十年(14-23)高考英語真題與模擬試卷分項匯編專題12閱讀理解議論文（含解析）

專題12閱讀理解議論文-2023年高考真題及模擬題匯編2023年高考真題Passage1【2023年全國乙卷】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(聯(lián)系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.12.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented. B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords. D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.13.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?A.Hisreportwasscientific. B.Herepresentedthelocalpeople.C.HeruledoverBotanyBay. D.Hisrecordwasone-sided.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conversation”inparagraph3referto?A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society.15.Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom?A.HowMapsTellStoriesoftheWorld B.AShortHistoryofAustraliaC.AHistoryoftheWorldin100Objects D.HowArtWorksTellStories【答案】12.A13.D14.B15.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。本文討論了僅僅依靠書面文本來講述世界歷史的局限性，并強(qiáng)調(diào)了將物品納入歷史敘事以更好地理解無文字社會的重要性?！?2題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.(如果你想講述整個世界的歷史，一段不以人類某一部分為特權(quán)的歷史，你不能僅僅通過文本來講述，因?yàn)槭澜缟现挥幸徊糠秩嗽?jīng)有過文本，而世界上大多數(shù)人，在大多數(shù)時間里，都沒有。寫作是人類較晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至許多有文字的社會也不僅用文字，而且用物件來記錄他們所關(guān)心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要講述的是歷史應(yīng)該如何呈現(xiàn)給我們。故選A?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段首句“Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.(理想情況下，歷史應(yīng)該將文本和物品結(jié)合在一起，本書的某些章節(jié)能夠做到這一點(diǎn)，但在許多情況下，我們根本做不到。)”可推斷，作者認(rèn)為歷史應(yīng)該是文本和物品相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，但是很多情況下，我們做不到。再根據(jù)所舉例子的下文“FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.(在英國方面，我們有科學(xué)報告和船長對那可怕的一天的記錄。從澳大利亞方面來看，我們只有一個木制盾牌，這是一名男子在第一次經(jīng)歷槍擊后在飛行中扔下的。)”可知，作者舉這個例子是為了說明船長的記錄是片面的，只從自己的角度描述了問題。故選D?！?4題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線單詞上文“TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(聯(lián)系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.(加勒比海的泰諾人、澳大利亞的土著人、貝寧的非洲人以及印加人，所有這些人都出現(xiàn)在這本書中，他們現(xiàn)在都可以通過他們制造的物品向我們講述他們過去最強(qiáng)大的成就：通過物品講述的歷史給了他們一個聲音。當(dāng)我們考慮諸如此類的有文化社會和無文化社會之間的接觸時，我們所有的第一手資料都必然是扭曲的，只有對話的一半。)”結(jié)合劃線句“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我們要找到對話的另一半，我們不僅要讀文本，還要讀物體。)”可知，我們對過去歷史的了解，只是書寫歷史的人所想要讓我們了解的歷史，如果我們想要了解歷史的另一半，我們不僅僅要讀文本也要讀對象。所以conversation指的是“歷史”。故選B?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.(如果你想講述整個世界的歷史，一段不以人類某一部分為特權(quán)的歷史，你不能僅僅通過文本來講述，因?yàn)槭澜缟现挥幸徊糠秩说臍v史曾經(jīng)被文字記錄過，而世界上大多數(shù)人，在大多數(shù)時間里，都沒有。)”結(jié)合最后一段的“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我們要找到對話的另一半，我們不僅要讀文本，還要讀物體。)”可知，本文講述僅僅依靠書面文本來講述世界歷史有局限性，想要更好的了解歷史就要將文本和物品結(jié)合在一起。從而推斷文章最有可能選自《100件物品中的世界史》。故選C。2023年名校模擬題Passage1（2023·山東·山東省實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)?？