參考譯文陳列內(nèi)容設計方案文字說明部分

參考譯文陳列內(nèi)容設計方案文字說明部分展標：周風虢韻——虢國歷史文化陳列TheCultureandHistoryoftheGuoState第一部分虢旗獵獵PartITheRisingoftheGuoState部分說明：虢國是西周初年的姬姓封國，其開國國君是周文王之弟、武王的叔父虢仲、虢叔。歷代虢公多為周王朝卿士，輔佐周王征伐，參與大事決策，對周王朝的興起、發(fā)展和衰落都有重大影響。公元前655年，位于陜地的西虢國被晉國所滅，留下了“假虞滅虢”、“唇亡齒寒”的千古遺訓。20世紀50年代以來，在河南三門峽發(fā)現(xiàn)了虢國墓地和虢都上陽城遺址，給世人帶來了無限驚喜……TheGuostatewasavassalstatesurnamedJiintheearlyWesternZhouDynasty,whosefounderswerethebrothersofKingWenandalsotheunclesofKingWu,namelyGuoZhongandGuoShu.Forgenerations,mostmonarchsoftheGuoStateservedasministersoftheZhouDynastyassistingtheKingWuonbattlesandthecourtandcontributingtotherise,prosperityandfallofthedynasty.In655BC,thestateofWesternGuolocatedinmodernShanXiprovincewasconqueredbythestateofJin,whichlefttheeternalteachings:“BorrowingaroadoftheYuVassalStatetowipeouttheGuoVassalState.”and“Ifthelipsaregone,theteethwillbeindanger.”Since1950s,thediscoveryofthecemeteryoftheGuoStateandtherelicsofShangyangCity,capitaloftheGuoStateinSanmenxiaofHenanprovince,hasbroughtenormoussurprisetopeople.第一單元胙土命氏封邦建國——分封、疆域、五虢播遷Unit1TheTerritoryDevelopmentoftheGuoState單元說明：周武王滅商后，為鞏固姬周王朝的統(tǒng)治，大規(guī)模分封諸侯。虢仲、虢叔分別被分封在今陜西寶雞和河南滎陽，史稱“西虢”“東虢”。東虢于公元前767年被鄭國所滅。西周末年，西虢國東遷至今河南三門峽一帶，因地跨黃河兩岸，故黃河以北地區(qū)被稱為“北虢”，黃河以南地區(qū)稱為“南虢”，其實屬一個虢國，于公元前655年被晉國所滅。西虢東遷后，原陜西寶雞一帶的虢國被稱為“小虢”，于公元前687年被秦國所滅。Introduction:AfterconqueringtheShangDynasty,KingWubegantowidelygranttitlesandterritoriestohighofficialsforconsolidatingtheregime.GuoZhongandGuoShuwererespectivelyenfeoffedinWesternGuo(today’sBaojicityinShanxiProvince)andEasternGuo(today’sXingyanginHenanProvince.In767BC,EasternGuowaswipedoutbytheStateofZheng(806BC-375BC).AttheendoftheWesternZhou,WesternGuomovedeastwardtotoday’sSanmenxiacityinHenanProvince.BeingdividedupbytheYellowRiver,theWesternGuobecametwoparts:onewascalledNorthernGuointheriver’snorth,anotherSouthernGuoacrosstheriver,whichwerebothwipedoutbytheStateJinin655BC.AfterthemigrationofWesternGuo,theformerterritoryoftheGuoState(today’sBaojiareainShanxiProvince)hasbeencalled“theSmallGuoState”untilitwasconqueredbytheStateofQinin687BC.第二單元四方征伐赫赫簪纓(zānyīng)——征戰(zhàn)、人物、歷史故事Unit2TheMilitaryExpeditions,HistoricCharactersandStories單元說明：虢國作為周王室的宗親諸侯國，和王室關系密切。歷代虢國國君多為周王朝的卿士，把持著周王室朝政，對周王朝產(chǎn)生了巨大影響，在兩周時期引發(fā)了多起重大歷史事件，留下了許多跌宕起伏、膾炙人口的歷史故事。尤其是征戰(zhàn)事件，處處可見虢國貴族的身影。Introduction:TheGuoState,oneofclanvassals,keptcloserelationswiththeroyalfamilyoftheZhou.MostkingsoftheGuoStateservedasministersoftheZhouDynastycontrollingroralgovernanceandexertingtremendousinfluenceinthehistoryoftheZhouDynasty.Therefore,manysignificanthistoricevents,especiallyinthemilitaryexpedition,happenedduringthatperiodofhistory,andlotsofstirringandpopularstoriesweretoldaboutthem.第三單元虢國考古重泉現(xiàn)寶——考古發(fā)現(xiàn)、墓葬與遺址Unit3TheArchaeologicalDiscoveries,BurialGroundandRelicsoftheGuoState單元說明：虢國墓地自1956年發(fā)現(xiàn)至今，先后經(jīng)過四次鉆探和兩次大規(guī)模發(fā)掘，探明整個虢國墓地南北長590米，東西寬550米，占地32.45萬平方米，各類墓葬遺址500余座，是一處規(guī)模宏大、排列有序、等級齊全、保存完好的兩周時期諸侯邦國公墓。20世紀50年代和90年代的兩次考古發(fā)掘，清理了250多座墓葬、9座車馬坑和3座馬坑，出土文物3萬余件，使我們對虢國墓地的全貌和性質(zhì)有了一個完整的認識與了解。