2023年考研外語沖刺試卷8

考研外語沖刺試卷8

一、UseofEnglish

1、There(1)notonetypeofreadingbutseveral

accordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficiently,you

haveto(2)yourreadingspeedandtechnique(3)your

aim(4)reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryfor

quickandefficientreading.

Whenskimming,you(5)thereading(6)quicklyin

ordertogetthe(7)ofit,toknowhowitisorganized,

(8)anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.

Skimmingis(9)anactivitywhich(10)anoverall

viewofthetextand(11)adefinitereadingcompetence.

Skimmingdoesn，tneedreadingallthematerial,butitdoesn，t

meanthatitisan(12)skillforthelazy,becauseitneed

ahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration.

Whenyouread,youusuallystartwith(13)understanding

andmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingthe

otherwayround.But(14)isalsousedafteryouhave

alreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto(15)themajor

ideasandconcepts.

Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand(16)throughatext,

youshouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreview

skimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformation,theheadings

andsubheadings,andthesummary,ifoneisprovided.(17)_____

thisskimming,decidewhethertoreadthematerialmore

thoroughly,andselecttheappropriatespeed(18)toread.

Thesameprocedure(19)forpreviewskimmingcouldalso

beusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonly

keywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywords,

phrases,andsentences.

Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose,

(20)practiceisnecessary.

A.is

B.are

C.was

D.were

2、(2)

A.adapt

B.adopt

C.change

D.adept

3、⑶

A.on

B.about

C.for

D.to

4、⑷

A.on

B.while

C.as

D.at

5、⑸

A.runthrough

B.runover

C.goon

D.gothrough

6、(6)

A.substance

B.resource

C.source

D.material

7、(7)

A.fist

B.hist

3

C.gist

D.list

8、(8)

A.getting

B.toget

C.got

D.havegot

9、(9)

A.however

B.nevertheless

C.therefore

D.thus

10、(10)

A.requires

B.requests

C.requites

D.requisite

IK(11)

A.implies

B.applies

C.hints

D.points

4

12、(12)

A.awful

B.unsuitable

C.ideal

D.wrong

13、(13)

A.global

B.universal

C.unilateral

D.partial

14、(14)

A.reading

B.understanding

C.working

D.skimming

15、(15)

A.reverse

B.review

C.revise

D.revert

16、(16)

A.efficiently

to

5

B.effectively

C.affectively

D.effectually

17、(17)

A.When

B.As

C.After

D.Before

18、(18)

A.which

B.that

C.atwhich

D.atthat

19、(19)

A.using

B.used

C.use

D.beused

20、(20)

A.anumberof

B.anamountof

C.many

6

D.afew

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Thedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationof

ourfoodsupplycontinuetooccurlargelybecauseoftheextreme

difficultyinaffixinglegalresponsibilityonthosewho

continuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandon.

Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislation,economic

incentivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeenmetbylaw-suits,

personalandindustrialdenialandlongdelaysnotonlyin

acceptingresponsibility,butmoreimportantly,indoing

somethingaboutit.

Itseemsthatonlywhen,governmentdecidesitcanaffordtax

incentivesorproductionsacrificesisthereanyinitiativefor

change.Whereisindustry,sandourrecognitionthatprotecting

mankind，sgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportant

responsibility?Ifevertherewillbetimeforenvironmental

healthprofessionalstocometothefrontlinesandprovide

leadershiptosolveenvironmentalproblems,thattimeisnow.

Wearebeingasked,infact,thepublicisdemandingthatwe

takepositiveaction.Itisourresponsibilityasprofessionals

inenvironmentalhealthtomakethedifference.Yes,the

ecologists,theenvironmentalactivistsandthe

conservationistsservetocommunicate,stimulatethinkingand

promotebehavioralchange.However,itisthoseofuswhoare

paidtomakethedecisionstodevelop,improveandenforce

environmentalstandards,Isubmit,whomustleadthecharge.

