2021年一模CD閱讀理解專項(一)

朝陽

TheLandUndertheSea

Tenthousandyearsago,asthelasticeageended,sealevelsaroundtheworldwerefarlowerthantheyaretoday.Muchofthe

landunderboththeNorthSeatotheeastofBritainandtheEnglishChannelwhichnowseparatesFranceandBritainwaspartofa

hugeregionofforestsandgrassyplains.Thentheclimategraduallybecamewarmerandthewatertrappedinlargemassesofice

wasreleased.

Nowthedevelopmentofadvancedsonar（聲納）technology,knownasbathymetry,ismakingitpossibletostudythisflooded

landscapeinextraordinarydetail.Aspecialecho（回聲）sounderisfixedtothebottomofasurveyshipanditmakeswidesweeps

acrosstheseabed.Whileprevioustechnologyhasonlybeenabletoproducetwo-dimensionalimages,bathymetrycannowuse

computers,satellite-positioningequipmentandspecialsoftwaretocreateaccurateandremarkablydetailedmaps.Forthefirsttime,

anancientriverbedjumpsoutofthethree-dimensionalimage.Thesiteofpre-historicsettlementscannowbepinpointed.

AccordingtoexpertLindaAndrews,thistechnologicaldevelopmentisofhugesignificance.44Wenowhavetheabilitytomap

theseabedasaccuratelyaswecanmapdryland,^^shesays.

Oncebathymetrictechniqueshaveidentifiedsiteswherepeoplemighthavebuilttheirhomesandvillages,diverscanbesent

downtoinvestigatefurther.Robotsubmarines（潛艇）canalsobeused,andresearchershopetheywillfindstonetoolsandwood

fromhousesasproofofhumanactivity.TheideasharedbymanypeopleinBritainoftheircountryasanaturalislandkingdom

willbechallengedbythefindings:Britainhasbeeninhabitedforabout500,00（）yearsandmuchofthistimeithasbeenlinkedon

andofftocontinentalEurope.Itremainstobeseenhowfarthisnewawarenessistakenonboard,however.

Infact,theuseofbathymetrywillnotbelimitedtothestudyoflostlandscapesandancientsettlements.Itwillalsobevitalin

findingshipsthathavebeendestroyedinaccidents.Inaddition,commercialapplicationsarearealpossibility.Aggregates（骨材）

fortheconstructionindustryarebecomingincreasinglyexpensive,andbathymetrycanbeusedtoidentifysuitablesitesfordigging

forthismaterial.Mappingtheseabedwillalsoidentifyplaceswhererareplantsandshellfishareliving.Diggingatsuchsites

shouldbeprevented,eithertoworkforaprofitortomakedeeperwaterwaysformassivecontainerships.

27.Howdoesbathymetrywork?

A.Ithasanechosounderplacedontheseabed.B.Itmakesuseofanumberofdifferentdevices.

C.Itproducestwo-dimensionalimagesoftheseafloor.D.Itbasesitscalculationsonthelocationofconstructionsites.

28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“pkipointed“inParagraph2probablymean?

A.Occupied.B.Adjusted.C.Rebuilt.D.Discovered.

29.Theauthorbelievesabetterunderstandingofthesettlementsontheseabedmay.

A.attractinvestmentintheresearchundertheseaB.inspirepeopletotakeaninterestinmoderntechnology

C.adapttheattitudesoftheBritishtotheircountry'shistoryD.receiveconfirmationofrebuildingancientman-madeobjects

30.Wecanlearnthattheuseofbathymetrywillhelpto.

A.identifynewspeciesofplantsandanimalsB.providethepreciselocationofsunkenships

C.evaluatethecostofseekingcertainresourcesD.promotethedevelopmentofdeeperwaterways

1

LessonsintheLostArtofListening

Whenwasthelasttimeyoulistenedtosomeone?Andwhenwasthelasttimesomeonereallylistenedtoyou?Ionceasked

peoplewhatitmeanttobeagoodlistener.Thetypicalresponsewasablankstare.