Introduction:Sincebeingdiscoveredin1956,theburialgroundofGuoVassalStatehasexperienceddrillingandexplorationsforfourtimesaswellastwolargeexcavations.Thetotaltombareaisfound590meterslongfromnorthtosouthand550meterswidefromeasttowest,coveringanareaof324,500squaremeters.Withmorethan500tombsstrictlydistributedaccordingtoranks,theburialgroundoftheGuoVassalStateisawell-preservedlargecemeteryoftheWesternZhouandEasternZhouDynasties.Inthetwoexcavationsof1950sand1990s,over250tombs,9horse-and-chariotburialpitsand3chariotburialpitswerediscoveredandmorethan300,000culturalrelicswereunearthed,whichenableustohaveanoverallpanoramaoftheburialgroundoftheGuoState.第二部分吉金燦燦PartIITheBronzes部分說明：虢國青銅器是虢國物質(zhì)文明的象征，在其祭祀、戰(zhàn)爭、宴享等重大國事活動中被大量使用。虢國墓地不僅出土有威嚴莊重的廟堂彝器，而且還有紛繁多樣的兵器、車馬器和生產(chǎn)工具等，其品類眾多，紋飾精美，帶銘器物多，且制作精細。反映出虢國與周王室高度一致的宗法、等級等政治制度，以及文化與生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的水平。Introduction:ThebronzesoftheGuoState,symbolizingthematerialcultureofthattime,werefrequentlyusedinsignificantnationalevents,suchasfetes,warsandentertainments.FromthecemeteryoftheGuoStatewereunearthednotonlydignifiedsacrificialvesselsbutalsovariousweapons,chariot-and-horsefittings,manufacturingtoolsandsoon.Itsdiversecategories,exquisitedecorationsanddelicatecraftsmanship,especiallythosewithinscriptions,mirrortheancientcultureandproductivitydevelopmentlevelatthattimeandreflectthepatriarchalclanpoliticalsystemoftheGuoStatethatwashighlyconsistentwiththatoftheZhouroyalfamily.第一單元熔經(jīng)鑄史——虢系器銘Unit1TheInscriptionsontheGuoState’sBronzes單元說明：鑄刻在青銅器上的文字，也稱金文或鐘鼎文，有著重要的史料價值。通過銘文內(nèi)容，我們不僅可認識青銅器的名稱、使用方式，也可得知器物的國別、年代和作器者。重要的青銅器銘文，記載了古代政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟、文化等早已湮沒的史實，起到了證經(jīng)補史的重要作用。歷史上留存不少與虢國相關的鑄銘青銅器，加之虢國墓地出土的帶銘青銅器，使學者從中解讀出虢國的歷史文化，從而揭開了虢國的神秘面紗。Introduction:Inscriptionsortextengravedonthebronzes,alsoknownasJinWenorZhoungdingWen,haveimportanthistoricalvalue.Fromthecontent,wecanknowtheware’snameandwaysofuseaswellasitsnationality,ageandmaker.Someimportantbronzeinscriptionsrecordhistoricalfactsaboutancientpolitics,military,economyandculturewhichhavelongbeenforgotten,andplayanimportantroleincertifyingandreplenishingthehistory.ManypreservedbronzeswithinscriptionsrelatedtotheGuoStateandthoseunearthedfromthecemeterygivescholarsanaccesstothecultureandhistoryoftheGuoState,andthushelpeduncoverthemysteryofthestate.一、彝銘傳世——出土與散佚各地的虢系有銘銅器TheInscription-EngravedBronzesoftheGuoState組說明：虢國自周武王分封至公元前655年被晉國所滅，先后經(jīng)歷了400余年的歷史，留下了諸多青銅彝器。散佚各地的虢系青銅器和虢國墓地出土的器物銘文，所表述的虢國數(shù)百年間的歷史人物和故事，為我們揭開虢國的歷史謎團提供了可貴的材料。Introduction:FromenfeoffmentofKingWuofZhoutoitsruinationbytheStateofJinin655BC,theGuoStatehadahistoryofover400years,leavingvariousbronzesacrificialvessels.Theinscriptionsengravedonthebronzesunearthedfromthecemeteryortheonesscatteredandlostrecordmanyhistoricalcharactersandstories,providingusvaluablematerialstouncoverthemysteryoftheGuoState.二、王侯聯(lián)姻——媵器銘文揭示的虢國婚姻制度TheMarriageSystemoftheGuoStateRecordedintheInscriptionsofBronzeDowryVessels組說明：古代貴族的婚姻，歷來是重要的政治和外交手段。