级＃〥anonePortugalintroducedanewyogurtnamedJuntos.Foreverypackofyogurtthatapersonbought,hewoulddonateyogurttoafamilyinneed.Danonehaddoneitsresearch.Increasingly,peoplesaytheywanttobuyfrombrandsthatgivethemasenseofpurpose.Surelyayogurtthathelpedtheneedywouldbeappealing.ButJuntoswasafailure.Despitesinkingmillionsintoamarketingcampaign,DanonepulledJuntosfromthemarketonlymonthsafteritwaslaunched.Nowthesameproductissimplymarketedasatastyyogurt.Whathappened?TofindthereasonbehindJuntos’failure,LawrenceWilliamsandhiscolleaguesdidanexperimentwheretheyshowedpeoplesomeproductsandaskedthesepeopletopickoneoption.Theyremindedsometofocusonthe“purposefulandvaluable”aspectwhileothersweretoldto“enjoythemselves”andfocuson“delightandpleasure.”Theyfoundthatparticipantswhoprioritizedmeaningpreferredthelessexpensiveproductwhencomparedwithpeoplewhoputpleasureinthefirstplace.Sowhyweremeaning-seekerscheapingout?LawrenceWilliamsaskedparticipantstoexplaintheirdecision-makingtofindout.Helearnedthatmeaning-orientedpeoplewerenotthinkingabouthowtheproducttheymightbuycouldbringmeaningtotheirlives.Instead,theywereoccupiedwithwhatelsetheycoulddowiththeirmoney.Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheapproductscancreatemanyproblems.Inexpensiveoptionsoftendonotlastaslongasthehigher-endones.Asaresult,weshopmoreoften,whichisultimatelyworseforourwallets.Plus,thatspendingpatterncandoagreaterdamagetotheenvironment.Thanksinparttofastfashion,peoplebuy60percentmoreclothingtodaythantheydid15yearsago.Thefashionindustryaloneemitsmoregreenhousegasesthaninternationalflightsandmaritime(海洋的)shippingcombined.Sobeforeyoudiveintoyourwalletforsomedeals,trynottofixonlyonwhatyouarespendingorsaving.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatyouarebuying,too.1．WhatisthemainreasonforthefailureofJuntos?A．Itignoredmarketingstrategies. B．Itpriceditselfrelativelyhigh.C．Itlackedaparticularlygoodtaste. D．Itfocusedondelightandpleasure.2．Whatcanbeinferredaboutmeaningseekers?A．Theyfrequenthigh-endstores. B．Theythinkproductsextendtheirlives.C．Theyhesitatetomakedecisions. D．Theymakemorepurchaseswithmoney.3．HowisParagraph4mainlydeveloped?A．Bygivingsomeexamples. B．Bylistingnumbersanddata.C．Byexplainingreasons. D．Bymakingsomecomparisons.4．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．Innovation:aProduct’sLife B．ToBuyornottoBuyC．MeaningseekersorQuality-pursuers D．FastFashion:aHittoYourWallet【答案】1．B2．D3．C4．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章就通過消費(fèi)來做有意義的事情，到底應(yīng)該買貴的還是廉價的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行討論。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Increasingly,peoplesaytheywanttobuyfrombrandsthatgivethemasenseofpurpose.Surelyayogurtthathelpedtheneedywouldbeappealing.ButJuntoswasafailure.(越來越多的人表示，他們想從那些給他們目標(biāo)感的品牌那里購買。當(dāng)然，幫助窮人的酸奶會很有吸引力。但Juntos是個失敗者。)”和第二段“Whathappened?TofindthereasonbehindJuntos’failure,LawrenceWilliamsandhiscolleaguesdidanexperimentwheretheyshowedpeoplesomeproductsandaskedthesepeopletopickoneoption.Theyremindedsometofocusonthe“purposefulandvaluable”aspectwhileothersweretoldto“enjoythemselves”andfocuson“delightandpleasure.”Theyfoundthatparticipantswhoprioritizedmeaningpreferredthelessexpensiveproductwhencomparedwithpeoplewhoputpleasureinthefirstplace.