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HSES

Training

CenterWorking

at

HeightThe

issues

of

how

to

provide

fall

protection

for

employeesatconstruction

sites

are

difficult

ones.

There

are

so

many

different

types

of

work

andso

many

different

kinds

of

fall

hazards

that

it

is

not

possible

to

organize

fall

protection

into

a

neat

setof

rules

that

fit

all

situations.

OSHA

reflectsthis

difficulty

when

it

places

its

rules

for

fall

protection

in

several

different

subparts

in

the

Construction

Standards,

depending

primarily

on

thenature

of

the

work

being

undertaken.

There

are

separate

locations,

for

example,

for

fall

protection

during

work

on

scaffolds,

during

work

oncertain

cranes

and

derricks,

during

work

in

tunnels,

during

work

on

stairways

and

ladders,

duringsteel

erection,etc.IntroductionFalls

are

the

leading

cause

of

deaths

in

theconstruction

industry.Mos

t

fatalities

occur

when

employees

fall

from

open-

sided

floors

and

through

floor

openings.Falls

from

as

little

as

4

to

6

feet

can

cause

seriousin

juriesandsometimes

death.All

work

over

2

meters

is

consideredas

Working

at

HeightThe

issues

of

how

to

provide

fall

protection

for

employeesatconstruction

sites

are

difficult

ones.

There

are

so

many

different

types

of

work

andso

many

different

kinds

of

fall

hazards

that

it

is

not

possible

to

organize

fall

protection

into

a

neat

setof

rules

that

fit

all

situations.

OSHA

reflectsthis

difficulty

when

it

places

its

rules

for

fall

protection

in

several

different

subparts

in

the

Construction

Standards,

depending

primarily

on

thenature

of

the

work

being

undertaken.

There

are

separate

locations,

for

example,

for

fall

protection

during

work

on

scaffolds,

during

work

oncertain

cranes

and

derricks,

during

work

in

tunnels,

during

work

on

stairways

and

ladders,

duringsteel

erection,etc.Biggest

Killer

67

Fatal

Accidents

2003/04

3884

Major

Accidents

2003/04The

single

biggest

cause

of

Workplace

DeathsOne

of

the

biggest

causes

of

major

accidents2/3

of

all

major

injuries

caused

by

‘low

falls’IntroductionCONTENTS:Working

at

height

HazardsPr

ecautions

To

Be

TakenTypes

of

Safety

ProvisionInspection

of

Safety

ProvisionsLadder

&

ScaffoldsMobileelevated

work

platformSafety

netFloor

/

Wall

openings

/

RoofWhat

is

Work

atHeight?Working

at

height

Working

on

a

scaffold

or

Mobile

elevated

work

platforms

(MEWP)Working

on

the

back

of

a

lorryUsing

cradles

or

ropes

to

gain

accessClimbing

permanent

structures

such

as

gantries

Working

close

to

excavations,

cellars

or

otheropenings.Work

ing

PlatformAc

cess

and

egress

?

Includes

ascentanddescent

Any

platform

used

as

a

place

of

work,or

as

a

means

of

access

to

or

egressfrom

a

place

of

work.

Any

scaffold,

suspended

scaffold,cradle,

mobile

platform,

trestle,gangway,gantry

or

stairway

which

isso

usedWhat

is

Work

atHeight?Ha

zards

relating

to

Working

at

HeightFall

HazardsPersons

falling

from

a

height

willalmost

certainly

end

up

as

a

statistic!

(fatality).

A

fall

from

30meters

=

a

70

kph.

impactF

alling

ObjectsAll

tools,

equipment

andmaterialsshould

be

stored

safely,

to

avoid

the

risk

of

them

falling

on

personnelbelow.Precautions

To

Be

Taken

Use

Body

Harness

with

fall

backarrestor

attached

to

life

line.Body

Harness

must

be

fitted

with

a

energy

absorbing

restraining

line.Sa

fety

nets.