西周時期，各封國聯(lián)姻的基本準則是同姓不婚。虢國作為姬姓諸侯國，是周族的嫡系血親，因此許多異姓諸侯競相與之聯(lián)姻。虢國墓地出土的帶銘文青銅媵器真實地記錄了虢國的對外聯(lián)姻情況。根據(jù)銘文得知，虢國主要的聯(lián)姻國有妃（jì）姓蘇國、姞（jí）姓獸國、姜姓齊國、嬴姓梁國等。Introduction:Themarriageofancientnobleshasalwaysbeenanimportantpoliticalanddiplomaticmeans.IntheWesternZhouDynasty,thebasicmarriageprinciplebetweeneachfeudalstatewasthatmarriagebetweenpeopleofthesamesurnamewasforbidden.BeingavassalstatesurnamedJi,theGuoStatehadadirectlineofdescentwiththeZhoufamily.Therefore,manyfeudallordsofothersurnamesrushedforthemarriagewiththeGuoState.Theunearthedbronzedowryvesselswithinscriptionswitnesstruthfullythecross-nationalmarriageoftheGuoState.Accordingtotheinscriptions,theGuoStatekeptsuchtransnationalmarriagewiththeStateofSusurnamedJi,theStateofShousurnamedJi,theStateofQisurnamedJiang,theStateofLiangsurnamedYingandsoon.第二單元藏禮于器——禮樂制度Unit2TheRitualMusicSystem單元說明：西周的禮制，以血緣宗法為核心來區(qū)別貴賤等級。在禮制的嚴格規(guī)定下，不同等級、地位的貴族，在祭祀、禮聘、宴享等禮儀場合，使用不同數(shù)量和品類的青銅器，即所謂的“藏禮于器”，違者即受懲處。虢國墓地出土的青銅器，不僅體現(xiàn)了周代社會的禮制規(guī)范，而且反映了周代社會的禮樂等級制度。Introduction:IntheritualsystemoftheWesternZhou,socialstatuswasclassifiedmainlyaccordingtopatriarchalclanandbloodties.Undertherestrictprinciplesoftheritualsystem,thenoblesaccordingtotheirclassandstatuswereentitledtousedifferentbronzevesselsintermsofquantityandtype,whichwascalled“theRitualHiddeninUtensils”andwhoeveroffendedthatwillbepunished.TheunearthedbronzevesselsreflectnotonlynormsoftheritualsysteminthesocietyoftheZhou,butitshierarchyofritualsandmusic.一、列鼎而食——列鼎與等級制度TheDiningRitualinHierarchySystem組說明：鼎是古代青銅禮器中的重器，是奴隸主貴族“明尊卑，別上下”的標志?！傲卸Α笔侵冈谝粋€墓葬中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一組形制相同，紋飾相同，大小依次遞減的鼎的組合。所謂“名位不同，禮亦異數(shù)”，表現(xiàn)在埋葬制度上，就是不同等級的貴族，隨葬數(shù)量不同的銅鼎。這是當時宗法等級制度最直接的反映。至春秋中晚期，僭越禮制的現(xiàn)象開始出現(xiàn)，隨著社會變革，用鼎制度也遭到了破壞。Introduction:Ding(anancientcookingvessel),thetreasureofancientbronzesacrificialvessels,symbolizedthenobilityandsuperiorofancientslaveowners.DingformationrefersasetofDingwithsameshapeanddecorationsarrangedindescendingorderofsizeinatomb.Thesocalledruleof“statusdeterminingritual”inburialsystemmeansthattheamountofbronzeDingburiedwiththedeadvarieswiththeclassofthenoble,whichisthemostdirectreflectionofthepatriarchalhierarchyatthattime.WiththeritualtransgressionappearedinthemiddleandlatephaseofSpringandAutumnPeriods,thecustomofusingDingwasruinedbysocialreform.二、沃盥之禮——水器與祭祀禮儀TheWashingVesselsUsedinSacrificingRitual組說明：據(jù)《禮記》《左傳》等先秦文獻記載，“奉匜沃盥”是中國古代舉行重大禮儀活動時的首要程序，即洗手潔面。盤、匜則是相應的盥洗用具。盥洗過程中，是由長者執(zhí)匜注水、少者捧盤承接棄水，洗完后遞上擦拭的布巾。由此，我們可以了解到西周時期的“沃盥之禮”。Introduction:AccordingtoTheBookofRites,TheSpringandAutumnAnnalsandotherdocumentsinPre-Qinperiod,“FengYiWoGuan”wasaprimaryprocedureinsignificantritualeventsofancienttime,whichmeanswashingfaceandhands.“Pan”and”Yi”aredifferentwashingutensils.Beforeworshipceremony,allparticipantsarerequiredtowashhand,duringwhichaseniorisresponsibleforpouringwaterwithYi,andajuniorserveswithPantocontaintheusedwaterandwithtowelforcleaningface.FromtheutensilswecanlearnthewashingritualoftheWesternZhou.