Wemustrecognizethatenvironmentalhealthissuesdonotstop

atcitylimits,countylines,stateorevenfederalboundaries.

Wecannolongeraffordtothetunnel-visionedinourapproach.

Wemustvisualizeissuesfromeveryperspectivetomakethe

objectivedecisions.Wemustexpressourviewsclearlyto

preventmediadistortionandpublicconfusion.Ibelievewe

haveathree-partmissionforthepresent.First,wemust

continuetopressforimprovementsmthequalityoflifethat

peoplecanmakeforthemselves.Second,wemustinvestigateand

understandthelinkbetweenenvironmentandhealth.Third,we

mustbeabletocommunicatetechnicalinformationinaform,

thatcitizenscanunderstand.Ifwecanaccomplishthesethree

goalsinthisdecade,maybewecanfinallystopenvironmental

degradation,andnotmerelyholditback.Wewillthenbeable

tospendpollutiondollarstrulyonpreventionratherthanon

bandages.

Wecaninferfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatthe

industrialistsdisregardenvironmentalprotectionchiefly

because.

A.theyareunawareoftheconsequencesofwhat，theyaredoing

B.theyarereluctanttosacrificetheirowneconomic

interests

C.timehasnotyetcomeforthemtoputdueemphasisonit

D.itisdifficultforthemtotakeeffectivemeasures

2、

Themaintasknowfacingecologists,environmentalactivists

andconservationistsis.

A.topreventpollutionbylegislation,economicincentives

andpersuasion

B.toarousepublicawarenessoftheimportanceof

environmentalprotection

C.totakeradicalmeasurestocontrolenvironmental

pollution

D.toimprovethequalityoflifebyenforcingenvironmental

standards

3、

Theword"tunnel-visioned“mostprobablymeans.

A.narrow-minded

B.blindtothefact

C.short-sighted

D.abletoseeonlyoneaspect

4、

Whichofthefollowing,accordingtotheauthor,shouldplay

theleadingroleinthesolutionofenvironmentalproblems?

A.Legislationandgovernmentintervention.

B.Theindustry'sunderstandingandsupport.

C.Theeffortsofenvironmentalhealthprofessional.

D.Thecooperationofecologists,environmentalactivistsand

conservationists.

5、

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?

A.Effortsshouldbeexertedonpollutionpreventioninstead

ofonremedialmeasure.

B.Moremoneyshouldbespentinordertostoppollution.

C.Ordinarycitizenshavenoaccesstotechnicalinformation

onpollution.

D.Environmentaldegradationwillbestoppedbytheendof

thisdecade.

6、SomepeoplewouldsaythattheEnglishman'shomeisno

longerhiscastle;thatithasbecomehisworkshop.Thisis

partlybecausetheaverageEnglishmaniskeenonworkingwith

hishandsandpartlybecausehefeels,foronereasonoranother,

thathemustdoforhimselfmanyhouseholdjobsforwhich,some

yearsago,hewouldhavehiredprofessionalhelp.Themain

reasonforthisisafinancialone:thehighcostoflaborhas

meantthatbuilders，anddecorators'costshavereachedalevel

whichmakesthemsohighthathouse-proudEnglishpeopleof

modestmeanshangback.So,iftheywishtokeeptheirhouses

lookingbrightandsmart,theyhavetodealwithsomeofthe

repairsanddecoratingthemselves.Asaresult,therehasgrown

upinthepost-waryearswhatissometimesreferredtoasthe

'Do-It-YourselfMovement，.

The'Do-It-YourselfMovement，beganwithhomedecoratingbut

hassincespreadintoamuchwiderfield.Nowadaysthereseem

tobeveryfewthingsthatcannotbemadebythe

'do-it-yourself'method.Anumberofmagazinesandhandbooks

existtoshowhopefulhandymenofallagesjusthoweasyitis

tobuildanythingfromacoffeetabletoafifteen-foot(4.5

meters)sailingboat.Allyouneed,itseems,isahammerand

afewnails.Youfollowthesimpleinstructionsstep-by-step

and,beforeyouknowwhereyouare,thefinishedarticlestands

beforeyou,completeineverydetail.

