代詞my,our,your;關(guān)系限定詞whose,which;whatever,whichever;疑問限定詞whose,what;否定限定詞no同復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配也可同不可數(shù)名詞搭配：零冠詞；肯定限定詞some;非肯定限定詞any;數(shù)量限定詞enough同單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞搭配的詞：指示限定詞that,this同單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配：不定冠詞a/an;普通限定詞every,each;非肯定限定詞either;否定限定詞neither限定詞在名詞詞組中，限定詞多位于名詞前，如：agoodman限定詞語形容詞的辨別限定詞受中心名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、可數(shù)不可數(shù)限制，形容詞不受限制。如：agoodman,不能說thesegoodman形容詞描述中心名詞特征，限定詞從特指、泛指或數(shù)量方面對中心名詞加以限制。如：agoodman,thegoodman,manygoodpeople形容詞可后置，限定詞只能前置。如;peopleyoungorold,不能說peoplemanyorfew形容詞有極的變化，限定詞無級的變化（可兼作形容詞的限定詞除外few,little,many,much）如：abetterman,themostimportantman限定詞不定代詞限定詞用法小結(jié)Loveall,trustafew,befalsetonone.博愛天下所有的人，相信少數(shù)幾個人，不要負(fù)于天下的任何人。Beciviltoall,serviceabletomany,familiarwithfew,friendtoone,enemytonone.要用禮貌對待天下所有的人；要幫助許多人；要親近少數(shù)人；要真心去交一個真心的朋友；不與任何人為敵。限定詞不定代詞用法No的用法No=notmany=nota=notatall=notoneNo后面不能加a/anyNo與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用相當(dāng)于a/an的否定形式，意為“一個也沒有”。ThereisnoTVsetinourhouse.也可跟不可數(shù)名詞連用。Thereisnosugarinthebowl.也可跟不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。Therearenocloudsinthesky.也可加在抽象名詞，動名詞之前。Nosmoking。

限定詞None的用法None是單數(shù)代詞=noone，表示3個或3個以上的全部否定“都不”。指人也指物，不作定語，后面不能直接加名詞，必須跟of短語。Noneofthemaremine.Noneofthesepensaremine.

限定詞Every/each的用法Every強(qiáng)調(diào)共性，指整體而言與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)共同點(diǎn)；each強(qiáng)調(diào)個性，指個別而言，強(qiáng)調(diào)一群人或物的不同點(diǎn)。Theadviserknowseverystudentoftheclassbyname.Theadviserknowseachstudentoftheclassbyname.Every可用于兩者以上，作形容詞或限定詞，不作名詞。Each可用于兩者或兩者以上，可做限定詞代詞、副詞。Thereisalineoftreesoneachsideoftheriver.Eachstudenthashisowndesk.Every與“一個以上的數(shù)詞+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”連用時，意為“每隔……”。Hecomestoseehereverythreedays.Each作主語時動詞謂語用單數(shù)。Eachofthebooksisinteresting.限定詞Few,afew,thefew,little,alittle,thelittle用法名詞作用Fewknowandfewcare.Fewerhavecomethanexpected.Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcansavethefewwhoarerich.限定詞形容詞作用Welivedonthelittlewildfruitwecouldfindthere.Thelestnoisewouldstartlethebaby.Thereisalittlewaterthere.Hemakeafewmistakesinhisexercises.Theyareveryfewinnumber.限定詞副詞作用HeknowsEnglishalittle.Hetalksleast.Heisalittlebettertoday.Littledidheknowtherealsituation.限定詞Alittle和abit用法區(qū)別否定句：notalittle=verymuch;notabit=notatallIdonotlikeitalittle.Idonotlikeitabit.肯定句：Ifeelalittlecold.=Ifeelabitofcold.限定詞Alittle或abitof修飾名詞Heisabitofcoward.Ihadalittlemoneyleft.只能作表語形容詞Thiscoatisabitlarge.Heisalittlenear-sighted.限定詞Several的用法形容詞性的不定代詞，只能作定語。IhaveseenStarWarsseveraltimes.Some用法Some用作冠詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。Therearesomecupsinthisbox.Some作分冠詞+不可數(shù)名詞Iwouldlikesomericeplease.限定詞Some用做量詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞Somepagesinthisbookaretorn.Some用作數(shù)詞+不可數(shù)名詞Haveyoubroughtanyfirewood.Some=a或acertain,表不肯定。常加orother+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞Somegirlatthedoorisaskingtoseeyou.限定詞Somebuilding!=whatabuilding!多好的大樓?。∈裁雌茦前。ome在疑問句中，表希望得到肯定回答。Wouldyouhavesometea?Any用于肯定句時，意為“任何”。Youmaycomeatanytime.Anygirlsarejusthappytoseeherguys.限定詞

