科技英語；英漢翻譯；詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

IntroductionESTtranslationisconducivetopromotingthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinChina,andtransferringadvancedforeigntechnologytoChina,thuscontributingtoChina’sscienceandtechnology.ESTtranslationcanhelphumanstoovercomethelimitationsoftimeandspace,languagebarriersandethnicdifferences,acceleratethecommunicationbetweendifferentraces,andthusletpeopleknowtheinformationtheywanttoknow.Thisisaverygreatjob.Asthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyglobalization,agrowingnumberofpeoplepayattentiontothedevelopmentofESTtranslation.Alargenumberofeconomy,tradeandtechnologyexchangesmakescientificandtechnologicaltranslationmoreandmoreimportant,andthedemandforESTtranslationhasalsobecomediversifiedandmulti-level.Ofcourse,thedifficultyofscientifictranslationworkalsoincreaseswiththecloseconnectionofsocialactivities.EnglishandChinesebelongtodifferentlanguages.EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,andChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily.ChineseandEnglishareverydifferentintermsofvocabularyorgrammar.Asfarasthepartofspeechisconcerned,themeaningofwordcanbeexpressedindifferentpartsofspeech.Therefore,inESTtranslation,wordclassconversionisneededinmanycases.Wordclassconversionreferstothetranslationofacertainwordclass(suchasanoun)intheoriginallanguageintoanotherwordclass(suchasaverb)inChinese.TheverbsintheoriginallanguagearetranslatedintoChineseandbecomeadverbs.ThenounsintheoriginaltextaretranslatedintoChineseverbs,whichistranslationofwordclasstranslation.FromtheperspectiveofEnglishandChineselanguagecomparison,studyingthelawofEnglishwordclassconversionintheprocessofscientificEnglishtranslation,andexploringtheexpressionofwordclassconversionintranslation,canhelppeoplebetterunderstandthephenomenonofwordclassconversion,andintheprocessofEnglish-Chinesetranslationtomaketherightjudgmentsandchoices.ChapterOneLinguisticFeaturesandTranslationPrinciplesofScientificandTechnicalTextsTranslationisacross-language,andcross-culturallanguagecommunicationactivity,thecross-languagemeansthatthecontentexpressedbytheprimitiveisexpressedinthetranslatedlanguage.Sincetheoriginallanguageandthetranslatedlanguagearetwodifferentlanguages,whenthetranslatedlanguageexpressesthecontentexpressedbytheoriginallanguageandtheinformationconveyed,theconversionofthelanguageformmustoccur.Thecross-culturemeansthattranslationactivitiesarenotonlythetransformationoflanguageforms,butalsothetransformationofculture.Becauselanguageisthecarrierofculture,whenthecontentexpressedbytheprimitiveandtheinformationconveyedareexpressedandtransmittedintheformofthetranslatedlanguage,itisinevitablyaccompaniedbythetransformationofculture.TranslatorsshouldplaytheroleofEnglishknowledgeandbackgroundknowledgeintheE-Ctranslation,andunderstandmeaningoftheoriginaltext.Ontheotherhand,theyshouldplaytheroleoflogicalreasoningandChineseknowledge,andprocessintheformofChineseexpression,whichcanobtainsatisfactoryChinesetranslation.1.1LanguageFeaturesofScientificandTechnicalTextsESThasitsownuniquecharacteristicsinvocabularyandgrammar.Firstofall,intermsofvocabulary,ESThasprofessionalcharacteristics,andprofessionalismmeansthatthevocabularyusedinESThasprofessionalcharacteristics.Professionalvocabularyreferstovocabularytermsthatareusedonlyforaparticularsubjectorprofession.ESTisusedtoserveavarietyofprofessionalknowledgeandindustry,whichinvolvesalargenumberofprofessionalvocabulary,suchasacuteangle(銳角),concrete(混泥土),analysisofvariance(方差分析),firstcosmicvelocity(第一宇宙速度),fluidmechanics(流體力學(xué)),mechanicalequivalentofheat(熱工當(dāng)量).Andamongdifferentprofessions,thesewordsrepresentdifferentmeanings.Forexample,theword“power”canrepresentmultiplemeanings,power,electricity,energy,power;theword‘‘dog’’inarchitecture,canbetranslatedas“rivet”andcanbeusedasagearboltinmechanicalengineering.Inaddition,ESTisalsocharacterizedbyinnovation,unity,precision,objectivityandnominalization.InnovationismainlyreflectedinthenewthingsarisingfromthecontinuousdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyEnglish,generatingnewconcepts,thuscreatingnewvocabularyorgivingnewscientificmeaningtotheoriginalcommonwords,suchascomputergeneratedabsoluteaddress,data,mouse,platform(操作平臺),Internet(因特網(wǎng));newvocabularysuchasclone(克隆)producedbycloningtechnology;Newwordssuchasmoonwalk(太空步),blackhole(黑洞),deepspace(深層空間)producedbyspacetechnology.ThesingularityofESTreferstothesingularityofthemeaningofESTwordsinaspecificprofession,whichismainlyreflectedintheprofessionalaspect.Thesamewordmaybeusedindifferentfieldsandbecomesapolysemousword.However,polysemyisnottrueinESTbecauseprofessionalvocabularyorterminologyisgenerallydefinedbystrictstandardization,andvocabularyorterminologyisoftenuniquewithinaparticularprofession.TheaccuracyofESTismainlyduetotheaccuracyoftheselectionofwords,meanings,charts,anddatainscientificandtechnicalliterature.Therefore,intheprocessoftranslationofEST,translatorsmustgraspthecharacteristicsofprecision,rigorousandprecisethinkingofrationalthinking,whichisreflectedintheselectionofwords,groupsentencesandothercustomexpressionsandwordselection.ObjectivityismainlyreflectedinthetranslationofscientificandtechnologicalEnglishliterature.Firstofall,itisnecessarytousescientificattitudestoobjectivelyandaccuratelyselectsubjecttermsorwords.ItisalsonecessarytounifythelanguagesofEnglishandChinesewithdifferentlanguagestructuresanddifferentthinking;thenominalizationofESTreferstotheconversionofverbsoradjectivesinsentencesintonounsornounphrases,sothatnounsornounphrasescangetthemeaningofverbsoradjectivesandhavegrammaticalfunctionofnouns.Nominalizationmainlyreferstotheuseofabstractnounsthatcanexpressactionsorstates.ThenominalizationofESTmakestheuseofalargenumberofnounsinEST.

InaspectsofthecharacteristicsofgrammaticalstructureinEST,therearemanycasesofusinglongsentences.OneofthecharacteristicsofESTisthatsentencesarelong.Whenreadingthescientificliterature,youoftenencounterasentencethatissevenoreightlineslong,andeventheentirearticleiscomposedofalongEnglishsentence.Thesecond,characteristicsistheuseofpassivevoices.Becauseofthedescriptionofthingsinscienceandtechnologybooksarethings,processesandphenomena,thatis,thesubjectismostlynon-personal,whichismoresuitabletousethepassivevoice,tosomeextent,improvingtheobjectivityofthescientificliterature.Thethirdcharacteristicsisthatthehabitualnominalization.Thenominalizationtendencymainlyreferstotheextensiveuseofabstractnounsthatcanrepresentactionsorstatesorunqualifiedverbsthatfunctionasnouns.ThenominalizationtendencyofESTiscloselyrelatedtothebasicrequirementsofscientificandtechnicalstyle.Thetaskofscientificarticlesistodescribefactsandargumentationinferences,torequireconciseness,toexpressobjectiveness,andtobepreciseincontent.Thisrequiresthesimplificationofthelanguagestructure,andthenounizationjusthelpstoachievethesepoints.NominalizationofESTcanmakeacompoundsentenceasimplesentenceandturnasentenceintoaphrase.Thefourthcharacteristicsisthesimplifiedattributiveclauses,presentparticiplesandpastparticipleswhichcanbeusedasadjectiveshavingthefunctionofattributives.Itischaracterizedbybeingplacedafterthemodifiednoun.Whenthepresentparticipleandthepastparticipleareusedastheattributive,theyareoftenequivalenttoanattributiveclause,anditismuchmoreconciseintermsoftheresultthanacompleteattributiveclause.Attributivesimplificationcanbegenerallydividedintosimplificationofpassiveattributiveclausesandsimplificationofactivemodalattributiveclauses.Thesimplificationofpassiveattributiveclausesgenerallyomitsrelationalpronounsandverbs,andusesthepassivevoicefunctionofpastparticiplestoachievethepurposeofsimplification.1.2PrinciplesofTranslationofScientificandTechnicalTextsRegardingtranslationstandards,therehavebeenmanyreferencestofaithfulness,expressiveness,smoothness,standardization,accuracy,conciseness,aesthetics”andsoon.Manytranslatorsandresearchershavehadheateddebatesontheseformulations.ButintermsoftechnicalEnglishtranslation,wecangeneralizetranslationstandardsasfaithfuloriginalsandexpressionnorms.Theso-calledfaithfuloriginalworkmeansthatthetranslatormustexpresstheentirecontentsoftheoriginalworkaccuratelyandwithoutanyomission.Theso-calledexpressionnormrequiresthetranslatortousealanguagethatisconcise,understandable,andconsistentwiththeexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguagewhenexpressingtheoriginalcontent.Inotherwords,thetranslatorshouldusethevocabulary,sentencestructureandtextstructuregenerallyacceptedbythesubjectorprofessionalreaders.Inthetranslationpractice,thetranslatorshouldstrivetoachievethestandardsoffaithfuloriginalsandexpressionnorms,whicharetranslatedfromtheprocess.Infact,translationpracticeisaternaryrelationshipinvolvingthreeobjects:theoriginalauthor,thetranslator,andthetargetreader.Theauthoristhesenderoftheinformation,thereaderistherecipientoftheinformation,andthetranslatorusesthetranslationasthecarriertoconveythemessagetothereader.Thetranslatormustbefaithfultothethoughtsoforiginalauthorandservethereader.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldstrivetoshortenthedistancebetweenthetranslationandtheoriginaltext.Translatorshavetobeeffectiveincommunicatingeffectivelywiththeauthor.Then,accordingtohisownfeelings,theoriginaltextisreproducedinastandardizedway,sothatafterreadingthetranslation,thereadercanobtainalltheinformationtransmittedbytheoriginaltext.Thescientifictextisaninformation-typetext.Thetranslationofthistypeoftextshouldpayparticularattentiontothesatisfaction.Therefore,translatormustavoidmechanicaltranslationinthetranslationprocessaccordingtotheverbatimcorrespondencemethod.Contentismoreimportantthanform,itisoneoftheprimarycriteriainthefieldofscientifictranslation.Firstofall,forthestrongtechnicalterminologyinthescientifictext,thetranslatormuststriveforprecision,whilepayingattentiontoaccurateconcise,notonlytoretainthemaininformationoftheoriginaltext,butalsotoaccuratelyexpress,goodtranslation,missedtranslation,commonsentencesforscientifictextsstructure,suchasnounstructure,passivevoice,postposition,etc.,translatorsshouldcompletelybreaktheshacklesofsentencestructureintranslation,onlypayattentiontoretainingtheinformationtobeexpressedintheoriginaltext.TeacherSongTianxi,atranslatorinthefieldoftranslationstudies,hasdefinedandsummarizedthetaskoftranslation.