(發(fā)生了什么事?為了找出Juntos失敗的原因，LawrenceWilliams和他的同事們做了一個實(shí)驗(yàn)，他們向人們展示了一些產(chǎn)品，并讓這些人選擇一種。他們提醒一些人專注于“有目的和有價值”的方面，而另一些人則被告知“享受自己”，專注于“快樂和樂趣”。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，與把快樂放在首位的人相比，把意義放在首位的人更喜歡便宜的產(chǎn)品。)”可知，越來越多的人想從那些給他們目標(biāo)感的品牌那里購買（即購買便宜的產(chǎn)品），Juntos失敗的主要原因是它的定價相對較高，所以買的人少，最后失敗了。故選B。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Sowhyweremeaning-seekerscheapingout?LawrenceWilliamsaskedparticipantstoexplaintheirdecision-makingtofindout.Helearnedthatmeaning-orientedpeoplewerenotthinkingabouthowtheproducttheymightbuycouldbringmeaningtotheirlives.Instead,theywereoccupiedwithwhatelsetheycoulddowiththeirmoney.(那么，為什么尋求意義的人要買便宜的東西呢?為了找出答案，勞倫斯·威廉姆斯要求參與者解釋他們的決策。他了解到，以意義為導(dǎo)向的人不會考慮他們可能購買的產(chǎn)品如何給他們的生活帶來意義。相反，他們專注于思考自己的錢能帶來什么其他東西。)”可推測意義追求者專注于用錢買更多的東西，故選D。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheapproductscancreatemanyproblems.Inexpensiveoptionsoftendonotlastaslongasthehigher-endones.Asaresult,weshopmoreoften,whichisultimatelyworseforourwallets.Plus,thatspendingpatterncandoagreaterdamagetotheenvironment.(我完全支持人們做出明智和戰(zhàn)略性的財務(wù)選擇。但是廉價的產(chǎn)品會產(chǎn)生很多問題。便宜的選擇通常不會像高端的選擇持續(xù)那么久。結(jié)果，我們更頻繁地購物，這最終對我們的錢包更不利。此外，這種消費(fèi)模式會對環(huán)境造成更大的破壞。)”可推斷作者通過解釋買廉價的產(chǎn)品會產(chǎn)生很多問題的原因來發(fā)展第四段，故選C。4．主旨大意題。通讀全文，根據(jù)第四段“Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheapproductscancreatemanyproblems.Inexpensiveoptionsoftendonotlastaslongasthehigher-endones.Asaresult,weshopmoreoften,whichisultimatelyworseforourwallets.Plus,thatspendingpatterncandoagreaterdamagetotheenvironment.(我完全支持人們做出明智和戰(zhàn)略性的財務(wù)選擇。但是廉價的產(chǎn)品會產(chǎn)生很多問題。便宜的選擇通常不會像高端的選擇持續(xù)那么久。結(jié)果，我們更頻繁地購物，這最終對我們的錢包更不利。此外，這種消費(fèi)模式會對環(huán)境造成更大的破壞。)”和最后一段“Sobeforeyoudiveintoyourwalletforsomedeals,trynottofixonlyonwhatyouarespendingorsaving.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatyouarebuying,too.(所以，在你為一些交易掏腰包之前，盡量不要只關(guān)注你花了多少錢或存了多少錢。也要仔細(xì)考慮你要買的東西。)”可知文章主要是對通過消費(fèi)來做有意義的事情，到底應(yīng)該買貴的還是廉價的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行討論，C選項“意義追求者還是品質(zhì)追求者”符合文章主旨，故選C。Passage2（2023·山東淄博·統(tǒng)考三模）Thereisnouniversallyacceptedagethatisconsideredoldamongorwithinsocieties.Oftendisagreementsexistastowhatageasocietymayconsideroldandwhatmembersinthatsocietyofthatageandoldermayconsiderold.Moreover,biologistsarenotinagreementabouttheexistenceofaninternalbiologicalcauseforaging.Ingeneralthesocialstatusofanagegroupisrelatedtoitseffectiveinfluenceinitssociety,whichisassociatedwiththatgroup’sfunctioninproductivity.Inagriculturalsocietiestheelderlyhaveastatusofrespectability.Theirlifeexperiencesandknowledgeareregardedasvaluable,especiallyinpreliterate(尚無文字的)societieswhereknowledgeisorallytransmitted.Therangeofactivitiesinthesesocietiesallowstheelderlytocontinuetobeproductivemembersoftheircommunities.Inindustrializednations,althoughincertainfieldsoldageisstillconsideredsignificant,particularlyinthepoliticalfield,olderpeopleareincreasinglybeingforcedintoretirementbeforetheirproductiveyearsareover,causingproblemsintheirpsychologicaladaptationstooldage.Retirementisnotregardedunfavorablyinallinstances,butitseconomiclimitationstendtofurtherremoveolderpeoplefromtherangeofinfluenceandraiseproblemsintheextendeduseofleisuretimeandhousing.Asaconsequence,financialpreparationforretirementhasbecomeanincreasedconcernforindividualsandsociety.Familialrelationshipstendtobethefocusoftheelderly’sattention.However,thetendencyforyoungpeopleinindustrializedcountriestobehighlymobilehasforcedolderpeopletodecidewhethertomovetokeepupwiththeirfamiliesortoremaininneighborhoodswhichalsochange,alteringtheirfamiliarpatternsofactivity.Althoughmostolderpeopledolivewithinanhourfromtheirclosestchild,industrializedsocietiesarefacedwithformulatingprogramstoaccommodateincreasingnumbersofolderpeoplewhofunctionindependentlyoftheirfamilies.Adulteducationprogramsarebeginningtoclosethegenerationgap;however,aseachsuccessivegenerationreachesoldage,bringingwithititsparticulartendenciesandpreferences,newproblemsariserequiringnewsocialaccommodations.5．Whatcountsfortheelderlyinagriculturalsocieties?A．Theirstatusofrespectability. B．Theirvalueinproductivity.C．Theirrichknowledgeineducation. D．Theirextraordinaryabilitytowork.6．Whatcanwelearnabouttheelderly’sretirementfromParagraph3?A．Ithasfadedtheelderlyworries.B．Itmeanstheendofproductiveability.C．Itisconsideredbeneficialinalldistances.D．Itinfluencestheelderlypsychologicallyandfinancially.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“formulating”inParagraph4mean?A．Planning. B．Changing.C．Extending. D．Canceling.8．Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?A．Apersonaljournal. B．Ascienceresearch.C．Asocialissuereview. D．Acommunitybrochure.【答案】5．B6．D7．A8．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章認(rèn)為老年人的社會地位與其社會影響力有關(guān)，農(nóng)業(yè)社會中老年人憑借其生產(chǎn)力價值贏得尊重，但是工業(yè)化社會中很多老年人被迫退休，在心理和財政上都受到影響，隨之而來的家庭生活問題亟待社會的解決方案。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Inagriculturalsocietiestheelderlyhaveastatusofrespectability.Theirlifeexperiencesandknowledgeareregardedasvaluable,especiallyinpreliterate(尚無文字的)societieswhereknowledgeisorallytransmitted.Therangeofactivitiesinthesesocietiesallowstheelderlytocontinuetobeproductivemembersoftheircommunities.(在農(nóng)業(yè)社會中，老年人享有受人尊敬的地位。他們的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識被認(rèn)為是有價值的，特別是在尚無文字的社會，知識是口頭傳播的。這些社會中的活動范圍使老年人能夠繼續(xù)成為社區(qū)中有生產(chǎn)力的成員)”可知，在農(nóng)業(yè)社會老年人的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識使他們依舊具有生產(chǎn)力價值，從而獲得尊敬。由此可知，生產(chǎn)力上的價值對于農(nóng)業(yè)社會的老年人很重要。故選B項。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“…olderpeopleareincreasinglybeingforcedintoretirementbeforetheirproductiveyearsareover,causingproblemsintheirpsychologicaladaptationstooldage.Retirementisnotregardedunfavorablyinallinstances,butitseconomiclimitationstendtofurtherremoveolderpeoplefromtherangeofinfluenceandraiseproblemsintheextendeduseofleisuretimeandhousing.Asaconsequence,financialpreparationforretirementhasbecomeanincreasedconcernforindividualsandsociety.