Tools

and

materials

to

be

kept

awayfromthe

edge

of

theworkarea.Types

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentTypes

of

Fall

Back

Arrester:A

fall

arrester

with

a

self-locking

function

and

guide

facility.This

type

of

fall

arrester

is

used

with

a

Safety

Line,

andoes

not

require

manual

adjustment

during

upward

ordownward

movement.

It

is

designed

to

lock

automaticallyshould

a

fall

occurs.Types

Fall

Back

ArrestersTypes

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentBody

Harness

with

restraining

lineTh

e

body

harness

consists

of

waist

belt

completewith

shoulder,

chest

and

leg

straps

that

secures

aperson

in

a

manner

that

distributes

the

arrestingforce

over

at

least

the

thigh,

shoulder

and

pelvis,with

provision

for

attachment

to

a

safety

line

orr

escue

line

or

deceleration

device.Types

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentBody

harness

with

restraining

lineTypes

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentEnergy

absorbing

restraining

linesThe

energy

absorbing

restraining

line

allowsdissipation

of

energy

by

extending

thedeceleration

distance.Types

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentEnergy

absorbing

restraining

lineTypes

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentInspections

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentThepurpose

of

such

inspections

is

to

provide

themaximum

degree

of

safety

to

the

wearers.It

is

essential

for

all

body

harnesses,

fall

back

arrestors,

energy

absorbing

restraining

lines

and

llines

to

be

thoroughly

examined

periodically

by

acompetent

person

and

immediately

withdraw

the

items

from

service

should

there

be

signs

of

defectsor

deterioration.eeInspections

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentIt

is

recommended

that

all

items

should

be

inspectedby

competent

and

responsible

person

at

a

frequencystated

below:-Immediately

before

and

after

usCheck

harness

before

useWEBB

INGInspect

for

cuts,

cracks,

tears

orabrasions,

undue

stretching

anddamage

due

to

deterioration,conta

ct

with

heat,

acids

or

othercorrosives.Inspections

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentSNAPHOOKSInspect

for

damagedor

distorted

hooksor

faulty

springs.Inspectionsof

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentBUCKLEST

he

tongues

should

be

carefully

examined

where

fitted

to

the

shoulder

of

buckles;

inspect

for

open

or

distorted

rollers.Inspections

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentSTITCHING

Inspect

for

broken,

cutor

worn

threads.Inspections

of

Fall

Arrest

Equipments.Inspections

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentENERGY

ABSORBERSInspect

and

verify

that

both

ends

of

the

fabric

cover

are

sealed

with

stitching

intact,and

are

free

from

cuts,

tears

and

there

is

noSigns

of

undue

stretching

or

damage

caused

by

heat,

acids

or

other

corrosiveSAFETY

NETSInspection

of

the

safety

netsand

supports

to

be

conductedbefore

and

after

each

installationbya

designated

person.Inspect

for

any

damage

or

signsof

wear

or

deterioration.Inspections

of

Fall

Arrest

EquipmentThis

safetytrainingsession

is

about

workingat

heights

safely.In

the

construction

industry

around

the

world

the

largest

cause

of

deaths

at

work

is

falling

froma

height.We’ll

cover

the

safe

use

of

ladders,

scaffolds,

and

mobile

elevated

work

platforms.

If

we

get

all

of

these

right

then

no-one

will

ever

fall

fromaheight.But

just

in

case

anyone

does

ever

fall

we’ll

cover

methods

of

fall

protection

to

make

sure

that

they

don’t

get

hurt

by

the

fall.WORKING

AT

HEIGHTLaddersScaffoldsMobile

elevated

work

platformsFirstly

let’s

look

at

ladders

and

how

to

work

safelywith

them.Does

anyone

knowwhen

we

use

ladders?The

answer

is

only

to

gain

access

toa

high

work

platform.

On

this

project

ladders

are

notto

be

used

to

work

fromunless

there

is

no

safer

way

todo

the

job

that

is

possible.

Manyaccidents

happen

because

people

don’t

take

the

time

to

erect

aproper

work

platform

and

work

off

a

ladderbecause

the

job

is

only

short.