三、旨酒斯馨——酒器與享祀宴饗TheDrinkingUtensilsUsedinSacrificingRitual組說明：周人滅商后，吸取殷商窮兵黷武、驕奢酗酒的亡國教訓，減少了酒器的制作和使用。但在重要的祭祀禮儀場合以“飲惟祀”，酒是必不可少的。虢國墓地出土的酒器有壺、尊、方彝、爵、觚、觶等，不僅是禮儀用器、生活用具，而且也是不可多得的藝術(shù)珍品，反映了當時勞動人民的聰明才智和高超的工藝水平。Introduction:AfterconqueringtheShangDynasty,thekinglearnedfrompastlessonsofnationalsubjugationduetoindulgenceofwarandextravagance,sothattheproductionanduseofdrinkingutensilswerereducedthereafter.However,wineisindispensableinimportantsacrificingrituals.Theutensilsunearthedfromthecemeteryincludekettles,Zun(alargeandmedium-sizeddrinkingutensilswithalargemouthonthetop),FangLi(anoblongcupwithlidandstraightbody),Jue(acupwiththreelongseparatefeet),Gu(alongandroundcupwithhorn-shapedmouthandfeet)andZhi(acupsimilarbutsmallerthanZunwithorwithoutlid)etc.Thosearenotonlythevesselsforetiquetteanddailyuse,butalsotherarearttreasuresreflectingtheintelligenceandexquisitecraftsmanshipofworkingpeopleatthattime.四、金聲玉振——鐘磬與禮樂制度TheBellandChimePlayedinRitualMusic組說明：周公制禮作樂，奠定了中國作為“禮樂之邦”的基礎，禮與樂相輔相成，以規(guī)范社會的政風民心。周人用于宗廟祭祀、宴饗及典禮儀式上的“雅樂”，樂器主要以鐘、磬為主，稱為“金石之樂”。虢國墓地出土的樂器主要有鐘、磬、鉦等，均為打擊樂器，由此可見當年虢國貴族“鐘鳴鼎食”的奢華生活場景。Introduction:TheDukeofZhouprescribedritualnormsandcomposedritualmusic,layingthefoundationofChinaas“thecountryofritesandmusic”.Ritesandmusicwerecombinedtogethertoimproveharmonioussocialorder.Themusicusedonancestraltemplefetes,entertainmentsandceremonieswascalled“YaYue”(meanselegantandstatelymusic).TheinstrumentsofZhong(acolumni-formChinesepercussioninstrumenthollowinsideandringingwhenknocked)andQing(aflake-shapedChineseancientstonepercussioninstrument)playedforYaYuewerecalled“theMusicofMetalandStone”.TheinstrumentsunearthedfromtheGuoStatewereZhong,Qing,Zheng(aChinesepercussioninstrumentsimilarbutthinnerthanZhongwithahandle)andotherpercussioninstruments,fromwhichwecandepictthenobles’luxuriouslifeofenjoyingmusicwhilediningwithDinginancienttime.第三單元國之利器——虢之國力Unit3TheNationalStrengthoftheGuoState單元說明：西周末年，王室衰微，各封國社會生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平和軍事實力迅速崛起。虢國的政治地位和軍事力量，從虢國出土的兵器和車馬坑數(shù)量上、以及頻繁參與王室征伐的文獻記載中可見一斑。虢國作為“千乘之國”的軍事強國，在各封國諸侯中身份顯赫。另外，虢國墓地出土的斧、錛、鑿、削等青銅工具，反映了其先進的社會生產(chǎn)力水平。Introduction:AttheendoftheWesternZhou,withtheroyalfamilydeclining,manyfeudalstateswereburgeoninginthedevelopmentofsocialproductivityandmilitarystrength.ThepoliticalstatusandmilitarystrengthoftheGuostatecouldbeinferredfromtheamountofunearthedarmsandhorse-and-chariotpitaswellasthefrequencyofparticipatinginroyalexpeditionsrecordedinhistoricaldocuments.Owningthousandsofhorsesandsoldiers,theGuoStatewaspowerfulinmilitaryanddistinguishedamongallvassalstates.Theunearthedbronzetoolsofaxe,adze,chiselsandchippingknivesreflectitsadvancedsocialproductivity.一、堅甲利兵——兵器TheWeapons組說明：“國之大事,在祀與戎?！眱芍軙r期，戰(zhàn)事頻繁。身處高位、手握兵權(quán)、忠于王室的虢公，常常接受王命南征北戰(zhàn)、東征西討。虢國墓地出土的眾多戈、矛、劍、鏃等，都是當時主要的作戰(zhàn)武器，虢國的軍事力量從中窺見一斑。