(……越來越多的老年人在他們的生產(chǎn)年齡結(jié)束之前就被迫退休，這給他們的老年心理適應(yīng)帶來了問題。退休并非在所有情況下都是不利的，但其經(jīng)濟(jì)上的限制往往進(jìn)一步使老年人遠(yuǎn)離影響的范圍，并在延長閑暇時間和住房的使用方面產(chǎn)生問題。因此，為退休做財務(wù)準(zhǔn)備已成為個人和社會日益關(guān)注的問題)”可知，退休問題會引起老年人的心理適應(yīng)問題，并在經(jīng)濟(jì)上限制老年人的活動和影響力，使其不得不做好財務(wù)準(zhǔn)備。因此，退休在心理和財政兩方面都影響著老年人。故選D項。7．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中“Althoughmostolderpeopledolivewithinanhourfromtheirclosestchild,industrializedsocietiesarefacedwithformulatingprogramstoaccommodateincreasingnumbersofolderpeoplewhofunctionindependentlyoftheirfamilies.(雖然大多數(shù)老年人住在離他們最近的孩子不到一小時的地方，但工業(yè)化社會正面臨著……計劃以容納越來越多的獨(dú)立于家庭生活的老年人的問題)”可知，此處前后有轉(zhuǎn)折，雖然大多數(shù)老年人的生活范圍離子女很近，但是越來越多的老年人獨(dú)立生活，這種情況需要社會制定計劃去解決。由此推知，formulating意思是“制定”，與planning意思一致。故選A項。8．推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，文章從對老年人的定義的各種分歧引入話題，然后介紹了老年人的社會地位與其社會影響力有關(guān)，農(nóng)業(yè)社會中老年人憑借其生產(chǎn)力價值贏得尊重，但是工業(yè)化社會中很多老年人被迫退休，在心理和財政上都受到影響，隨之而來的家庭生活問題亟待社會的解決方案。因此，文章聚焦的是社會問題和現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)該出自社會問題評論。故選C項。Passage3（2023·河南鄭州·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測）Someexpertshavebeenconcernedlatelyaboutrobotsleavinghumansbehind,takingourjobsandpossiblyalotmore,asinsci-fifilms.ChristofKoch,afamousneuroscientist(神經(jīng)學(xué)家),hassuggestedanovelmethod.Tokeepupwiththemachines,weshouldincreaseourbrainpowerwithbrainimplants(植人物).Kochnotesthatbrainimplantsarealreadyhelpingtheparalyzedorpeopleunabletomovecontrolcomputersandrobots,andtheyarebeingexploredforthetreatmentofmentaldisorders.Futureimplantscouldhelpusdownloadhugeamountsofinformationinstantly,hesays,sowecanlearn“novelskillsandfactswithouteventrying”.“Anotherexcitingaspect,”Kochsays,“iscombiningtwoormorebrainsintoasingleconsciousmindbydirectneuron-to-neuronlinks.”Kochcallsfora“crashprogram”inbraintechnologiestomakeussmarter.ButKochignorestheobviousfactsthatbadpersonscanhack(侵入)intooursmartphonesandlaptops.Whatifhackerscouldattackourbrains?Theymaybeabletospyon,changeorcontrolthememoriesofpeopleimplantedwithbraindevices.What’smore,wearenowhereclosetobeingabletostrengthenthebraininthemannerthatKochimagines.Scientistshavebeenexperimentingwithneuro-technologiesformentalillnessformorethanhalfacentury,andtheyhavelittletoshowforit.Kochgenuinelyfearedthatscience,farfromaddressingourproblems,mightexacerbatethem.Theuseofrobotsintheworkshop,forexample,couldcausemassunemployment.Dowejustcounttheimmediatejoblosses—withoutmeasuringanyotherpotentialpositiveeffectontheeconomy?Despitelosingsomejobstorobotsintheshortterm,theincreaseinproductivitywillhelpouroveralleconomygrowfaster,which,inturn,willcreatemore,higherqualityjobsthanwehadbefore.Thefutureisnotasscaryaswethink.Perhapswe’vegotseriousproblemsonourhands,andwehavealotofworktodotosettlethem.Brainimplantsarenottheanswer.9．WhatleadstoKoch’soptimismaboutfuturebrainimplants?A．