Theythen

lean

over

orthe

ladder

slips

and

they

fall.Only

professionally

purpose

built

ladders

are

to

be

used

on

this

project.Anytime

that

you

need

to

use

a

ladder

check

it.

Make

sure

that

it

is

not

damaged

in

any

way.

Look

at

the

uprights

and

the

rungs,

check

that

nonslip

feet

are

attached.

Wooden

ladders

are

not

to

be

painted.Always

use

the

correct

type

of

ladder

for

the

job

that

needs

doing.

Don’t

use

aluminium

ladders

near

live

power

lines

for

example.Set

the

ladder

up

carefully,

making

sure

that

the

feet

are

on

level,

solid

ground.

If

this

is

not

possible

put

asolid

wood

ormetal

support

under

feet.Never

put

ladders

at

blind

corners

or

just

inside

doorways,

unless

you

haveaguard

present

to

warn

people.If

usingan

Aframe,

open

it

fully

and

make

sure

that

the

bracing

is

holding

the

ladder

stable.When

using

a

straight

ladder

tie

it

off

securely

on

both

uprights

at

the

top,

and

if

possible

foot

it

at

the

bottom(

check

that

everyone

understandsthat

footingmeans

a

second

personholding

the

ladder

in

place

with

his

footatthe

bottom.

Straight

ladders

must

always

be

atanangle

of

1

out

forevery

4

up,

and

when

used

for

access

toa

work

platform

must

extend

atleast

one

metre

vertically

beyond

the

platform.Sectionsof

extension

ladders

are

not

to

be

taken

apart

and

used

on

their

own.Ladders:

? Used

for

access

only,

not

to

work

offDesigned

and

built

for

purposeInspected

before

use

Correct

type

for

the

jobPl

aced

and

secured

correctly

Head

of

ladder

tobeat

least

1

meter above

working

platformFirstly

let’s

look

at

ladders

and

how

to

work

safelywith

them.Does

anyone

knowwhen

we

use

ladders?The

answer

is

only

to

gain

access

toa

high

work

platform.

On

this

project

ladders

are

notto

be

used

to

work

fromunless

there

is

no

safer

way

todo

the

job

that

is

possible.

Manyaccidents

happen

because

people

don’t

take

the

time

to

erect

aproper

work

platform

and

work

off

a

ladderbecause

the

job

is

only

short.

Theythen

lean

over

orthe

ladder

slips

and

they

fall.Only

professionally

purpose

built

ladders

are

to

be

used

on

this

project.Anytime

that

you

need

to

use

a

ladder

check

it.

Make

sure

that

it

is

not

damaged

in

any

way.

Look

at

the

uprights

and

the

rungs,

check

that

nonslip

feet

are

attached.

Wooden

ladders

are

not

to

be

painted.Always

use

the

correct

type

of

ladder

for

the

job

that

needs

doing.

Don’t

use

aluminium

ladders

near

live

power

lines

for

example.Set

the

ladder

up

carefully,

making

sure

that

the

feet

are

on

level,

solid

ground.

If

this

is

not

possible

put

asolid

wood

ormetal

support

under

feet.Never

put

ladders

at

blind

corners

or

just

inside

doorways,

unless

you

haveaguard

present

to

warn

people.If

usingan

Aframe,

open

it

fully

and

make

sure

that

the

bracing

is

holding

the

ladder

stable.When

using

a

straight

ladder

tie

it

off

securely

on

both

uprights

at

the

top,

and

if

possible

foot

it

at

the

bottom(

check

that

everyone

understandsthat

footingmeans

a

second

personholding

the

ladder

in

place

with

his

footatthe

bottom.

Straight

ladders

must

always

be

atanangle

of

1

out

forevery

4

up,

and

when

used

for

access

toa

work

platform

must

extend

atleast

one

metre

vertically

beyond

the

platform.Sectionsof

extension

ladders

are

not

to

be

taken

apart

and

used

on

their

own.UnsafeLadderOnce

your

ladder

is

set

up

properly

you

must

take

care

to

use

it

safely.Whenclimbing

up

ordown

a

ladder

you

must

always

be

facing

it.