Ofcourse,technologyplaysarole.Peoplefindphonecallsinterruptingthem,preferringtextorwordlessemoji.Besides,

schoolsandcollegesrarelyofferclassesoractivitiesthatteachcarefullistening.Youcanjoinclubstoperfectyourpublic

speaking,butwhoattemptstoachieveexcellenceinlistening?Theloudunpleasantmixtureofsoundsofmodernlifealsostopsus

fromlistening.

Generally,listeninggoesbeyondsimplyhearingwhatpeoplesay.italsoinvolvespayingattentiontohowtheysayitand

whattheydowhiletheyaresayingit,inwhatcontext,andhowwhattheysayisrelatedtoyou.It'snotaboutmerelyholdingyour

peacewhilesomeoneelseholdsforth.Quitetheopposite.Alotoflisteninghastodowithhowyourespond——thedegreetowhich

youfacilitatetheclearexpressionofanotherperson'sthoughtsand,intheprocess,haveaclearmindofyourown.

Goodlistenersaskgoodquestions.Theyengageinexploringthetopic,nottodivertattention.Therearecuriousquestionslike

“Wouldn'tyouagree...?"or"Don'tyouthink...?”Thesequestionshavestrongtendencies.Theywillgreatlyinfluencetheother

persontochangehisorherview.Andyou'dbetterstayawayfromsomepersonalquestionslike“Whatdoyoudoforaliving?^^or

“Whatpartoftowndoyoulivein?”Justtrytofindoutwhatexcitespeople.Askaboutthelastmovietheysaworforthestory

behindapieceofjewelrythey'rewearing.Alsogoodareexpansivequestions,suchas,“Ifyoucouldspendamonth,wherewould

yougo?”Researchindicatesthatwhenpeoplewhodon'tknoweachotherwellaskeachotherthistypeofquestion,theyfeelmore

connectedthaniftheyspendtimetogetherachievingatask.

Becauseourbraincanthinkalotfasterthanpeoplecantalk,becarefulwiththetendencytotakementalsidetripswhenyou

arelistening.Smartpeople'sattentioniseasilytakenawaybytheirownrunawaythoughts.Theymayalsoassumetheyalready

knowwhattheotherpersonisgoingtosay.

Therewardofgoodlisteningwillcertainlybemoreinterestingconversations.Researchershavefoundthatattentivelisteners

receivemoreinformationfromspeakers,evenwhentheydon'taskanyquestions.Weare,eachofus,thesumofwhatweattendto

inlife.Thegentlevoiceofamotherandthecriticismofabossbothultimatelyfonnandshapeus.Andtolistenpoorly,selectively

ornotatalllimitsyourunderstandingoftheworldandpreventsyoufrombecomingthebestyoucanbe.

31.Oneofthefactorsthatinfluencelisteningisthat.

A.ourconfidenceinlisteningisdecreasingB.ourspeechcreatesalotofnoisearoundus

C.listeningskillsareseldomtaughtinschoolD.textingcausesabettereffectthanphonecalls

32.WhatdoesParagraph3mainlytalkabout?

A.Whytheartoflisteninggetslostbyitself.B.Whyeffectivemethodsareusedinlistening.

C.Howpeoplemakethemselveswellunderstood.D.Howpeoplecanreclaimthelostartoflistening.

33.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldpeopledowhentheyarelistening?

A.Avoidbeingabsent-minded.B.Comeupwithcuriousquestions.

C.Focusonthespeaker'spersonalinfbnnation.D.Trytofindcominoninterestswiththespeaker.

34.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Listeningandspeakingdeserveequalattention.B.Goodlistenersmaximizethebenefitsforthemselves.

C.Badlisteningultimatelycontributestopeople'sfailure.D.Listeners5clearmindfacilitatesspeakers5expressionofthoughts.

2

門頭溝

Peopleeatmorewhentheyaregluedtothetelevision,andthemoreentertainingtheprogramis,themoretheyeat,

accordingtoanewresearch.