Unfortunately,alas,itisnotalwaysquiteassimpleasit

sounds!Manya'do-it-yourselfer，hasfoundtohiscostthat

onecannotlearnaskilledcraftsman，sjobovernight.How

quicklyonerealizes,whendoingitoneself,thatajobwhich

takestheskilledmananhourorsotocompletetakestheamateur

fiveorsixatleast.Andthenthereisthequestionoftools.

Thefirstthingtheamateurlearnsisthathemusthavetheright

toolsforthejob.Buitoolscostmoney.Thereisalsothewear

andtearonthenerves.Itisnotsurprisingthenthatmany

peoplehavecometotheconclusionthattheexpenseofpaying

professionalstodotheworkis,inthelongrun,more

economicalthan'doingitoneself，.

ItcanbeseenfromthepassagethattheEnglishman's.home

hasbecomehisworkshopNOTbecause.

A.thecostofhiringprofessionalsishigh

B.theEnglishmanisenthusiasticforworkingwithhishands

C.thereareadvertisementsin'do-it-yourself'magazines

D.theEnglishmanfeelsthathemustdosomehouseholdjobs

7、

Inparagraphone,thephrase“hangback“standsfor"

A.clingto

B.suspend

C.frustrate

D.hesitate

8、

Asanamateur,you'11havetofirst.

A.followtheinstructionsinmagazines

B.gettherighttools

C.preparefullypsychologically

D.askaskilledcraftsman'sadvice

9、

TheDo-It-YourselfMovementmaynothaveabrightfuture;all

ofthefollowingreasonsaretrueexcept.

A.thehighcostoflabor

B.theexpenseoftools

C.toomuchtimespentonit

D.thewearandtearonthenerves

10、

Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.howtobeado-it-yourselfer

B.theDo-It-YourselfMovement

C.thefutureoftheDo-It-YourselfMovement

D.theoriginoftheDo-It-YourselfMovement

11、Afterwatchingmymotherdealwithourfamilyoffive,

Ican,tunderstandwhyheranswertothequestion,“Whatdoyou

do?”isalways,"Oh,I'mjustahousewife.JUSTahousewife?

Anyonewhospendsmostofhertimeinmealpreparationand

clean-up,washinganddryingclothes,keepingthehouseclean,

leadingascouttroop,playingtaxidrivertouskidswhenit's

timeforschool,musiclessonsorthedentist,doingvolunteer

workforherfavoritecharity,andmakingsurethatal1our

familyneedsaremetisnotJUSTahousewife,She'sthereal

WonderWoman.

Whyisitthatsomanymothers1ikeminethinkofthemselves

assecond-classorsomethingsimilar?Wherehasthisnotion

comefrom?Havewemalesmadethemfeelthisway?Hasoursociety

made“goingtowork“outsidethehomeseemmoreimportantthan

whatahousewifemustfaceeachday?

Iwouldbeverycurioustoseewhatwouldhappenifahousewife

wentonstrike.Disheswouldpileup.Foodinthehousewould

runout.Nomealswouldappearonthetable.Therewouldbeno

cleanclotheswhenneeded.Highbootswouldberequiredjust

tomakeitthroughthehousescatteredwithgarbage.Walking

andbusridingwouldincrease.Thosescouttroopswouldhave

tobreakup.Charitieswouldsuffer.

Idoubtifthemanofthehousewouldbeabletotakeover.Oh,

hemightstartoutwiththeattitudethathecandojustasgood

ajob,buthowlongwouldthatlast?Notlong,oncehehadto

comehomeeachnightafterworktomorehouseholdduties.There

wouldbenomorecominghometoapreparedmeal;he'dhaveto

fixithimself.Thekidswouldallbescreamingforsomething

toeat,cleanclothesandmorebusfaremoney.Oncehequieted

thekids,he'dhavetocleanthehouse,goshopping,makesure

thatkidsgotabath,andfixlunchesforthenextday.Once

thekidsweredownforthenight,hemightbeabletocrawlinto

anunmadebedand,trytoreadthemorningnewspaper.