Never

climba

ladder

with

your

back

to

itas

this

makes

it

very

easy

to

slip.Before

stepping

onto

the

ladder

make

sure

that

your

boots

are

clean

and

free

frommud

or

any

other

slippery

substance.Place

your

hands

on

the

uprights,

not

on

the

rungsorsteps.Whilst

climbing

up

ordown

any

ladder

always

have

three

pointsof

contact.

This

means

thatatany

time

youshould

have

either

both

feet

and

onehand,

orone

foot

and

both

hands

firmly

holding

the

ladder.Never

carry

anything

up

or

down

aladder.

Remember

you

need

your

hands

for

holdingon

to

the

ladder,

not

to

the

thing

that

you

are

carrying.You

are

better

to

tie

the

objectto

a

suitable

rope

and

pull

it

up

when

you

gettotthe

top.Never

use

the

top

step

of

an

A

frame

or

straight

ladder;

when

you

are

right

atthe

top

there

is

nothingto

stop

you

falling

forwards.Never

place

anything

on

any

of

the

steps.

If

you

leave

somethingon

a

step

then

the

next

person

to

use

the

ladder

may

tread

on

it

and

slip.And

finally

only

have

one

person

on

any

ladder

atatime.

Firstly,

they

are

not

designed

to

take

the

weightof

two

people,

and

secondly

oneperson

could

accidentally

kick

the

other

and

make

themfall.SAFE

USE

OF

LADDER

?

Always

face

the

ladder

?

Make

sure

your

boots

are

non-slipperyHold

the

uprights,

not

the

stepsAlways

three

points

of

contactNever

carry

equipment

or

toolsNever

use

the

top

step

of

any

ladderNever

place

tools

or

anything

else

on

a

stepOnly

one

person

at

a

time.Scaffolds

are

commonly

used

for

making

a

safe

work

platform

above

ground

level.

Whenbuilt

correctly

scaffolds

are

a

very

safe

system

to

usewhenworkingat

heights.Only

trained

competent

scaffolders

are

allowed

to

erect,

modify,

or

dismantle

scaffolds.

Evensmall

changes

made

bysomeone

who

doesn’tunderstand

scaffolding

may

cause

the

whole

structure

to

fail.All

scaffolds

must

be

affixed

with

aScafftag.

These

may

be

green,

yellow

or

red.Only

complete

scaffolds

withan

in

date

GREEN

Scafftag

may

be

used

for

workingoff.Scaffolds

must

be

inspected

by

acompetent

person

atleast

once

per

week,

and

also

after

any

highwindsor

other

very

bad

weather

that

couldcause

damage

to

the

scaffold.The

supervisor

of

the

craft

using

the

scaffold

must

also

inspect

the

scaffold

he

is

using

before

allowinghis

workers

to

use

it.

The

craft

using

thescaffold

must

not

modify

it.

Ifmodifications

are

necessary

the

scaffold

supervisionmust

be

informed.All

scaffold

supervision

MUST

attend

TSKJ’s

scaffold

awareness

course

for

a

specific

orientation

on

Project

scaffold

requirements.SCAFFOLDS

Scaffolds

shall

only

to

be

erected,modified,

or

dismantled

by

acompetent

scaffold

erector.

All

scaffolds

must

have

a

Scaffoldtag.

Only

work

on

scaffolds

with

a

GreenScaffold

tag

that

has

been

checkedand

signed

within

the

last

week.Scaffolds

are

commonly

used

for

making

a

safe

work

platform

above

ground

level.

Whenbuilt

correctly

scaffolds

are

a

very

safe

system

to

usewhenworkingat

heights.Only

trained

competent

scaffolders

are

allowed

to

erect,

modify,

or

dismantle

scaffolds.

Evensmall

changes

made

bysomeone

who

doesn’tunderstand

scaffolding

may

cause

the

whole

structure

to

fail.All

scaffolds

must

be

affixed

with

aScafftag.