ThegreatadvanceinAIresearch.B．Theirapplicationinmedicalfields.C．Thebreakthroughinsurgicaltechniques.D．Theireasyadaptationtothehumanbody.10．HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutKoch’s“crashprogram”inbraintechnologies?A．Disapproving. B．Unconcerned. C．Favorable. D．Excited.11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exacerbate”inparagraph4mean?A．Avoid. B．Worsen. C．Reduce. D．Answer.12．What’sthebesttitleforthetext?A．AreBrainImplantsatRiskofHackerAttack?B．WillRobotsTakethePlaceofHumansinFuture?C．WillBrainImplantsLettheDisabledLiveNormally?D．DoWeNeedBrainImplantstoKeepUpwithRobots?【答案】9．B10．A11．B12．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了大腦植入是否能夠幫助我們解決技術(shù)所帶來的問題——機(jī)器人會把人類拋在后面，搶走我們的工作，甚至一切。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Kochnotesthatbrainimplantsarealreadyhelpingtheparalyzedorpeopleunabletomovecontrolcomputersandrobots,andtheyarebeingexploredforthetreatmentofmentaldisorders.Futureimplantscouldhelpusdownloadhugeamountsofinformationinstantly,hesays,sowecanlearn“novelskillsandfactswithouteventrying”.(科赫指出，大腦植入物已經(jīng)在幫助癱瘓或無法移動的人控制電腦和機(jī)器人，并且正在探索用于治療精神障礙。他說，未來的植入物可以幫助我們立即下載大量信息，這樣我們就可以“毫不費(fèi)力地學(xué)習(xí)新的技能和事實(shí)”)”可知，科赫認(rèn)為目前大腦植入物已經(jīng)在幫助癱瘓或無法移動的人控制電腦和機(jī)器人，并且正在探索用于治療精神障礙。所以他對于未來的大腦植入物能夠幫助我們毫不費(fèi)力地學(xué)習(xí)新技能和事實(shí)抱有樂觀的態(tài)度。故選B。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“ButKochignorestheobviousfactsthatbadpersonscanhack(侵入)intooursmartphonesandlaptops.Whatifhackerscouldattackourbrains?Theymaybeabletospyon,changeorcontrolthememoriesofpeopleimplantedwithbraindevices.What’smore,wearenowhereclosetobeingabletostrengthenthebraininthemannerthatKochimagines.(但科赫忽略了一個顯而易見的事實(shí)：壞人可以侵入我們的智能手機(jī)和筆記本電腦。如果黑客可以攻擊我們的大腦呢？他們或許能夠監(jiān)視、改變或控制植入大腦設(shè)備的人的記憶。更重要的是，我們離能夠以科赫想象的方式增強(qiáng)大腦還差得很遠(yuǎn))”可知，作者對于科赫的想法是不贊同的。故選A。11．詞義辨析題。根據(jù)劃線單詞下一句“Theuseofrobotsintheworkshop,forexample,couldcausemassunemployment.(例如，在車間使用機(jī)器人可能會導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模失業(yè))”可知，在車間使用機(jī)器人會導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模失業(yè)，也就是說在車間使用機(jī)器人只可能加劇問題而不是解決問題。所以劃線單詞和“加劇”意思相似。選項A“Avoid(避免)”；選項B“Worsen(惡化)”；選項C“Reduce(減少)”；選項D“Answer(回答)”。故選B。12．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“ChristofKoch,afamousneuroscientist(神經(jīng)學(xué)家),hassuggestedanovelmethod.Tokeepupwiththemachines,weshouldincreaseourbrainpowerwithbrainimplants(植人物).(著名的神經(jīng)學(xué)家克里斯特·科赫提出了一種新方法。為了跟上機(jī)器的步伐，我們應(yīng)該通過植入大腦來提高我們的智力)”、第二段“Kochnotesthatbrainimplantsarealreadyhelpingtheparalyzedorpeopleunabletomovecontrolcomputersandrobots,andtheyarebeingexploredforthetreatmentofmentaldisorders.(科赫指出，大腦植入物已經(jīng)在幫助癱瘓或無法移動的人控制電腦和機(jī)器人，并且正在探索用于治療精神障礙)”、第三段“ButKochignorestheobviousfactsthatbadpersonscanhack(侵入)intooursmartphonesandlaptops.(但科赫忽略了一個顯而易見的事實(shí):壞人可以侵入我們的智能手機(jī)和筆記本電腦)”以及全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要討論了我們是否需要大腦植入物來跟上機(jī)器人。所以“DoWeNeedBrainImplantstoKeepUpwithRobots?