Itseemsthatdistracted（分心的）brainsdonotnoticewhatthemouthisdoing,saidDr.AlanHirsch,neurological

directoroftheSmellandTasteTreatmentandResearchFoundationinChicago.

Hirschexploredtheimpactofsmell,tasteandeatingbehaviorswhilewatchingTVbymeasuringpotatochip

consumption.Forty-fivevolunteersateasmanychipsastheywantedeverysixminuteswhiletheywatchedmonologuesby

late-nighttalkshowhostsDavidLettermanandJayLeno.Theywerestillgivenchipstoeatwhenthetelevisionwasoff.

Hirschfoundpeopleateanaverageof44percentmorechipswhilewatchingLettermanand42percentmorewhileviewing

Leno,thanwhentheydidnotwatchTV.

Ifyouconcentrateonhowthefoodtastes,you'Heatlessbecauseyou'llfeelfullfaster,"Hirschsaidinaninterviewatthe

EndocrineSociety*sannualmeetinginToronto.Soifthat'sthecase,let'slookattheopposite.Whatifyou'redistracted?If

you'redistracted,intheory,thenyou'deatmore.'1

Throughhisresearchatthefoundation,Hirschhashelpedpeopleovercomethelossofsenseofsmellandsenseoftaste,

whichtypicallyresultsinweightgainbecausethebraindoesnotknowwhenitshouldstopeating.

Theventromedialnucleus（腹內(nèi)側(cè)核）inthehypothalamus（下丘腦），wheretheso-calledsatiety（飽腹感）

centerislocated,tellsthebodywhetheritishungryorfull.Itisinhibitedortricked,theresultcanbechangesineating

patterns,hesaid.

Peoplewhocookspaghettialldaydon'tfeellikeeatingspaghettiattheendoftheday,usaidHirsch,"Bybeingexposed

toasmellalldaylongit'strickingthehypothalamus."

Volunteerswereaskedtoconcentrateonthesensorycharacteristicsofthefoodsuchastasteandsmell.Researcherssay

thesesensoryclues,inadditiontoinnerbodychanges,marksatiety.

Butwhendistracted,apersondoesnotpayattentiontoeitherthebody'ssensationsoffeelingfull,ortothesensory

characteristicsofthefood.

Manystudieshavelinkedbeingfattowatchingtelevisionandthatlinkislikelyduetoinactivity,Hirschsaid.But

perhapsentertainingshowsarealsocontributing.

"Ifyouwanttoloseweight,turnoffthetelevisionorwatchsomethingboring,'1hesaid.

27.WhenHirschconductedtheresearch,he

A.evaluatedthedegreeofthevolunteers1lossoftasteB.measuredtheamountofthechipsthevolunteersate

C.analyzedthevolunteers1preferenceonTVprogramsD.countedtheminutesthevolunteersspentonTVprograms

28.Accordingtotheresearch,whenwillyoufeelfullfaster?

A.Whenwearedistracted.B.Whenwefocusonhowthefoodtastes.

C.Whenwearewatchingentertainingprograms.D.Whenthebraindoesn*tknowwhenitshouldstopeating.

29.Whydoestheauthormention"Peoplewhocookspaghettialldaydon'tfeellikeeatingitattheendoftheday"?

A.Ittellsusthateatingspaghettiisinhabited.

B.Itindicatesthatspaghettidoesn'ttastegoodattheendoftheday.

C.Ittellsusthatpeoplewhocookspaghettidon*likeeatingspaghetti.

D.Itshowsthatsmellis"telling*'thehypothalamusthatthebodyisfull.

30.Whatisthemainpurposeofthearticle?

A.Toprovethatbeingfatislinkedtoinactivity.

B.TorevealtherelationshipbetweenTVprogramsandeatingbehaviors.

C.toexplainwhywatchingtelevisionmakespeopleeatmoreandgainweight.

D.Tofindhowsensorycharacteristicsofthefoodaffectspeople'sfeelingsofeating.