“Themostbasictaskoftranslationistoconveythetruemeaningoftheoriginaltextandtranslationreadssmoothly”.Onlyobeythenecessaryprinciplesoftranslation,thetranslatorcansuccessfullycompletethegrouptranslationofthetask.AlexanderTytleralsoclearlyproposedthreeprinciplesoftranslation,thatis,thetranslatorshouldreproducetheoriginalauthor’sthoughtsinacompleteandtruthfulmanner,andthetranslationstyleshouldbecomparabletotheoriginalworks.InthelateQingDynasty,thetranslatornamedYanFu,heputforwardthetranslationprincipleoffaithfulness,expressivenessandelegance,thatis,faithfulness,fluency,elegance.Intheprocessoftranslationweshouldpayattentiontotheoriginaltext,conformtothenormativelanguageofthewholepeople,andmaintaintheoriginalstyle.ChapterTwoOverviewofWordClassConversionWordclassconversionistheconversionofacertainwordclassintwodifferentlanguages.Englishnouns,prepositions,adjectivesoradverbscanbeconvertedintoChineseverbs;EnglishverbsandadverbscanbeconvertedintoChinesenounsandadjectives.SincetheEnglishandChineselanguagesarenotthesameintermsofexpression,itisoftennecessarytotranslatetheanglesintranslationtomakethemeaningclearandexpressnature.2.1TheNecessityofWordClassConversionWhenconductingEnglish-Chinesetranslation,translatorsmustnotonlygraspthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseintermsofexpression,vocabularyandgrammar,butalsolearnsomespecifictranslationmethods.Thecommontranslationtechniquesincludeconversion,omission,amplification,negativeinEnglish-Chinesetranslation,consolidationandsoon.ThewordclassconversionmethodisthemostcommonmethodusedinESTtranslation.InEnglish-Chinesetranslation,Englishisalwaysstaticinfrontofpeople,andChineseisalwaysdynamictopeople.Inordertomakethetranslationconformtheideaoftheoriginaltext,translatormustconsidertheexpressionhabitofChinese.Wordclassconversionisnecessary.AddingsuffixesafterEnglishwordstoachievethechangeofmeaningandpartofspeech.Forexample,youcanusetheadjective,noun,verb,oradverbsuffixfollowingthewordtodeterminethewordclassoftheword,suchas:-ness,-ly,-er,-ful,etc.,whiletheChinesecanaddsuffixeswithveryfewwords.“地”indicateadverbsand“的”indicateadjectivesinChinese,andtherearenootherformsofsuffixes.ThechangeofpartofspeechinChinesevocabularycannotbeachievedbyaddingasuffixtotheword.ThesentencesinEnglishareverylogicallystructuredintermsofsyntax.Wordshaveacleardistinctionbetweenformandgrammaticalfunction.Inthestructureofsyntax,thereisnochangeinthepartofspeechofChinese.Thereisnoformalindicationofwords,andthereisnogrammar.Asforfunctionaldistinction,wordclassesandsyntaxhaveacomplexrelationship,whichisverycomplicated.Therefore,inEnglish-Chinesetranslation,thechangeofsentencestructureisoneofthebasicproblemsthatmustbefaced.Thewordclassconversioniscausedbythechangeofsentencestructure.Amongallthewordclassesindifferentlanguages,themostimportantwordclassesareverbsandnouns.Duetothewidevarietyoflanguages,itisnotpossibletodistinguishtheminaspecificway.NounshaveadominantpositioninEnglish,butverbshavedominantpositioninChinese.Therefore,itisnecessarytoconvertpartofspeechinC-Etranslation.2.2PrinciplesofWordClassConversionProfessorSongTianxi,atranslationresearcher,sumsupthetaskoftranslationasfollows:Thefundamentaltaskoftranslationistoconveythetrueinformationoftheoriginaltextandtomakethetranslationclear.Inordertobetterrealizethefundamentaltaskoftranslation,translatorsmustfollowcertainprinciplesoftranslation.ForeignscholarAlexander(Tytler)FraserTitlerbelievesthatthethreeprinciplesoftranslationshouldbefollowed,thatis,thetranslatorshouldfullyreproducetheoriginalidea.ThestyleofthetranslationshouldbethesameasthatoftheoriginalEnglishtranslation.Theseprinciplesprovidetranslatorswithabroadtheoreticalfoundationfortranslation.However,howtoimplementspecifictranslationsandstartfromasmallplaceisaproblemthattranslatorsneedtothinkforalongtime.Accuratelytranslatinganarticle,aparagraph,asentence,orevenawordisthecoreofthetranslator’sconstantwork.Thewordclassconversionmethodisacommontranslationtechnique,andthismethodalsoneedstofollowcertaintranslationprinciples.ProfessorLiuZhaoqing,awell-knownscholar,putforwardtheprincipleoftranslationofthewordclassconversionmethod“Therecanbenoflexiblerestrictionsonthetranslationofwords”.Thefirstprincipleisthattranslatorsmustbefaithfultotheoriginalidea;thesecondprincipleisthatitcontributestothereadabilityofthetranslation,andismoreinlinewiththecustomaryexpressionofChineseexpressiveness.2.3TheoreticalBasisforWordClassConversionTheterm“conversion”isderivedfromtheBritishtranslationtheoristJ.C.Catford’s“LearningLinguisticsTheory”,theconceptof“conversion”wasoriginallydefinedbyCatfordas“thedeviationfromtheformalcorrespondenceintheprocessfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage”.Thecorrespondenceoftheformisleftintheprocess.HeborrowedtheAustralianlinguistM.A.K.’slanguage“hierarchy”classificationinHallidaysystemgrammar,andproposedtranslationtheory.Translationtheoryisthefirstsoundofmachinetranslation,andalsoanimportanttheoreticalbasisformachinetranslation.Toimplementmachinetranslation,aseriesofconversionrulesmustbeformulated.Therefore,Catfordtheoreticallyexplainstranslationtransformation.Catfordbelievesthatlanguageiscommunicativeandplayaroleincontext,andthatthesefunctionsareplayedthroughdifferentlevels(suchasphonetics,forms,grammar,andvocabulary,sentences,clauses,phrases,words,andmorphemesetc).Afterdistinguishingbetween“formalcorrespondence”and“textequivalent”,Catfordbelievesthatsincethesetwoconceptsareverydifferent,conversionisinevitable,andthenhierarchicaltransformationandcategoryconversionareproposed.Hierarchicalconversionreferstothelexicalitemsofalanguagethatcanbeconvertedintoanotherlanguageintranslation.Forexample,inEnglish,whenitwascompletedinthepast,youcanuseChinesewordstoexpress,suchas“著”,“了”,“過”.Categoryconversionisaformofcorrespondencebetweencomponentdeviationsandbelongstothesamelanguagelevel,includingstructuraltransformation,wordclassconversion,unitconversionandinternalsystemconversion.Themajortargetofthisresearchiswordclassconversion,“usingthetargetwordsbelongingtodifferentgrammarcategoriestotranslatethesourcewords”,referstothegrammarandexpressionhabitsofthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.SointheEnglish-Chinesetranslation,thewordsbelongingtoacertainwordclassinthesourcelanguagearetranslatedintowordsbelongingtoanotherwordclassinthetargetlanguage,sothatthetranslationbecomenatural.Inthefollowing,combinedwiththetranslationpracticematerials,thepaperanalyzestheapplicationofthepart-of-speechmethodintheChinesetranslationofscientifictextsbywayofexamples.ChapterThreeCaseStudyofConversionofESTTranslationESTtranslationistheconversionofdifferentpartsofspeechinEnglish-Chinesetranslation.Thetranslatorsneedtopreparebeforetranslationandanalyzethelinguisticfeaturesofthetext.Theword-classconversionofnouns,verbs,adjectives,prepositionsandadverbsintheoriginaltextistriedrespectivelyintheprocessoftranslation.ThetranslationsummarystageshowsthatthedifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesethroughcaseanalysis.BecauseEnglishandChinesehavetheirowncharacteristics,inEnglish-Chinesetranslation,especiallyintheprocessofChinese-EnglishtranslationofscientificEnglishtexts,usingeffectivemeanstoproperlyconvertwordclassescanmakethetranslationismoreaccurateandsmooth.3.1ConversionofNounsIntheprocessofESTtranslation,Englishisstaticlanguage,whileChineseisdynamiclanguage.Englishusesmorenouns,whileChineseusesmoreverbs.Therefore,thereareseveraltypesoftranslationofscientificEnglishtranslationterms:EnglishnounsareconvertedintoChineseverbs,EnglishnounsareconvertedEnglishintoChineseadverbs,andEnglishnounsareconvertedintoChineseadjectives.3.1.1ConversionfromNounsintoVerbsInthescientificEnglishtext,usuallywhendescribingsomeproceduralprocesses,behavioralphenomena,andevenemotionalstates,staticnounsareoftenusedtomaketheexpressionformal,objective,andsimple.Englishnounssometimescontaininformationtobeconveyedbyaphraseorsentence.Therefore,itisoftennecessarytousethecorrespondingverbfordynamicexpressioninE-Ctranslation.Forexample:1)Globalwarmingobservedoverthepastcenturyhasfocusedattentiononmanmadegreenhousegas,presumedtobethelikelycause.在過去的一個世紀(jì)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的全球變暖趨勢據(jù)推測可能是由人為的溫室氣體造成的。Analysis:“cause”istranslatedintoChinese“造成”andthecauseinEnglishisanounintheoriginaltext,themeaningof“cause”is“reason”iftranslatedintoChinese(在過去的世紀(jì)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的全球變暖趨勢據(jù)推測是人為的溫室氣體這個原因).Thesentenceobviouslycannotmakethetranslationsmoothandnatural.2)Attemptstoprogramacomputertointegrategesturewithspeechbeganbackinthe1970sattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyArchitectureMachineLab.早在70年代，麻省理工學(xué)院建筑機械實驗室就開始嘗試在計算機中將語言和手勢集成一起。Analysis:“Attempts”isanouninEnglishbutithasthemeaningofaverb,whichisconvertedintoaverbwhentranslatedintoChinese.3)Withtheclickofamouse,informationfromtheotherendoftheglobewillbetransportedtoyourcomputerscreenatthedizzyingspeedofsever-and-a-halftimesaroundtheearthpersecond.只要一點鼠標(biāo)，來自世界另一端的信息便會以每秒繞地球七周半的驚人速度傳輸?shù)侥愕碾娔X屏幕上。Analysis:“Click”isanounintheoriginaltext,whichisconvertedintoaverbwhentranslatedintoChinese,whichismoreinlinewithChineselanguageexpressionhabits.3.1.2ConversionfromNounsintoAdjectivesTherewillbemanynounsderivedfromadjectivesinEST,andfollowedbyprepositions(nouns+of+nouns).TranslatorcanusethemethodofconversionfromnounsintoadjectivesinE-Ctranslation.Forexample:1)TheauthorbelievethatacloseexaminationoftheaccidentisnotonlyofvitalimportancetoJapan’sreconstructionandenergypolicy-includingthecountry’snuclearpowercomponent,butalsohighlysignificantfortheinternationalcommunity.筆者認(rèn)為，仔細(xì)調(diào)查這一事故的，不僅對日本的重建及對了解核能在內(nèi)日本能源政策是十分重要的，也對國際社會具有非常重要的意義。Analysis:Inthissentence,thetranslatortranslates“isvitalimportanceof”intoChinese“十分重要”.thenoun“importance”derivedfromtheadjective“important”,originallymeant“value,importance,arrogance”,andifthissentenceismechanicallytranslatedasChinese.