Introduction:Asthesayinggoes“Theimportantthinginthecountryisinfetesandwars.”,warsfrequentlybrokeoutduringtheWesternZhouandEasternZhou.Holdingahighposition,theDukesofGuowhocontrolledthemilitaryanddevotedtotheroyalfamilywerealwayscommandedtofightonmanyfronts.Asthemajorcombatarmsatthattime,theunearthedweapons,suchasdaggers,spears,swordsandarrowheads,witnessthemilitarystrengthoftheGuoState.二、橫刀揭斧——工具TheProductionTools組說明：生產(chǎn)工具的應用，是社會生產(chǎn)力水平的標志，對農(nóng)業(yè)、手工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展起著重要的作用。作為青銅時代發(fā)展的鼎盛時期，西周社會銅制生產(chǎn)工具的使用，是每個諸侯國國力的反映。虢國墓地出土的青銅斧、削、錛、鑿、刀等生產(chǎn)工具，體現(xiàn)了虢國較高的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平。Introduction:Productiontoolisasignofsocialproductivity,andplaysanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofagricultureandhandicraftindustry.Attheheydayofthedevelopmentofthebronzeage,theuseofcopperproductiontoolsintheWesternZhousocietyisareflectionofthestrengthofeachvassalstate.Thebronzeaxe,chippingknives,adze,chiselsandothertoolsofproductionunearthedfromtheGuoStatecemeteryreflecttheratherhighlevelofeconomicdevelopmentofthestate.三、高車駟馬——車馬器TheHorse-and-chariotAccessories組說明：先秦時期，車馬是邦國實力的標志、也是貴族身份的象征。西周馬車沿用商的形制，主要為木制，使用青銅作為配件。馬銜、馬鑣、轄軎、鑾鈴等青銅車馬器，佩帶或安裝在馬身和車子的不同部位,不僅有裝飾美觀的作用,還能起到加固的功能，使馬車更為耐用并威武華貴。Introduction:Inpre-Qinperiod,horsesandchariotswerethesymbolsofthestate’sstrengthandaristocraticstatus.FollowingthedesigntrendoftheShangdynasty,carriagesintheWesternZhouweremainlymadeofwoodwithbronzeaccessories.Thehorsebit,MaBiao,XiaWei,smalltinklingbellsandotherbronzeobjectswerewornorfixedondifferentpartsofthehorseandcarriage,whichhasdecorativeaswellasstrengtheningfunctions,sothatthecarriageismoredurableandmagnificentandluxurious.第四單元鑄銅為器——青銅鑄造工藝Unit4TheBronzeCastingTechnique單元說明：青銅器冶煉鑄造業(yè)是虢國最重要的手工業(yè)之一。從出土青銅器看，虢國墓地出土的青銅器多為“塊范法”制成，復雜的還采用分鑄法和焊接法二次加工?！皦K范法”或稱土范法，是商周先民最先采用的，是整個青銅時代中應用最廣泛的青銅器鑄造法。Introduction:TheindustryofbronzesmeltingandcastingisoneofthemostimportantcraftindustryoftheGuoState.ThebronzesunearthedfromthecemeteryoftheGuoStateweremostlymadewith“Kuai-FanTechnique”(similartothemouldmethod).Andthefractionalcastingmethodandtheweldingmethodwereusedintherefiningprocessofsomecomplicatedvessels.The“Kuai-FanTechnique”,alsocalled“Tu-FanTechnique”,wasfirstadoptedbyancientpeopleintheShangandZhouDynastyandalsothemostwidelyusedbronzecastingmethodinthewholebronzeage.第三部分美玉灼灼PartThreeTheBrilliantFineJade部分說明：“玉，石之美者”，中華民族有著悠久的尚玉傳統(tǒng)。玉器是我國古代與巫術(shù)信仰、審美觀念、等級禮制、倫理道德緊密相關的寶物，也是虢國物質(zhì)文明的載體。當時的貴族在禮聘、佩飾、殮葬時廣泛使用玉器，虢國玉器的豐富類別和美質(zhì)良工，譜寫出是中國古代玉器史的華美篇章。Introduction:Asthesayinggoes,jadeisthebeautifulstone.Chinahasalonghistoryofjadeworship.InancientChina,jadewasnotonlycloselyrelatedtothewitchcraftbeliefs,estheticideas,hierarchicalritualssystemandethics,butalsowitnessedmaterialcivilizationofGuoState.Atthattime,jadewareswerewidelyusedasgift,accessoriesaswellassacrificingvesselinfuneralceremonybythearistocratic.ThejadewaresoftheGuoStatewereofthelargestnumber,themostcompletestyle,thefinestcraft,andthebestquality,whichrepresentthemagnificentachievementinthehistoryofancientChinesejades.