3

Ourelectronicdevicestodaystoreanawfullotofpersonalinformation.Weusethedevicestoreadandsende-mails,check

bankbalances,andevenpayourbillsovertheinternet.Wewanttobeassuredthatifourdevicesarestolen.ourpersonal

informationstoredinsidethemwillremainsafefromthethiefwhophysicallypossessesthedevice.

Todealwiththisproblem.ApplehascomeoutwithanewiPhonethatusesbiometric（生物識別的）informationtolock

itselfup.Thephonehasafingerprintscannerthatwilllockorunlockthephone.Yourfingerprintbecomesthekey,andthismakes

itnearlyimpossibleforotherstouseyourphonewithoutyourimmediatepermission—ordoesit?

Atfirstlook,onewouldthinkthatthistypeofsecuritywouldbewelcomeinthehigh-techcommunitywhereprivacyis

valued.Instead,somepeopleareevenmoreworriedabouttheirprivacy.Accordingtorevealeddocuments,theUSNational

SecurityAgencyisabletoslipintosmartphones,whiletheagencycanalsolegallyforcecompaniestoturnovercustomers1

persona]information.Ifthisistrue,thefingerprintscanneronyoursmartphonemightbecomeatoolfortheauthoritiestocollect

yourfingerprintdata.

Anotherproblemwithusingbiometricstosecuredevicesisthatpeopledon'tknowhowsecurethesystemsactuallyare.

Germany'sChaosComputerClubclaimedtohaveslippedintoabiometricallysecurediPhonewithindaysofthedevice'sreleaseto

thepublic.Ifthisisthecase,peoplewhoareusingthistypeofsecurityaremuchmorevulnerablethantheyareledtobelieve.

Althoughmostsecuritysystemsarehackedbysomeoneeventually,thespeedatwhichbiometricsecuritywashackedwasvery

upsettosome.

Regardlessofhowadeviceissecured,thedebateisstillattributestothetrade-offbetweenprivacyandsecurity.Governments

sometimesneedtolookatlargeamountsofinformationinordertodefeatterroristsecretplans,andnecessarily,someofthedata

comefromyouandme.WhenweuseiPhonesandotherdevices,welosetheabilitytosafeguardinformationthatwewouldrather

keepprivate,andweareforcedtoputtrustinothers.

Itwillalwaysbedifficulttostrikeabalancebetweenprivacyandsecuritywithgrowingchangingtechnology.Nevertheless,

onethingiscrystalclea亡weallhavetosacrificesomeofourprivacyinordertohavesecurityforthepublic.

31.Whydopeoplewanttobeassuredthattheirelectronicdeviceswon'tbestolen?

A.Becausepeopledependtoomuchonit

B.Becauseelectronicdevicesarenecessaryintheworkplace

C.Becauseelectronicdevicesaregettingmoreandmoreexpensive

D.Becausethereistoomuchpersonalinformationintheirelectronicdevices

32.TheexampleoftheUSNationalSecurityAgencyaimstotellus

A.Thebiometricdevicesarefullysafe

B.Companieskeepusers'personalinformationsafe

C.Thebiometricdeviceswillbethepopularwaytoensureourprivacy

D.Theauthoritiesmaydrivecompaniestoturninusers'fingerprintdata

33.TheunderlinewordinParagraph4means

A.stableB.insecureC.reliableD.difficult

34.Fromthelastparagraphwecanlearnthat__

A.thegovernmentwilleventuallyknoweverythingaboutus

B.Itisimpossibletoknowwhocanbetrustedinthistechnologicalworld

C.Itisnecessarytogiveupacertainamountofprivacyforthesakeofsecurity

D.Veryfewpeoplearewillingtousefingerprintsecurityontheirnewphones

4

豐臺

JustbecauseascientistputsaGPStrackingcollaronawildpolarbeardoesnotmeantheanimalwillwillinglykeepit

on.Theycanremoveit,ifonebecomesannoying.Butscientistshavenowfoundawayofusingsignalsfromthosedropped

collarstotracktheiceitself.