Many,much,alotof的用法詞匯意義:many表數(shù)，與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用；much表量和度，與不可數(shù)名詞連用。Many/much主要用于否定句、疑問句、條件句HasJackmuchmoney?Hedoesnothavemuchmoney.Haveyougotmanysisters?限定詞在肯定句中：agreat/largenumberof,numbersof,numerous,agreat/goodmany,plentyof,alotof,lotsof代替many；agood/largequantityof,agood/greatdealof,plentyof代替muchAnumberofpeoplewerekilled.Jackhasalotofmoney.限定詞many/much用于句首，本身作主語或修飾主語。Manyarecalled,butfewarechosen.應(yīng)召得多，選中的少。As,how,so,too后面用many/much，用于肯定句或否定句。Howmuchmoneyisthereinthisbox?Ithoughtasmuch.Iamsorrytogiveyousomuchtrouble.限定詞在whether/if從句中，不論句子是肯定、否定、疑問，都可用many/muchIwonderifmanystudentshavetimetoworkonthereexercises.Most用法“Most+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”表泛指，“most

ofthe+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”表特指。Mostdoctorsdon’tsmoke.Mostofthedoctorsinourhospitaldon’tsmoke.限定詞Mostof前不能加the，后必須加the,these,our等限定詞。Ihaveeatenmostofthesalad.Ihavereadmostofthesebooks.“Mostof后面有人稱代詞賓格”時，則不能加限定詞the。Mostofusfeelthesameaboutthewars.限定詞Each,both,all的用法三個都可做限定詞，有名詞（賓語、同位語）、形容詞（定語），each還可做副詞（狀語）作用。Eachbelievedthatheknewjustwhatthebeastlookedlike.Eachstudenthasaseparateroom.BoththechildrenaregoodatEnglish.Allmyfriendslikeswimming.第四章動詞動詞的分類從語義學(xué)分：實(shí)意動詞、虛義動詞、半虛義動詞動詞的詞匯意義實(shí)意動詞的詞匯意義動詞表示動作或狀態(tài)實(shí)意動詞:可單獨(dú)作謂語的動詞實(shí)意動詞分類：動作動詞(進(jìn)行體動詞）和狀態(tài)動詞（靜態(tài)動詞）動詞的詞匯意義虛義動詞分類：基本助動詞（be,have,do)；情態(tài)助動詞；系動詞半虛義動詞：半助動詞動詞的句法作用不及物動詞Thewaterboiled.Theladyvanished.Everybodylaughed.Thepricesarerising.動詞的句法作用不完全不及物動詞Knowledgeispower.Questioningisthedoorofknowledge.Kindheartsarethegardens;kindthoughtsaretheroots;kindwordsaretheflowers;kinddeedsarethefruits.善良是心靈的園子；高尚是思想的根子；文明的語言是鮮花；美好的行為是果子。動詞的句法作用及物動詞Hatredparalyzeslife;lovereleasesit.Hatredconfuseslife;loveharmonizesit.Hatreddarkenslife;loveilluminatesit.恨使生活陷入癱瘓，愛使生活擺脫苦難。恨使生活混亂不堪，愛使生活和諧香甜。恨使生活漆黑一片，愛使生活陽光燦爛。動詞的句法作用