No,Idon，tthinkmanymalesaregoingtovolunteerforthejob.

IknowIdon，twantit.So,thanks,mom!I'lldowhatIcanto

createanationalholidayforhousewives.Itcouldbe

appropriatelycalledWonderWomanDay.

Bywhatmeansdothechildrenoftheauthor'sfamilygoto

school?

A.Theytakeschoolbus.

B.Theytakeataxi.

C.Theirmotherdrivesforthem.

D.Scouttroopsendsthemtoschool.

12、

Ifahousewifewentonstrike,whichoneofthefollowing

statementsisNOTtrue?

A.Childrenwouldscreamforsomething-toeat.

B.Nomealswouldappearonthetable.

C.Thescouttroopswouldhaveawonderfultime.

D.Themanofthehousewouldn'tbeabletotakeover.

13、

Intheauthor*sopinion,.

A.manymalesaregoingtovolunteerforhousewives'work

B.housewivesdeserveanationalholidaynamedWonderWoman

Day

C.themanofthehousewouldbeabletotakeoverthe

housewives,work

D.housewivesaresecond-classcitizensorsomethingsimilar

14、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardhousewives'workis.

A.critical

B.indifferent

C.ironical

D.appreciative

15、

Themainideaofthepassageisabout.

A.housewives,thewonderwomen

B.whatwouldhappenifhousewiveswentonstrike

C.thereplacementofwomenbymenashousewives

D.thesettingupofanationalholidayforhousewives

16、Lastsummer,sometwenty-eightthousandhomelesspeople

wereaffordedshelterbythecityofNewYork.Ofthisnumber,

twelvethousandwerechildrenandsixthousandwereparents

livingtogetherinfamilies.Theaveragechildwassixyears

old,theaverageparenttwentyseven.Atypicalhomelessfamily

includedamotherwithtwoorthreechildren,butinabout

one-fifthofthesefamiliestwoparentswerepresent.Roughly

tenthousandsinglepersons,then,madeuptheremainderofthe

populationofthecity'sshelter.

Theseproportionsvarysomewhatfromoneareaofthenationto

another.Inal1areas,however,familiesarethe

fastest-growingsectorofthehomelesspopulation,andinthe

Northeasttheyarebyfarthelargestsectoralready.In

Massachusetts,three-fourthsofthehomelessnowarefamilies

withchildren;incertainpartsofMassachusetts一Attleboro

andNorthampton,forexample—theproportionreaches90

percent.Twothirdsofthehomelesschildrenstudiedrecently

inBostonwerelessthanfiveyearsold.

Oftheestimatedtwotothreemillionhomelesspeople

nationwide,about500,000aredependentchildren,accordingto

RobertHayes,counseltotheNationalCoalitionforthe

homeless.Includingtheirparents,atleast750,000homeless

peopleinAmericaarefamilymembers.

Whatistobemade,then,ofthesuppositionthatthehomeless

areprimarilytheformerresidentsofmentalhospitals,persons

whowerecarelesslyreleasedduringthe1970s?Manyofthemare,

tobesure.Amongtheoldermenandwomeninthestreetsand

shelters,asmanyasone-third(somebelieveasmanyasone-half)

maybechronicallydisturbed,andanumberofthesepeopleleft

mentalhospitalsduringthe1970s.ButinacitylikeNewYork,

wherenearlyhalfthehomelessaresmallchildrenwithan

averageofsix,tooperateonthebasisofsuchasupposition

makesnosense.Theirparents,withanaverageageof

twenty-seven,arenotlikelytohavebeenhospitalizedinthe

1970s,either.

Accordingtothestatistics,amongthehomelessinNewYork

therewere.

A.morepeopleinafamiliesthansinglepersons

B.aboutsixthousandfamilies

C.3childreninafamily

D.morefamilieswithtwoparentsthanone

17、

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.RobertHayesthoughtmorehomelesspeoplearefamily

members.

B.Thereisatrendthatmoreandmorehomelesspeoplelive

infamilies.

C.Theproportionofhomelessfamiliesremainsthesameinthe

country.

D.Mostofthechildrenhadtheopportunity,tostudyinBoston.

18、

InAmerica,howmanypeoplearehomelessparents?

A.6,000.

B.250,000.

C.500,000.

D.750,000.

19、

Whatistheauthor'sopiniononthesuppositionthatthe

homelessareprimarilytheformerresidentsofmentalhospitals?

A.Denial.

B.Affirmative.

C.Partialaffirmative.

D.Noopinion.

20、

Accordingtothepassage,theauthorwantstotellusabout

A.oneoftheserioussocialproblems

B.thepresentsituationofthehomeless

C.themake-upofthehomeless

D.thelifeofthehomeless

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouthuman

dailycycleofactivity.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfrom

thelistforeachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstandlast

paragraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextra

headingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.

(41)Weallknowthatnormalhumandailycycleofactivityis

ofsome7-8hours'sleepalternatingwithsome16-17hours'

wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormally

coincideswiththehoursofdarkness.

Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthis

normalitycanbemodified.

(42)Thequestionisnomoreanacademicone.Thecase,for

example,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkingintheday

toworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportancein

industrywhereautomationcallsinsistentlyfor

round-the-clockworkingofmachine.Itnormallytakesfromfive

daystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutine

ofsleepandwakefulnesssleepingduringthedayandworking

atnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythat

shiftsarechangedeveryweek,apersonmayworkfrom12

midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4

p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatno

soonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhewastochangeto

another,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingor

sleepingefficiently.

(43)Oneanswerwouldseemtobelongerperiodsoneachshift,

amonth,oreventhreemonths.Recentresearch,however,has

shownthatpeopleonsuchsystemswillgetbackintotheir

normalhabitsofsleepandwakefulnessduringtheweekendand

thatthisisquiteenoughtoharmanyadaptationtonightwork

builtupduringtheweek.

(44)Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenight

shifttoagangofpermanentnightworkerswhoseadaptationto

nightworkmaypersistthroughallweekendsandholidays.An

interestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnightshift

workerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1967.Shefoundahigh

incidenceofdisturbedsleep,digestivedisorderanddomestic

disruptionamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,but

noabnormaloccurrenceofthesesymptomsamongthoseon

permanentnightwork.

(45)Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlongterm

policy,but,forthetimebeing,somethingmaybedoneto

relievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselecting

thosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquickly,tothechangesof

routine.

A.Normalityisdifficulttobemodifiedespeciallyinindustry

B.Theonlyrealsolution

C.Thenormalhumandailycycle

D.Weekendsaddthedifficultytoadaptationtosleepand

wakefulness

E.Thepresentworktobedone

F.Toworkonweekendscanhelptheadaptation

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Ah,blissfulsleep,whenweleaveourdailytoilsbehindand

slipintomindlessrepose.Ordowe?(46)TworeportsinScience,

oneinvolvingratsandtheotherhumans,suggestthatduring

sleepourbrainsremainquitebusy,furiouslyconsolidating

importantmemoriesthathaveaccumulatedduringtheday.

Intheratexperiments,MatthewA.WilsonoftheMassachusetts

InstituteofTechnologyandBruceL.McNaughtonofthe

UniversityofArizonainsertedelectrodesintothehippocampus,

aregionofthebrainthoughttobeinvolvedinspatialmemory.

Astheratslearnedtonavigateamaze,theirneuronsfiredin

certainpatternscorrespondingtospecificpartsofthemaze.

(47)Forseveralnightsaftertherats'mazeexercises,their

hippocampalneuronsdisplayedsimilarfiringpatterns;the

ratswereapparentlyplayingbacktheirmemoriesofrunningthe

maze.Themajordifferencewasthatt