第一單元禮贊天地——禮玉Unit1TheRitualJade:WorshipofHeavenandEarth單元說明：禮玉，是歷代王朝進行祭祀、朝聘、征伐、宴享、婚配、喪葬等活動的家國重器，也是貴族身份與地位的象征。在重大禮儀活動中，這類玉器被賦予了特殊的內(nèi)涵。周人禮儀用玉的范疇和類別，據(jù)《周禮》記載，統(tǒng)稱為祭祀天地四方用的“六器”和邦國朝聘和等級的“六瑞”，另外一些戚、斧、刀等儀仗器，均已經(jīng)脫離了實用性，成為一種財富和特權(quán)的象征。禮玉是古代貴族才能擁有的奢侈品。Introduction:AsoneofnationaltreasuresinChineseancienthistory,ritualjadewasusedinmanyactivitieslikeworship,ChaoPin(officialintercourseamongfeudalprinces),wars,feasts,marriage,funeral,etc.Itisalsoasymbolofnobilityandstatus.Inthemajorceremonialactivities,suchjadeobjectsweregivensomespecialimplications.AccordingtoZhouLi,thejadesofritualusedintheZhouDynastywerecollectivelycategorizedintotwotypes:“SixVessels”usedforworshipingtheheavenandearthand“SixCeremonialJades”usedforofficialintercourserepresentingstatus.Inaddition,someofthedeviceslikeQi(battle-axe),axeanddao(Chinesesword)hadalreadybecomeasymbolofwealthandprivilegewithoutpracticality,whichmaderitualjadeaprivilegeofancientaristocracy.一、六器以祭——祭祀用玉“SixSacrificialVessels”:TheJadeforWorship組說明：禮玉，就是禮天祭神的玉器，在國事活動中舉足輕重。周代祭祀主要對象是天神、地祗、人鬼，祭祀對象不同，用玉的器類和方式也有區(qū)別。禮玉的“六器”說，源于《周禮》，是戰(zhàn)國和漢代儒生對先秦禮玉使用的總結(jié)，以玉的不同器形和色彩比附陰陽五行觀念，禮祭天地四方，在史實中并不嚴格對應。但這種成熟于西周時期的玉禮器系統(tǒng)，依然影響貴族禮玉制度數(shù)百代。Introduction:Ritualjadewasakindofjadeusedforritualceremonyandplayedanimportantroleinstateactivities.ThesacrificingobjectsintheZhouDynastymainlyincludedthegodsofheaven,thegodsofearthandghosts.Insacrificingdifferentobjects,peopleuseddifferenttypesofjadesindifferentways.OriginatedfromtheRitesoftheZhouDynasty,thecategoryof“SixSacrificialVessels”ofritualjadedemonstratestheusageofritualjadeinthePre-QinperiodsummarizedbyConfucianscholarsoftheWarringStatesandHandynasty.TheancientpeoplematcheddifferentshapesandcolorsofthejadestoYin-YangandFiveElementsinworshipingheavenandearth.TheritualjadesystemfullydevelopedintheWesternZhouDynastyinfluencedthenobleritualjadesystemforcenturies.二、鎮(zhèn)國之瑞——瑞玉與命圭制度RuiJade:TheRoyalAppointmentSystem組說明：瑞玉，是以玉制作的用于朝聘受命的信物，在君臣之間表示等級，在邦國交往中以示禮節(jié)。據(jù)考古發(fā)現(xiàn)證實，圭是周代重要的瑞玉之一，與周代的命圭制度密切相關。圭與璋，作為冊命制度所必備的瑞玉類別，具體形制尚待進一步研究。Introduction:InancientChinesehistory,theRuijadewasseenasatokenofappointmentbythegovernmentrepresentingtheofficialstatusandetiquetteincountries’intercourse.Accordingtothearchaeologicaldiscoveries,asoneoftheimportantRuijades,GuiwascloselyrelatedtothesystemofroyalappointmentintheZhouDynasty.GuiandZhang,astheessentialcategoryofRuijadesusedinthesystemofappointment,stillremainfurtherstudies.三、執(zhí)爾圭瓚（zàn）——柄形器考古探秘GuiZan:TheArchaeologyofHandle-shapedVessels組說明：圭瓚，是古代的一種玉制酒器，形狀如勺，以圭為柄，用于祭祀。在商周時期考古中，有一類數(shù)量眾多的玉器，考古工作者根據(jù)其形狀命名為“玉柄形器”。關于它的用途，學者眾說紛紜，觀點多達十幾種之多。這類器物真正的用途，還有待深入研究。Introduction:WiththeshapeofspoonandhandleofGuijade,GuiZanwasakindofjade-madedrinkingvesselsusedinthesacrificingactivities.InthearchaeologyoftheShangZhouperiod,archaeologistsdiscoveredagreatnumberofjadewaresofthesamecategoryandnamedthemhandle-shapedjadewares.Scholarshavemorethanadozenofdifferentviewsontheusageofthesejadewares,whichneedsfurtherresearch.