These

may

be

green,

yellow

or

red.Only

complete

scaffolds

withan

in

date

GREEN

Scafftag

may

be

used

for

workingoff.Scaffolds

must

be

inspected

by

acompetent

person

atleast

once

per

week,

and

also

after

any

highwindsor

other

very

bad

weather

that

couldcause

damage

to

the

scaffold.The

supervisor

of

the

craft

using

the

scaffold

must

also

inspect

the

scaffold

he

is

using

before

allowinghis

workers

to

use

it.

The

craft

using

thescaffold

must

not

modify

it.

Ifmodifications

are

necessary

the

scaffold

supervisionmust

be

informed.All

scaffold

supervision

MUST

attend

TSKJ’s

scaffold

awareness

course

for

a

specific

orientation

on

Project

scaffold

requirements.UNSAFE

SCAFFOLDIf

you

are

not

atrained

scaffolder

YOU

are

still

responsible

for

making

sure

that

you

only

use

scaffolding

that

is

safe.

Here

are

some

points

tolook

for:-1.

Scaffolds

should

only

be

built

on

level

stable

ground.

Where

this

is

not

possible

solid

boards

or

metal

spreader

plates

must

be

used

under

eachleg

of

the

scaffold.2.

If

scaffolds

are

more

than

three

times

as

high

as

their

smallest

base

dimension

then

they

must

have

outriggers

orbe

tied

intoastable

structure.3.

Scaffolds

must

be

built

straight

up

(

vertical

),

NEVER

atan

angle.4.

The

horizontals

must

be

fixed

in

place

withrigid

couplings.5.

An

adequate

amount

of

diagonal

bracing

must

be

installed.

A

competent

scaffolder

can

work

out

how

much

diagonal

bracing

is

needed.6.

All

platforms

will

be

wide

enough

(

minimum

2

boards

wide

for

walkways,

minimumthree

boards

wide

for

platforms

)

for

their

purpose.

Theywill

all

be

FULLY

BOARDED

with

scaffold

grade

timber

and

the

boards

will

be

tied

down.7.

Toe

boards

will

be

installed

fully

around

each

level

to

prevent

any

item

being

kicked

off

the

scaffold,

and

falling

onto

anyone

below.

Hand

railswill

be

fitted

to

fully

enclose

all

levels

at

approx.

500mmand

1000mmheight

to

prevent

anyone

falling8.

Modifications

to

scaffolds

must

be

co-ordinated

with

the

scaffold

supervisor.SCAFFOLDS

What

to

look

for:-Erected

on

level,

stable

groundUprights

will

be

verticalRigid

joints

for

all

horizontalsAdequate

diagonal

bracing

Platforms

wide

enough,

fully

boarded,

boards

tieddown

(minimum

3

boards)Fitted

with

Toe

boards

and

hand

railsAccess

by

suitable

laddersYou

are

going

to

see

the

increasing

use

ofmobile

elevated

work

platforms

as

the

project

progresses.

You

may

hear

these

called

cherry

pickers,scissor

lifts,

flying

carpets

or

other

names.These

are

very

useful

tools,

and

whenused

properly

areavery

safe

way

of

gaining

access

to

heights

without

the

need

forscaffolding.There

are

basically

two

issues

to

consider

before

using

a

mobile

elevated

work

platform,

the

operator

and

the

machine

itself.The

operator

must

be

trained

to

be

competent

in

the

use

of

the

specific

machine

that

he

wants

to

use,

and

in

possession

of

a

certificate

ofcompetency

fromhis

employer.

Different

types

operate

in

different

ways

so

we

can

not

assume

that

a

person

who

can

safely

use

one

type

canautomatically

use

a

different

one

without

danger.

The

operator

must

also

be

physically

capable

to

use

the

machine.The

machine

itselfmust

also

be

safe

to

use.

The

first

time

that

any

such

machine

arrives

on

site

it

must

be

examined

by

Bureau

Veritas.

Thisinspection

must

be

repeated

every

six

months.In

addition,

the

user

of

any

mobile

elevated

work

platformmust

inspect

the

safety

critical

items

before

each

use

of

the

machine.

