孫遠(yuǎn)四級(jí)作文筆記

孫遠(yuǎn)作文筆記第一天6.17兩篇作文：一、AnalysisofanIssue(perspective觀點(diǎn))分析要evidencereasoning,objective二、二者擇其一Takeapositionandsupported立論，確定立場(chǎng)并支持Analysisofanargument=>critiqueyourargument批判、批駁要求：1.articulatelyexpressyourideaclearlyandcomplicatedly2.examineclaimsandcompanyevidence3.supportideawithrelevantexamples4.sustainawellfocuscoherentdiscussions5.controltheelementofstandardofEnglish題庫：共249題安排：1-3講argument4-6講Issue側(cè)重analyticalthinking,語言次之4分夠用，5分有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)[Argument]----策略：1.掌握分析技巧2.掌握開頭和結(jié)尾的module3.準(zhǔn)備每道題的提綱(chancefavorsonlythepreparedminds)4.學(xué)用一些閃光句型5.熟讀argument題目----審題：論述包括：論點(diǎn)claim(信號(hào)詞：therefore,so,thus,consequently)支持support----evidence:examples,facts,statistics,authorities-----reasons:assumptions,values,beliefs----驗(yàn)證邏輯critiquelogicsurvey----quantity,quality(random)包括1.分組group分為幾個(gè)subgroup2.pecentageofeachsub3.selectsample取樣procedure有沒有sample或人被排除在外howlargewasthesample?Arethestatisticscomplete?Different:Dothestatisticsmakeadifference?數(shù)據(jù)重要么？閃光句型：1.theassumptionthat…isopentodoubt/unreliable/unfounded/goundless/unwarranted2.thearguercommitsafallacyof…3.thearguerfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenAandB4.theresultofthesurveylackscredibilityandthereforedoesnotlendstrongsupporttothearguer'sassumption.5.thearguerfailstoconvinceusthat…contributeto/leadto/resultin…6.thecomparisonbetweenAandBisincomplete7.itispossible/likelythat…第二天6.19一、寫作步驟：1.skimthequestionandwritetheintroduction2.inputthetopicsentence.找出問題所在，一個(gè)問題一句話3.developthebodyparagraphsonebyone.逐一展開問題段落，按重要性遞減的規(guī)律展開4.conclusion(略)5.checking二、開頭段的寫作：找出原論證的結(jié)論或主張，指出原論證的論據(jù)和假設(shè)，指出原論證的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。忠實(shí)的保留原始信息。用自己的詞保留原始信息。Inthisargument/analysis,thearguerconcludes/claimsthat…..Tosupport/justifytheconclusion,thearguerpointsout/providestheevidencethat…andthat…Inaddition,thearguerreasons(推理)that…..Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalfallacies/flaws.三、SURVEY問題：1.vague=>misleading(majority,percent,basenumber,few,many)2.question:whatquestionswillaskinthesurvey?Loadedquestions有誤導(dǎo)性的問題3.Who4.Average平均數(shù)不適合于每個(gè)成員5.Confusingcausalrelationshipwithcorrelation混淆因果關(guān)系與相關(guān)性Everycausalrelationshipimpliesacorrelation,butthestatisticalcorrelationdoesnotnecessarilyimpliesacausalrelation.6.Whenwasthesurveyconducted?7.Arerespondents(授調(diào)查者)beingforthright(直率，說真話)?Imagemen/essencemen閃光句型:1.theargueroversimplifiestheissueof…2.thearguerunfairlyassumesthat…3.thearguerfailstakesintosaccountotherfactorsthat…4.theprocedureofthesurveymightbeproblematic.第三天6.21正文寫作一、段數(shù)量：2~4段之間，一段含4~8個(gè)句子二、TOPICSENTENCE內(nèi)參4頁三、過渡句，承上啟下lfirst…second….Third….lInthefirstplace…inthesecondplace…lastbutnotleast…lThemajorproblemwiththisargumentisthat…Anotherproblemthatweakens/undermines(削弱)thelogicofthisargumentisthat…BeforeIcometomyconclusion,itisnecessarytopointoutanotherflaw(severalotherflaws)thatunderminestheargument.四、攻擊的方法：例證法：forexample/instance假設(shè)法：if,evenif,giventhat(考慮到)，grantedthat(姑且承認(rèn)),onlywhen(只有當(dāng))，unless,inthis/thatcase,evensoUnlessthearguerprovidessubstantialevidenceregarding/concerning/asto…,theassumptionthat…isunfounded/problematic/unconvincing…推測(cè)法：itispossiblethat…,itisequallypossiblethat…,anotherpossibilityisthat…,itisalsolikelythat…possibly,perhaps五、運(yùn)用閃光句型增加文采：P88六、數(shù)據(jù)的問題：1.Beggingthequestion把有待證實(shí)的關(guān)鍵性假設(shè)當(dāng)作已經(jīng)成立Circularreasoning循環(huán)論證P352,P4437,P53732.FallacyofmissingevidenceHastygeneralization急于概括Neglectarelevantevidence忽略相關(guān)證據(jù)P5166,P48563.Falseanalogy只看到表層差異，而忽略深層差異P63112,P42294.Falsedilemma/eitherorfallacy非此即彼的錯(cuò)誤P5996,P43345.Nonsequitor=>noncausalrelationshipP5062,P5270閃光句型:Intheabsenceofallthisinformation,itisimpossibleforustoevaluate…that…However,thearguerfailstoprovideanyinformationregarding…Itisverylikelythat…第四天6.246.posthoc,ergoprepterhoc=afterthis,thereforebecauseofthisP4647,P55817.concurrenceP365,P50618.incompletecomparisonorselectivecomparisonP54789.compositionanddivisioncomposition:把個(gè)體特征不恰當(dāng)?shù)囊浦驳秸w上division:把群體特征簡(jiǎn)單的移植到個(gè)體上P4855最后段的寫作：兩項(xiàng)任務(wù)：1.指出原論者未能有效的支持自己的結(jié)論2.指出原論者可以從正文分析的幾個(gè)方面加強(qiáng)原論證。針對(duì)正文幾個(gè)topicsentence作者應(yīng)在這幾個(gè)方面加強(qiáng)Module:p75-p79Issue(是非問題)Strategy:P67選題：構(gòu)思：brainstorm開頭：陳述問題背景，指出自己論點(diǎn)正文：2~3段，分別支持自己立場(chǎng)1.每段要有一個(gè)主題2.展開論述3.復(fù)雜性，讓步，修正4.使用信號(hào)詞結(jié)尾：語言問題：checkP68Brainstorm快速構(gòu)思1.從大腦里調(diào)出盡可能多的相關(guān)信息2.充分relax3.快速記憶Issue的典型立場(chǎng)AgreeP1043DisagreeP10847閃光句型:----結(jié)論1.tosumup,theconclusionlackscredibilitycausetheevidencecitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tostrengthentheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreevidenceconcerning…2.moreover,itwouldbenecessaryforthearguertoruleoutalltheabove-mentionedpossibilitiesbeforewecanbetterevaluatetheargument.3.Asitstands,theargumentisnotwellreasoned.Tomakeitlogicallyacceptable,thearguerwouldhavetodemonstratethat…4.additionally,thearguermustprovideevidencetoruleoutotherpossiblecauses…5.Toconclude,thisargumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.Beforeweaccepttheconclusion,thearguermustpresentmorefactstodemonstratethat…6.Tosolidifytheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoproducemoreevidenceconcerning…7.Insummary,theconclusionreachedinthisargumentisinvalidandmisleading.Tomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovethat…8.Moreover,Iwouldsuspend(推遲)myjudgmentaboutthecredibilityoftherecommendationuntilthearguercanprovideconcreteevidencethat…第五天6.28一、Issue的典型立場(chǎng)1.AgreeP10432.DisagreeP108473.AgreewithconcessionP105164.DisagreewithconcessionP107345.Refusetotakesides拒絕站在任何一邊casebycaseattitudeP11173二、典型結(jié)構(gòu)typicalorganizations1.I.IntroducionP293II.support1III.support2IV.support3V.conclusion句型:Inthefirstplace/tobeginwithInthesecondplace/inadditionLastbutnotleast/Moreover/furthermore/what’smore2.I.support1正P217II.support2正III.concession反句型：Inthefirstplace…inthesecondplace…Admittedly/however,itshouldbeadmitted(confessed)that/however,thereisnodenyingthat…3.I.IntroducionP283II.SideAIII.SideBIV.Conclusion4.反駁式：逐一反駁對(duì)方理由Refute1Refute2Refute3ConclusionI.Manypeoplemaysincerelybelievethat…,However,onedoesnothavetogoveryfartoseethat…II.Somepeoplemayalsotakeforgrantedthat(理所當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為)…Yetcarefulexaminationwouldreviewthat…III.Anothermisconceptionthatmanypeoplemayholdisthat…Butwhattheyfeelnoticeisthat…三、開頭的策略：應(yīng)能抓住讀者的注意力和好奇心注意開頭明確提出主張1.描述背景并提出立場(chǎng)P682.首先陳述相沖突的觀點(diǎn)，然后提出自己的主張P713.先用問句提出問題，然后提出在這個(gè)問題上的典型主張(可提可不提)，最后說自己的觀點(diǎn)P724.講述一段軼文(anecdote)趣事P705.先提出典型反對(duì)派立場(chǎng)，然后簡(jiǎn)要駁斥，最后提自己主張P2606.先提出自己主張，然后簡(jiǎn)要陳述自己的基本理由P255閃光句型：Accordingtothetitlestatement,…whileIagreethat…Iinsistthat…/itisnaturalthat…Itisnaturalthatpeoplemaydisagreeoversuchacontroversialissueduetotheirdifferentexperiencesandvalues.Onbalance,Ianinclinedtosupport(<->oppose)theideathat..Thereisagrowingpublicconcernovertheissueof…Thespeakerinthetitlestatementadvocatesthat….Inthelastanalysis,Iarguethat…四、howtosupportyourclaim正文論證1.inductivereasoning邏輯推理具體一般1)factsandexamples:P282P219句型：Forexample/instance,Toillustrate,Asanillustration.Thereisevidencethat…2)statistics:P98-1003)authoritiesorquotations:句型：Professor/or…,awell-known/influentialscholarof…Inchinasaid,“…”第六天7.1四、howtosupportyourclaim正文論證4)anecdotes,cases,storiesP256句型：acaseinpointis…ABCservesasatypicalexample.5)PersonalexperienceP1926)Scenarios假設(shè)可能發(fā)生的事情