不完全及物動詞MrSmithgotajoblastweek.MrSmithgotthejobcompletedlastweek.動詞的時體動詞的時“時”的外延（時態(tài)）與內(nèi)涵（時間）動詞的體：完成與未完成（進(jìn)行體）體:一般體，完成體，進(jìn)行體，完成進(jìn)行體時：過去，現(xiàn)在，將來現(xiàn)在時間一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)Iamateacher.Hegetsupatsixeveryday.Youlookpale.(現(xiàn)在時間）Weleavetomorrowat9o’clockinthemorning.(將來時間）IwasjustdozingoffinfrontoftheTVwhenmywiferushesin,shoutingthatthekitchenisonfire.(過去時間）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)Iamcookingthedinneratthemoment.(現(xiàn)在時間）Maryisleavingtomorrowmorning.（將來時間）Whyareyouhittingme?(過去時間）Doyouhearwhatsheissaying?(過去時間）現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)Ihavetaughtthisclassfortwoyearsnow.(現(xiàn)在時間）IamsorrythatIhavemissedher.(過去時間）Youwilllikethebookwhenyouhavereadthroughit.(將來時間）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)Alltheseyearstheyhavebeenfightingheroicallyforindependenceandliberty.(現(xiàn)在時間）Gordonhasbeenridingabiketoworkforthepasttwomonths.(過去時間）Ifyouhavebeenmakingtroublewithushere,Iwillcallthepolice.(將來時間）過去時間一般過去時態(tài)IboughtthiscarinLondonin1999.(過去時間）IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytoyou.(現(xiàn)在時間）Donotcomeandseemetoday.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.(將來時間）將來時間現(xiàn)在將來時間Willwehaveachild?Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?Whenwegetthere,theywillprobablyhaveleft.過去將來時間Whatwillyoubedoingateightthisevening?HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingateightthatevening?BytheendofthistermhewillhavebeenteachingEnglishforfortyyears.Shetoldmeshewouldhavebeensayingthereforthreemonthsbytheendofthatweek.將來將來時ThistimetomorrowIwillbelyingonabeach.Ifwesucceed,generationstocomewillsayofusnowlivingthatwemasteredourmoment,thatwehelpedMaketheworldsafeformankind.IwillgivethelettertohimassoonasIseehim.動詞被動語態(tài)只有及物動詞有被動語態(tài)。Hewhorespectshimselfisrespectedbyothers.自重著，人恒重之。Get+-edWegotdelayedbecauseoftheholidaytraffic.Itgotbroken.Howdiditgetbroken?Itdidnotgetbroken.Be+-edThisproblemcanbediscussedatthenextmeeting.Theworkwillbefinishedinaweek.Thiscouldbedone,andmustbedone.動詞虛擬式真實(shí)條件句Ifyoutouchme,Iwillscream.虛擬條件句Ifyoubeatme,Iwouldscream.含蓄虛擬條件句Itwouldbeapityforyoutomisstheshow.Withoutyoursupport,wecouldnotfinishthejob.Seenatadistance,theglassnecklacemighthavepassedforgenuinediamond.虛擬式的用法特征Were型虛擬式IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytoyou.Butthatyouhelpedus,weshouldhavefailed.Providedthatsheweresincerewithme,Iwouldforgiveheralot.Incaseofyourhelp,Iwouldfinishthejobaheadoftwodays.Be型虛擬式Hestoodawaysothatshe(should)enterfirst.Theteacherspokeslowlyinorderthatthestudentsshouldunderstand.Heputhiscoatoverherforfearsheshouldcatchcold.Iamsorrythatyoushouldbeinsuchpoorcondition.第五章情態(tài)詞意義和用法用法特征：推測與非推測推測性用法：指“可能、預(yù)測、必然”，對客觀情況的估計。Thepoundmaybedevalued.=itispossiblethatthepoundwillbedevalued.推測性用法factualmaymustPossibility+logicalnecessitycan(haveto)theoretical推測性用法Thepoundcanbedevalued.=itispossibleforthepoundtobedevalued.Amanmayleadahorsetothewater,buthecannotmakeitdrink.Lightningcanbedangerous.Youmusthaveleftyourhandbookinthetheater.非推測性用法Thespeakerhasauthority.maymustP