This

includestyres,

brakes,

alarms,

hydraulics,

and

any

other

critical

systems.Each

subcontractor

is

responsible

for

ensuring

that

all

mobile

elevated

work

platforms

are

maintained

in

accordance

with

the

suppliers’recommendations.MEWPs

must

only

be

used

on

level,

stable

ground.Operators

and

passengers

must

wear

afull

body

harness

and

have

this

clipped

securely

to

the

platform

at

all

times.It

is

prohibited

to

leave

the

basketatany

time

whilst

elevated.MEWPs

?

Cherry

pickers,

scissor

lifts,

etc.

Only

to

be

used

by

a

trained

competent

andphysically

capable

operatorSix

monthlyinspections

by

Bureau

Veritas.

Inspected

every

time

before

use

by

theoperatorRegular

maintenanceAll

of

the

previous

slides

have

concerned

preventing

people

fromfalling.

If

you

follow

all

of

these

points

then

youshould

never

be

in

danger

offalling.Evenso,

we

recognise

that

sometimes

it

is

impossible

to

use

all

of

these

precautions,

or

on

rare

occasions

even

these

systems

can

fail

and

lead

tosomeone

falling.For

this

reason

we

require

the

use

of

fall

protection

devices.

These

prevent

a

person

fromfalling

froma

great

height

and

arrest

their

fall

after

2metres.If

anyone

is

working

on

any

structure

of

any

kind

and

they

are

above

two

metres

above

the

ground

then

they

must

consider

the

use

of

fall

arrestequipment.If

the

structure

is

incomplete

in

any

way,

or

if

the

person

is

going

to

be

working

outside

the

completed

structure

then

they

are

required

to

wear

afull

body

harness.

The

harness

must

be

fitted

withtwo

2

metre

lanyards,

preferably

fitted

withintegral

shock

absorbers.At

ALL

TIMES

that

the

person

is

not

in

a

completed

structure

one

of

the

lanyards

must

be

securely

attached

toapoint

that

is

capable

ofwithstanding

the

force

of

themfalling;

BEAR

IN

MIND

THAT

THE

FORCE

FROM

THE

FALLCAN

BEUP

TO

10

TIMES

THE

BODYWEIGHT

OF

THE

PERSON

FALLING.

This

means

that

you

cannot

just

tie

a

lanyard

to

any

pieceof

wood

or

metal

that

you

find.

Anchorpoints

must

be

able

to

withstandaminimumof2275

kilograms

(

5000

lb

).If

possible

always

tie

your

lanyard

to

a

point

above

your

waist

height.Finally,

remember

to

check

your

harness

and

lanyard

before

each

occasion

that

you

are

going

to

use

it.

Fall

protection(The

last

line

of

defence):Will

be

worn

whenever

working

2

meters

or

above,

on

any

incomplete

structure

oroutside

of

a

completed

structureFall

ProtectionReference

1926.501(b)(1)General

rule:

If

an

employee

can

fall

six

feet

or

more

onto

a

lower

level,

fall

protection

mustbe

provided.What

type

offall

protection

will

I

need?In

most

cases,

aguardrail

system,

asafety

net

system,

or

apersonal

fall

arrest

systemmust

be

used.

Insome

cases

fences,

barricades,

covers,equipment

guards

ora

controlled

access

zone

may

be

used.Employees

must

be

protected

not

just

fromfallingoff

a

surface,

but

fromfallingthrough

holes

and

fromhaving

objects

fall

on

themfromabove.Personal

FallArrest

System(PFAS)GuardrailsSafety

NetFall

Protection

OptionsReference

1926

Subpart

M

AppCAn

employer

mayuse

a

variety

of

fall

protection

systemsto

protect

employees.

These

systems

must

meet

OSHArequirements.

The

competentperson

must

make

frequent

and

regular

inspections,

as

required,

to

determine

if

these

systems

meet

OSHA

requirements

before

employees

relyon

these

systems.

More

detail

may

be

found

in

29

CFR

1926.502.Employers

engaged

in

leadingedge

work,

precast

concrete

erection

work,

or

residential

construction

work

who

can

demonstrate

that