(我們需要大腦植入物來跟上機(jī)器人嗎?)”作為文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選D。Passage4（2023·山西·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測）Whatdoyouwantfromlife?Perhapsyouwanttospendmoretimewithyourfamily,orgetamoresecurejob,orimproveyourhealth.Butwhydoyouwantthosethings?Chancesarethatyouranswerwillcomedowntoonething:Happiness.Yetthereissomeevidencethattoomuchpursuitofhappinessisassociatedwithagreaterriskofdepression.Modernconceptionsofhappinessareprimarilypractical,focusingonwhatwemightcallthetechniquesofhappiness.Theconcernisnotwhathappinessis,butinsteadonhowtogetit.Butmaximizingpleasureisn’ttheonlyoption.Everyhumanlife,eventhemostfortunate,isfilledwithpain.Painfulloss,painfuldisappointments,thephysicalpainofinjuryorsickness,andthementalpainoflong-sufferingboredom,loneliness,orsadness.Painisanunavoidableconsequenceofbeingalive.Allthegoodthingsinlifeinvolvesuffering.Writinganovel,runningamarathon,orgivingbirthallcausesufferinginpursuitofthefinal,joyousresult.Thereareotherfactorsaswell.IntheeyesofAristotle,wegethappinessbyexercisingouruniquelyhumancapabilitiestothinkandreason.Butthinkingandreasoningareasmuchsocialactivitiesastheyareindividual.Happinessrequiresothers;itisnotanemotionalstatesomuchasitistheexcellenceoftherelationswecultivatewithotherpeople.Buteventhatcannotguaranteehappiness.Aristotlerecognisedthatourhappinessishostage（人質(zhì)）tofortune.Eventsbeyondanyindividual’scontrol—war,poverty,andglobalpandemics—willoftenmakehappinessimpossible.Happinessisnotamentalstatethatcanbepermanentlywon,butinsteadit’sapracticewhichwehone（磨練）,imperfectly,incircumstancesonlypartlyofourmaking.Recognizingthiswillnotsecureagoodlife,butitwillavoidtheillusory（虛幻的）hopeofpermanentcontentment.Nolifeworthlivingshouldmeettheonlystandard.Instead,aimwithAristotletoembracethosefaultsandtoflowerinspiteofthem.13．Wherecanyoufindnegativeeffectsoffocusingtoomuchon“happiness”?A．Inparagraph2. B．Inparagraph3.C．Inparagraph4. D．Inparagraph5.14．Howdoestheauthorprovethatpainisanunavoidableresultofbeingalive?A．Bymakingcomparisons. B．Byanalyzingcauses.C．Bygivingexamples. D．Bytellingstories.15．WhatisAristotle’sviewonhappiness?A．Happinessisastableemotionalstate.B．Goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtohappiness.C．Takingpartinsocialactivitiesguaranteeshappiness.D．Happinesspromotesindependentthinkingandreasoning.16．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Happinessiswhathumanspursueforever.B．Happinessliesintheprocessofpursuingit.C．Ourpursuitofhappinessmaybeimperfect.D．Depressionandhappinessareequallyimportant.【答案】13．A14．C15．B16．C【導(dǎo)語】本篇是議論文。本文對于幸福的追求究竟是什么進(jìn)行了闡述。得出的結(jié)論是：人們對于幸福的追求并不是完美的。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Yetthereissomeevidencethattoomuchpursuitofhappinessisassociatedwithagreaterriskofdepression.(然而，有證據(jù)表明，過度追求幸福與更大的抑郁風(fēng)險有關(guān))”可知，在第2段可以找到過于關(guān)注“幸?！钡呢?fù)面影響。故選A項。14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Butmaximizingpleasureisn’ttheonlyoption.