第二單元人文美質(zhì)——佩玉Unit2TheExquisiteDecorativeJade單元說明：佩玉，是古代隨身佩帶的裝飾性玉器?！肮胖颖嘏逵瘛保f明佩玉已成為當時社會的一種習俗，是顯示身份、地位和人格追求的標志。虢國墓地出土的佩玉可分為組合佩飾和單體佩飾兩大類。組合佩飾有發(fā)飾、項飾、腕飾、胸佩等，單佩不僅有小型的璧、環(huán)、管等，而且有多種形態(tài)各異的象生動物玉雕，反映了虢國人的審美情趣和精神追求。Introduction:JadewasoftenusedasthedecorativeornamentsbytheancientChinesepeople.Theoldsaying“ancientgentlemanwearsjade”showsthatwearingjadehadbecameacustomofsocietyatthattime.Anditalsosymbolizedidentity,statusandpersonalitypursuit.ThewearingjadesunearthedinthecemeteryoftheGuoStatearedividedintotwocategories:jadeaccessorysetandsinglejadeaccessory.Accessorysetincludeshairaccessories,pendant,wrist-let,andjadewearingonthechestetc.Singleaccessoryincludessmalljadesofbi(jadeannulus),huan(jadependant)andguan(jadetube)aswellasjadecarvingsintheshapeofanimals,whichreflectedtheesthetictasteandspiritualpursuitofthepeopleintheGuoState.一、何以贈之瓊瑰玉佩——組合玉佩TheGorgeousJadePendantSet組說明：西周的宗法禮制社會中，組合玉佩聯(lián)綴的方式和數(shù)量同樣與佩戴者的身份地位關系密切。在西周貴族墓葬中出現(xiàn)“三璜”“五璜”“六璜”“七璜”組合，均以瑪瑙、松石等納間聯(lián)綴，由短及長，從頸及胸垂于腰間，雍容華貴。Introduction:InthepatriarchalclansocietyoftheWesternZhouDynasty,thejadesetwascloselyrelatedtothewearer’sstatusintermsoflinkingstyleandamountofjade.ThejadeaccessorysetunearthedintheWesternZhouDynastyTombs,like“Three-Huang”,“Five-Huang”and“Six-Huang”and“Seven-Huang”(Huang,arc-shapejadependant),lookedprettyelegantwiththedecorationsofagatesandturquoises.二、瓊?cè)A尚之人神之間——神話動物TheMythicalJadeAnimals組說明：虢國墓地出土玉器中，有一類具有神秘色彩的人與動物形象，諸如人龍紋、龍、鳳、神獸等，它們與現(xiàn)實生活中的人與動物形象有較大區(qū)別，帶有神話傳說的虛幻色彩，反映了當時人們的宗教崇拜和精神寄托。Introduction:InthecemeteryoftheGuoStatewereunearthedsomemysteriousjadewaresintheshapeofhumanandanimal,suchasdragon,phoenix,mythicalanimalsandcreatureswhichweredifferentfromtheimagesofhumanbeingsandanimalsinreallife.Thelegendsofmythandfantasyreflectthereligiousworshipandspiritualsustenanceofancientpeople.三、肖生摹之萬象自然——動物玉雕TheJadeCarvingofAnimals組說明：虢國墓地出土玉器中，最為精美的當屬仿生動物玉雕。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，動物有虎、鹿、象、兔、鼠、牛、羊、豬、狗、蟬、蜘蛛、蛇、鸚鵡、燕子、蜻蜓、喜鵲、鴿子、烏龜、魚、蠶、鱉等30多種300多件，天上飛的、地上跑的、土里鉆的、水里游的應有盡有，幾乎囊括了所有北溫帶地區(qū)常見的動物類別。Introduction:ThemostexquisitejadecarvingsunearthedintheGuoStatearebionicanimaljadecarvings.Accordingtostatistics,thereweremorethanthreehundredpiecesofjadescarvedwithoverthirtyanimalsliketiger,deer,elephant,rabbit,rat,cattle,sheep,pigs,dogs,cicadas,spiders,snakes,parrots,dragonflies,swallow,magpie,dove,turtles,fish,silkworm,turtlesandsoon.Theanimalscoveralmostallkindsofcreatureslivinginthenortherntemperatezoneincludingthoseflyinginthesky,runningontheground,drillinginthesoilandswimminginthewater.四、佩而用之一物多?！獙嵱门逵馮hePracticalJadeArtifacts組說明：中國玉文化發(fā)展早期，許多玉器均是以玉用具的形式存在的。到了周代，玉器逐漸以禮器和裝飾品為主，但也有少量器物是作為日常生活中的用具出現(xiàn)的，既有實用性，又有裝飾性。虢國墓地出土的用具類玉器主要有玉韘、玉觽、玉笄、玉刀及玉匕等。Introduction:IntheearlyperiodofChinesejadeculture,manyjadearticlesappearedintheformofjadeutensils.FromtheZhouDynasty,themainkindsofjadewaresweremainlyusedasritualartifactsandornaments,butasmallnumberofjadeobjectswereusedasdailyapplianceswithpracticalanddecorativefunction.JadeappliancesunearthedinthecemeteryoftheGuoStateincludejadeitering,conejade,jadehairpin,jadeknifeandjadedagger,etc.