Thescientistsidentified20collarsthattransmittedmovementdataconsistentwithicedrift（漂流）ratherthanpolarbear

motionbetween2005and2015.TheresultingrecordsofhowmeltingicedriftsinHudsonBayarcunique;therearcnoeasily

accessibleon-the-groundsensors,andsatelliteobservationsoftencannotaccuratelycapturethemotionofsmallicesheets.

Theteamcomparedtheremovedcollars'movementstowidelyusedice-driftmodelingdatafromtheU.S.National

SnowandIceDataCcntcr（NSIDC）.CollardataindicatedthattheNSIDCmodelunderestimatesthespeedatwhichice

movesaroundinHudsonBay-aswellastheoverallextentofdrift.Overthecourseofseveralmonthsthemodelcould

diverge（偏離）fromanicesheet'slocationbyafewhundredkilometers,thescientistssay.

Thismeansthebearsmaybeworkingharder,whenmovingagainstthedirectionoftheice,thanscientistshadassumed,

“Sincewe*reunderestimatingthespeedofdrift,werelikelyunderestimatingtheenergeticeffortofpolarbears/saysRon

Togunov,wholedthestudy.

Thestudyrevealstimelyinsightintohowhighlymobileicemoves.Asmeltingincreasesincomingyears,suchicewill

likelybecomemorecommonfarthernorth,inthecentralArctic,saysAndyMahoney,ageophysicistattheUniversityof

Alaska,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.ScientistshadknownNSIDCdatacouldunderestimatedriftspeeds,Mahoney

says,but“anytimewecanfindadatagapandplugitisagoodthing.”

Plus,suchdatacouldimprovepredictionsabouthowoilspillsorotherpollutantsmayspreadinseaslitteredwith

driftingice,saysWaltMeier,aseniorNSIDCresearchscientist.ThefindingsmayeveninfluencefutureNSIDCmodels,"It's

areallynicedataset/Meiersays.uAndcertainlyonewe'lltakeunderconsideration.^

28.WhatcanaGPStrackingcollardo?

A.Measurethedepthoficesheet.B.Capturethemovementofice.

C.Describethemeltingspeedofice.D.Recordtheemotionalstateofbears.

29.Whatcanwelearnaboutthecollardata?

A.Itshowstheicemovesmoreslowlyfromitsoriginallocation.

B.Itmayrevealpolarbearsarenotsoenergeticasbefore.

C.ItindicatestheiceismorelikelytomovesouthinthecentralArctic.

D.Itcanhelppredictthelocationofsomepollutantsinseas.

30.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

A.DataTellsaDifferentStoryB.WildPolarBears'Signaling

C.InsightsintoaPuzzlingAspectD.IceIsTakenunderConsideration

5

Atuniversity,when1toldpeopleIwasstudyingforahistorydegree,theresponsewasalmostalwaysthesame,uYouwantto

beateacher?"No,ajournalist.4tOh.Butyou'renotmajoringincommunications?”

Inthedayswhenauniversityeducationwasaprivilege,perhapstherewasn'ttheassumptionthatadegreehadtobea

springboarddirectlyintoacareer.Thosedaysarelonggone.Today,adegreeisallbutanecessityforthejobmarket,onethatmore

thanhalvesyourchancesofbeingunemployed.Still,thataloneisnoguaranteeofajob-andyetweYcpayingmoreandmorefbr

one.

Giventhosecosts,mostofuswanttomaximizethatinvestment-andthatcanleadtoaplug-and-playtypeofapproachto

highereducation.Wanttobeajournalist?Studyjournalism,we'retold.Alawyer?Pursuepre-law.Nottotallysure?Gointo

STEM(Science,Technology,EngineerandMaths)—youcanbecomeanengineeroranITexpert.Andnomatterwhatyoudo,

forgetthehumanities,suchashistory,philosophyandlanguages.

lt*struethatthehumanitiescomewithahigherriskofunemployment,buttheriskisslighterthanyouwouldimagine.For

youngpeopleintheU.S.,theunemploymentrateofthosewithhumanitiesdegreesisfourpercent,justalittlemorethanthatof

engineeringdegreeholders.Lowersalariesmaynotbecausedbythedegreeitselfeither.Thegenderpaygappersistsinthe

humanities,whosegraduatesaremorelikelytobefemale.Isitanywonderthenthatlanguageteacherstendtomakelessthan

engineers?