Everyhumanlife,eventhemostfortunate,isfilledwithpain.

Painfulloss,painfuldisappointments,thephysicalpainofinjuryorsickness,andthementalpainoflong-sufferingboredom,loneliness,orsadness.

Painisanunavoidableconsequenceofbeingalive.

Allthegoodthingsinlifeinvolvesuffering.

Writinganovel,runningamarathon,orgivingbirthallcausesufferinginpursuitofthefinal,joyousresult.(但是最大化快樂并不是唯一的選擇。每個人的生活，即使是最幸運(yùn)的人，也充滿了痛苦。痛苦的損失，痛苦的失望，身體上受傷或生病的痛苦，以及長期忍受無聊、孤獨(dú)或悲傷的精神痛苦。痛苦是活著不可避免的結(jié)果。生活中所有美好的事物都伴隨著苦難。寫小說、跑馬拉松或生孩子，都是為了追求最終的快樂結(jié)果而痛苦的)”可知，作者通過舉例來證明痛苦是活著不可避免的結(jié)果。故選C項。15．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“IntheeyesofAristotle,wegethappinessbyexercisingouruniquelyhumancapabilitiestothinkandreason.

Butthinkingandreasoningareasmuchsocialactivitiesastheyareindividual.

Happinessrequiresothers;

itisnotanemotionalstatesomuchasitistheexcellenceoftherelationswecultivatewithotherpeople.(在亞里士多德看來，我們通過行使人類獨(dú)特的思考和推理能力來獲得幸福。但思考和推理既是個體活動，也是社會活動。幸福需要別人;與其說它是一種情感狀態(tài)，不如說是我們與他人培養(yǎng)的良好關(guān)系)”可知，在亞理士多德看來“幸福并不是個體的情感狀態(tài)，需要我們與他人培養(yǎng)良好的關(guān)系”。故選B項。16．主旨大意題?？v觀全文可知，文章第一段通過設(shè)問的方式引出話題；第二段指出，現(xiàn)如今人們過分追求幸福而產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響；第三至六段表明，過分追求幸福、將幸福最大化并不會帶來真正的快樂。因此，人們對于幸福的追求并不是完美的。故選C。Passage5（2022·廣東佛山·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測）Oneoftheoldestmetaphors(隱喻)forhumaninteractionwithtechnologyistherelationshipofmasterandslave.Aristotleimaginedthattechnologycouldreplaceslaveryifmachinebecameautomated.MarxandEngelssawthingsdifferently.“Massesoflaborersaredailyandhourlyenslavedbythemachine,”theywroteintheCommunistManifesto.Today,computersoftenplaybothroles.NicholasCarr,inhisnewbookTheGlassCage:AutomationandUs,takesastandonwhethersuchtechnologyimprisonsorliberatesitsusers.Weareincreasinglyengaged,heargues,buttheinvisibilityofourhigh-techtrapsgivesusthe‘imageoffreedom’.Hedescribesdoctorswhorelysomuchondecision-assistancesoftwarethattheyoverlooksignalsthatarenotobviousfrompatients.Allofthishasobviousimplicationsfortheuseoftechnologyinclassrooms:Whendotechnologiesfreestudentstothinkaboutmoreinterestingandcomplexquestions,andwhendotheydestroytheverycognitive(認(rèn)知)capacitiesthattheyaremeanttoimprove?TheeffectofspellcheckandAutoCorrectsoftwareisanexample.Psychologistshavefoundtheactofformingawordinyourmindstrengthensyourcapacitytorememberit.Whenacomputerautomaticallycorrectsaspellingmistake,we’renolongerforcedtoformthecorrectspellinginourminds.Thismightnotseemveryimportant.Theprocessofwordformationisnotjustsupplementingspellingskills,it’salsodestroyingstudents.Whenstudentsfindthemselveswithoutautomatedspellingassistance,theydon’tfacetheprospectoffreezingtodeath,astheInuitsdidwhentheirGPSmalfunctioned,butthey’remorelikelytomakeerrors.Thiscreatesaviciouscycle:Themoreweusethetechnology,themoreweneedtouseitinal