第三單元玉殮冥治——殮玉Unit3TheBurialJade單元說明：殮玉，是古代專為保存尸體而制作的殮葬玉器。古人喪葬觀念信奉“事死如事生”，相信“金玉在九竅，則死人為之不朽”，故在人死后要用玉石保存其身體，以保證尸身不腐。虢國墓地出土的殮葬玉器，主要有綴玉面罩、玉琀、玉握、足趾夾玉、足下踏玉等，初步形成一套殮玉制度。Introduction:Burialjadewasdesignedtopreservethedeadbody.Accordingtotheancientburialcustom,peoplebelievedthatthedeadshouldbetreatedasiftheywerestillalive.Anditwasalsobelievedthatthecorpseswouldbeundying,ifgoldandjadewereplacedintheirnineorifices.Soafterdeath,peopleusejadetokeepcorpsesfromrot.TheburialjadesunearthedinthecemeteryoftheGuoStateincludejade-decoratedmask,jadeputinthedead’smouth,jadeholdinhand,jadegripedbytoes,andjadeunderneaththefeet,whichrepresenttheancientcustomofburialjade.第四單元天工治玉——玉器制作工藝Unit4TheUniqueJadeCarvingCraftsmanship單元說明：古人云：“玉不琢，不成器?！本赖挠衿魇怯窆ぞ牡褡炼桑絿衿鞯闹谱?，可見玉工、在解玉、琢磨、透雕、鉆孔、線刻等工藝水準的高超。詩經(jīng)有“如切如磋”、“如琢如磨”之句，就是對制玉工藝的真實寫照。后代記載玉器制作工藝的文獻，見于明代宋應星的《天工開物·珠玉第十八·玉》，提到開玉料要用砣具和解玉砂，琢玉用的“精巧工夫”等；而系統(tǒng)總結(jié)玉器制作工藝的，是清光緒十七年李澄淵所繪的《玉作圖》，書中將玉器的制作分為十二個步驟，才使后人徹底認識玉器制作的全過程。Introduction:Theancientssaid,“anuncutgemgoesnotsparkle.”Thewonderfuljadearticleiscarvedbyexquisitecraftsmanship.ThejadewaresoftheGuoStatewitnessthesuperbskillsofthecraftsmeninselecting,polishing,penetrated-sculpturing,drillingandlineengraving.AsthepoeminTheBookofSongsgoes,“ahighqualityjadeneedsfurthercutting,grinding,carvingandpolishing”,whichdisplaysthedetailedtechniquesofjadeproduction.InthehistoricaldocumentsofjadeproductiontechniqueslikeTiangongKaiwu(ExploitationoftheWorksofNature)bySongYing-xinginMingDynastyisintroducedthetoolsofcuttingroughjadestoneandthetechniquesofcarvingjade.ThesystematicprocessofjadeproductionisintroducedinYuZuoTu(IllustrationsofJadeMaking)byLiCheng-yuanintheQingDynasty.Inthisbook,theprocedureofmakingjadeisdividedintotwelvesteps,sothatlatergenerationscouldunderstandthewholeprocessofmakingjade.第四部分奇珍熠熠PartFourTheSparklingTreasures部分說明：虢國墓地出土文物除青銅和玉器外，還有鐵器、石器、陶器、骨角牙器、紡織品等多種質(zhì)地的文物，體現(xiàn)了多種多樣的工藝技巧。特別是人工冶鐵制品的出現(xiàn)，在歷史進程中抹下了濃墨重彩的一筆，是古代科技史中里程碑式的大事。其他器物各有不同的功用，反映了社會生活的不同側(cè)面，描繪出豐富多彩的古虢文明。Introduction:TheunearthedculturalrelicsfromtheburialgroundoftheGuoStateincludenotonlybronzeandjadewares,butalsowaresmadeofiron,stone,pottery,bone,hornandanimalteeth,textile,etc,showingvariedcraftsmanship.Andinparticular,theemergenceofhuman-madeironobjectsisamilestoneintheancienthistoryofscienceandtechnology,makingasignificantinfluenceonthecourseofhumanhistory.Besides,thevariousfunctionsofunearthedobjectsreflectthelivelyancientsociety,depictingtherichandcolourfulcultureofGuoState.第一單元摶土成器——陶器組合UnitOneTheEarthenwareSet單元說明：陶器是古代社會最常見的生活器具，是日常生活的必需品。在虢國都城上陽城，曾發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)量眾多的制陶作坊，出土了大量陶器成品、半成品及陶片。虢國墓地出土的陶器主要有鬲、盆、豆、罐之類，質(zhì)地以泥質(zhì)灰陶為多，夾砂陶較少；紋飾以繩紋和鋸齒紋為主，具有強烈的虢國特色。Introduction:Intheancienttimes,pottery,themostcommonlivingware,isanecessityindailylife.TherehavediscoveredmanypotteryworkshopsintherelicsofSh