AccordingtoLinkedln'sresearchonthemostsought-afterjobskillsbyemployersfor2019,theabilitytocommunicateand

getalongwithpeople,tounderstandwhafsonotherpeoplesminds,andtodofull-strengthcriticalanalysiswereallvaluedand

appreciated.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatyoucanbeanexcellentcommunicatorandcriticalthinkerwithoutahumanitiesdegree.

Andanygooduniversityeducation,notjustoneinEnglishorpsychology,shouldsharpentheseabilitiesfurther.Butfewcoursesof

studyarequiteasheavyonreading,writing,speakingandcriticalthinkingasthehumanities-whetherthat'sbydebatingother

studentsinaseminar,writingathesispaperoranalyzingpoetry.

ThewholequestionofwhetherastudentshouldchooseSTEMversusthehumanitiesmightbemisguidedtobeginwith.The

headlinesmostofusseedon'thelp.Whateverastudentpursuesinuniversity,itmustbesomethingthattheyarcnotonlygoodat,

butinterestedin.Evenifitmeanspursuinga“useless“degree-likeoneinhumanities.

31.Whyarepeoplepayingmoreandmorefbradegree?

A.Becausepeopleneedadegreetofurthertheircareer.B.Becauseuniversityeducationisconsideredaprivilege.

C.Becauseadegreeisviewedasamustforlandingajob.D.Becausetheirinterestcanbedevelopedinuniversity.

32.Theauthormentionedaplug-and-playtypeofapproachtoshow

A.atipfbrchoosingamajorB.theimportanceofhighereducation

C.aproblemthatexistsamongSTEMgraduatesD.thereasonwhypeopleoverlookthehumanities

33.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthebenefitofmajoringinhumanities?

A.Acomparativelyhighsalaryaftergraduation.B.Betterchancesofgettingridofgenderprejudice.

C.Abettercommunicativeskillthansciencestudents.D.Moreexposuretothetrainingoflanguageandthinking.

34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthepursuitofhumanities?

A.Doubtful.B.Optimistic.C.Objective.D.Concerned.

6

石景山

Whatisaportcity?

Theportcityprovidesarichunderstandingofthemovementofpeopleandgoodsaround

theworld.Weunderstandaportasacentreofisland-seaexchangeandamajorforceforcultural

mixing.

>Portsandharbours

Harborisaphysicalconcept,ashelterforships;Portisaneconomicconcept,acentreofland-seaexchangewhich

demandsgoodsfbrexportandimport.Someportsweredevelopedfrompoorharbourswhichwereimprovedwith

breakwaters（防水堤）anddredging（清淤）.MadrasandColomboareexamplesofharboursexpensivelyimprovedbyenlarging,

dredgingandbuildingbreakwaters.

>_________________________

Portcitiesbecomeindustrial,financialandservicecentresandpoliticalcapitalsbecauseoftheirwaterconnectionsand

theurbanconcentrationwhichdrawstoitrailways,highwaysandairroutes.Watertransportmeanscheapaccess,thechief

basisofallportcities.Manyoftheworld'sbiggestcities,fbrexample,London,NewYork,Shanghai,TokyoandSanFrancisco

beganasports-thatis,withland-seaexchangeastheirmajorfunction.Althoughtheirportfunctionsarcnolongerdominant

now,theyremaindifferentkindsofplacesfromnon-portcitiesandtheirportfunctionsaccountfbrthatdifference.