“筆者認(rèn)為，仔細(xì)調(diào)查這一事故的，不僅對日本的重建以及對了解核能在內(nèi)日本能源政策具有很高的重要性，也對國際社會具有非常重要的意義”.ItconformstothecommonlyusedexpressionsinChineseandisveryredundant.Therefore,itisconvertedintoanadjective.2)Patientsmayhavetotakethemfortherestoftheirlives,andtheexpenseandcomplexityoftheregimenkeepthemoutofreachforthe9outof10patientswholiveindevelopingnations.服用新藥的病人也許終生都要服藥。但由于價格昂貴、療程復(fù)雜，對于那些發(fā)展中國家的病人來說，十有八九都不能享用這些藥物。Analysis:The“expense”and“complexity”intheoriginaltextarenounsintheoriginaltext,convertedintoadjectivesinChinesetranslation,andadded“price”(價格)and“treatment”(療程)tomakethemeaningofthesentencemorespecific.3)Thedoctorswereoperatingonthepatient,butthepatient’snervewascontinuallyonthestretch.醫(yī)生們正給病人做手術(shù)，可病人的神經(jīng)一直十分緊張。Analysis:The“stretch”intheoriginaltextisthemeaningofthenoun“tomakesomethinglonger,widerorlooser”,andthetranslationoftheformingadjectiveinChinesetranslation.3.1.3ConversionfromNounsintoAdverbsInthefollowingcases:thesyntacticcompositionof“verb-preposition-abstractnoun”,“verb-preposition-adjective-abstractnoun”,because“preposition-noun”and“preposition-adjective-noun”structureoftenhaveadverbattributes.Therefore,the“abstractnoun”inEnglishisoftenconvertedintoanadverbinChineseinprocessoftranslation.Forexample:1)Theaddeddevicewillensureaccessibilityforpartloadingandunloading.增添這種裝置將保證工件裝卸。Analysis:Theoriginalaccessibilityisthemeaningoftheterm“accessible;available”,convertedintoadverbsinChinesetranslation.Makethesentencesmoothandnatural..2)ApersonalaidetoPrimeMinisterconfidedtotheindependentinvestigationthathefelttheJapanesehavealltheluck,ormusthavebeenblessedtobeabletolivethroughthisordeal,giveitsenormityandthetrulyexistentialthreatitposed.首相的私人助理向獨立調(diào)查組吐露，鑒于這次災(zāi)難巨大且?guī)砹艘幌盗姓嬲{，他覺得日本人都會幸運地，抑或一定會被保佑，進而度過這個考驗。Analysis:“Luck”asanounmeans“l(fā)uckiness,lucky,bringgoodluck”,inthissentence,“havealltheluck”istranslatedintoChinese“幸運地”,subtlyconvertthenoun“l(fā)uck”intoanadverb,ifthissentenceismechanicallytranslatedintoChinese“他覺得日本人都有好運氣可以在這次災(zāi)難的折磨中活下來”,thetranslationcavityistooheavy,anddoesnotfaithfullyconveythelanguagecharacteristicsofthecharacters. 3.2ConversionofVerbsTheconversionofverbsisacommonconversionmethodinESTtranslation.EnglishverbscanbeconvertedintoChinesenounsandadverbs.Itisnecessarytomasterthetranslationtechnique.3.2.1ConversionfromVerbstoNounsSomeoftheEnglishverbsderivedfromnounsaredifficulttoexpressthemeaningoforiginaltextinE-Ctranslation,andcanbetranslatedintoChinesenounswhentranslated.Forexample:1)Thosewhohavecomputerculturewillsucceedintheinformationeconomywhilethosewholackitwillinevitablefallbetweenthesocioeconomiccracks.具有計算機文化的人將會在信息經(jīng)濟中取得成功，而缺乏這種文化的人則不可避免地落入社會經(jīng)濟學(xué)的裂縫中。Analysis:Thetranslationconverts“succeed”intotheChinesenoun(成功),whichmakethetranslationsmoother.2)Ifphlogistonleftthemetalduringcalcination,themetalshouldweighless.如果金屬在燃燒時有燃燒素?fù)p失的話，它的重量就會變輕。Analysis:“weigh”intheoriginalEnglishtextactsasaverb,meaning“toattachaweighttosomethinginordertokeepitintherightpositionormakeitheavier”.Chinesetranslationintothenoun“weight”(重量)makesthesentencemoreappropriate.3.2.2ConversionfromVerbsintoAdverbsIntheprocessoftranslatingscientifictextsintoEnglishandChinese,inmanycases,verbsaredirectlyconvertedintoadverbs,makingthetranslationsmoreinlinewiththeusualexpressionsofChinese.1)Theyreportedtheyhadsucceededinturningnormalhumancellsintocancerousone.他們報告說已成功地把正常人類細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為癌細(xì)胞。Analysis:“su