>Internationalcityandtrade

Portfunctions,morethananythingelse,canmakeacitymoreinternational.Aportisopentotheworld.Initraces,cultures,

aswellasgoodsfromavarietyofplaces,mixandenricheachotherandthelifeofthecity.Butmuchdomesticporttradehas

notbeenrecorded.Whatevidencewehavesuggeststhatdomestictradewasgreateratallperiodsthanforeigntrade.Shanghai,

fbrexample,didmostofitstradewithotherChineseportsandinlandcities,CalcuttatradedmainlywithotherpartsofIndia

andsoon.

>Positionofportcitycentre

Citieswhichbeganasportskeepthechiefcommercialandadministrativecentreofthecityclosetothewaterfront.The

centreofNewYorkisinlowerManhattanbetweentworivermouths,thecityofLondonisontheThames,Shanghaialongthe

Bund.ThisisalsotrueofBoston,Bombay,Madras,BangkokandSingapore,wherethecommercial,financial,and

administrativecentresarestillgroupedaroundtheirharbourseventhougheachcityhasexpandedintoabigone.Evenacasual

visitorcannotmistakethemasanythingbutportcities.

28.Whichportcityischangedfromaharbourbyimprovingthefacilities?

A.Singapore.B.Bangkok.C.NewYork.D.Madras.

29.WhichwouldbethebestheadingfbrParagraph2?

A.Goodports,hugeprofitcentresB.Onceaportcity,alwaysaportcity

C.Watertransport,basisofportcitiesD.Portfunctions,afeatureofbigcities

30.Whatcanwelearnaboutportcities?

A.Theyhavewaterconnections.B.Theydon'ttradewithinlandcities.

C.Theyareeasilymistakenfbrharbours.D.Theymovedtheirchiefcentresawayfromwaterfront.

7

Nowadays,videogaminghasmadeimpressivegainsinthefieldofstandardizedcompetition.Oneofthefashionable

debatesiswhethercompetitivevideogamesaresportsornot.Ifcyberathletesarecompetingagainstformalteamsinaformal

environment,withrealtitlesandmonetarystakesontheline,itseemsstrangenottoconsidertheactivityasport.However,

unlesssomethingtechnologicallyoddgainscompletecontroloverourworldinthenextfewdecades,theynevershouldbe.

CyberathletesandeSportsaren'tincomparabletotraditionalathletesandsportsbecausetheyrequirelessphysicalexertionor

dedication.Theyarcincomparablebecausetheyarcdifferentfromtraditionalsportsinanumberofways.

Traditionalsportsaresteadfast,andconsistentintheirstructuresandmechanics.AprofessionalAmericanfootballplayer

fromanypastdecadecouldbetransplantedintoacurrentfootballfield,andwouldonlyhavetobetoldofafewminorrule

changes.Theplayerwouldknowwhattodo,wheretogo,andhowtoaccomplishtheultimategoal.Hemayneedtolearna

fewnewplays,butit?sfundamentallythesamegame.However,competitivevideogaminghasavarietyofgoals,andthose

goalsarefluidanddynamic.Acompetitivevideogamerfromdecadespastmightbeawareofthefinalgoal（winningthegame,

capturingtheflag,eliminatingtheopposingteam,etc.）,buttheexecution（找^彳亍方式）wouldbecompletelyforeign.Controls

change,mapschange,locationschange,eventheminuterulesareadjustedonaregularbasis.Asacompetitivevideogamer,

oneneedstoadapttoamuchmoreaggressiverulesetthanmostsportsorothergames.Thereforethevideogamecompetitions

arclesslikelytobeproperlyregulated.

MosttraditionalsportsareapproachablebyEveryman,eventheesoteric（深奧的）ones,atleastinaneducationalsetting,

wherebudgetsandfundingaresetforthem.Whilehomecomputersarcwidelyaccessible,alargepercentageofthegaming

populationisunabletoparticipateincompetitivegamingduetothehigh-standardcomputingrequirements.Evendecade-old

competitivegameslikeCounter-Strike1.6require