項目管理投標報價中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

中英文對照外文翻譯文獻PAGE16中英文資料對照外文翻譯(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)譯文（1）1報價策略的定性分析法恰當的報價是中標的關鍵，報價太高，無疑會失去競爭力而失標，報價太低也未必中標，即使中了標也會遭受虧損，只有報價適度才是中標的基礎。如何確定一個低而適度的報價這就取決于決策人員的經驗、知識和能力。投標報價策略作為投標取勝的方式、手段甚至藝術,貫穿于投標競爭的始終,雖然各承包商方法各異,但從審計監(jiān)督的角度分析,有其自身的特點。從運用策略的目的分析,不論運用那種策略,不外乎首先是成功中標,其次是為獲取額外利潤創(chuàng)造條件,最后以取得最大利潤為其最終目的。目的清楚了,審計監(jiān)督的方向也就明確了。從運用的時間上看,策略的運用發(fā)生非常早,甚至早在簽訂合同前就己實施。從策略能否成功實施上看,雖然策略早在投標時就己運用,但能否成功,取得最理想的經濟效益,還須在以后的施工過程中逐步實現(xiàn),因此,若能在施工無憂論文網過程中把好關,也能阻止部分策略的實現(xiàn)。從策略運用的條件上看,承包商在不影響中標的前提下,利用建設工程的不確定性,埋下伏筆,以期結算時獲得額外的利潤回報。因此,建設工程的不確定性是運用策略的前提條件,如果建設工程設計圖紙清楚、工程量計算準確,幾乎沒有變更、增加工程等,那么“伏筆”也就無從入手,策略的運用受到限制。雖然在工程開始前,要做到這么盡善盡美,很難實現(xiàn),但審計應在這方面發(fā)揮作用,督促或監(jiān)督業(yè)主盡可能做到,防止個別工程管理者,利用工程的不確定性,搞腐敗活動,侵吞國家財產。定性分析方法，就是運用決策人員的邏輯思維和推理判斷能力去進行報價決策的一種方法。決策的前提是企業(yè)要廣泛收集，系統(tǒng)積累大量的信息.企業(yè)只有在占有大量信息的情況下，知己知彼，不失時機地周密研究出既能降低報價，易于中標，又能使企業(yè)減少利潤損失的報價方案。根據對一些企業(yè)投標情況的調查、研究，報價策略有以下幾個方面:1.1發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢降低成本以優(yōu)取勝一個企業(yè)的優(yōu)勢是多方面的，如職工素質高，技術裝備先進，施工技術先進，材料周轉靈活，管理機構精干，辦事效率高等。企業(yè)在報價時，可結合實際情況，把自己的優(yōu)勢轉化為較低報價，例如職工素質高，則勞動效率高，人工費就可降低等。從而有效地降低工程成本，提高了競爭獲勝的概率和減少了利潤的損失。高報價策略。根據招標項目的特點,承包商在以情況下常采用高報價的策略。(1)施工條件差的工程;(2)專業(yè)技術要求高,而該公司在這方面又有專長、聲望也較高的工程;(3)特殊的工程,如:地下開挖無憂論文網工程、橋梁工程;(4)工期要求急的工程;(5)投標對手少的工程;(6)支付條件不理想的工程等。這些工程采用高報的策略,有的是可以理解的,但存在把握適度的問題,有的則是業(yè)主應該避免和控制的。不平衡報價策略。這一方法是指一個工程項目總價基本確定后,通過調整內部各個項目的報價,以期在不提高總報價,不影響中標,在結算時取得最理想的經濟效益。以下幾個方面常用不平衡報價法。⑴預計今后工程量會增加的項目,單價適當提高;預計工程量可能減少的項目,單價適當降低,工程結算時增加工程量可獲得額外收益無憂論文網或減少工程量時減少損失。⑵設計圖紙不明確、不齊全,估計修改補充后工程量要增加的工程,提高單價投標;而工程內容解釋不清楚的則適當降低一些單價,等澄清后可再要求提價。⑶暫定項目或選擇項目的報價,如果工程不分標,不會由另一家承包商施工,其中肯定要做的,提高單價投標,而不一定做的則降低單價投標。計日工單價的報價策略。承包商為了在業(yè)主額外用工或使用施工機械時多獲利,對于單純報計日工單價,而且不計入總價中,采用高報的策略?？晒┻x擇項目的報價策略。有些工程項目,業(yè)主要求按某一方案報價,而后再提供幾種可供選擇方案的報價。選擇方案一般不進入無憂總投標價,不影響中標,對于將來可能被選擇使用的方案,提高其報價投標,一旦業(yè)主選用,即可得到額外的加價利益。1.2靠改進設計、縮短工期取勝投標單位在研究招標文件、進行現(xiàn)場調查的過程中，如發(fā)現(xiàn)設計不合理，有可改進之處或可以利用某項新技術使造價降低或可使工期縮短，達到早投產時，在報價時就可明確提出，如工期提前或采用新方案，造價可降低多少，可收到什么樣經濟效益。這種辦法對招標單位具有極大吸引力，能起到出奇制勝之效果。1.3薄利保本低價中標國際上流行的獲勝概率理論表明:利率越低，中標的可能性就越大。在承包工程的激烈競爭中，企業(yè)只有貫徹薄利方針，才能爭取投標獲勝。故企業(yè)投標時除非特殊情況，如邊遠地區(qū);技術要求高，非我莫屬的工程;工程難度大的項目;或競爭中處于絕對優(yōu)勢的情況外，企業(yè)不要輕易投“高標”。尤其當企業(yè)承包任務不足時，與其坐吃山空。不如以低利承包到一些工程，然后加強管理，降低成本，充分利用生產能力，減少窩工，提高企業(yè)的經濟效益。1.4報價雖低卻著眼于發(fā)展施工企業(yè)試圖打入一個工程任務多的新區(qū)，或者出于對該項目后續(xù)工程的考慮，以利將來的發(fā)展，往往采用低價策略，有時報價甚至低于成本。這樣以前期工程的“少失”，便可在后期工程的“多得”中得到充分補償。原文（1）1biddingstrategiesforqualitativeanalysisAppropriatequotationisthekeythatwinthebid,bidistoohigh,nodoubtwilllosecompetitivenessandmissingthetarget,quotetoolowmaynotwinthebid,eventhoughinthestandardwillsuffertheloss,onlythequotationisonlymoderatelysuccessfulfoundation.Howtodeterminealowandmoderatepricedependingonthedecision-makingexperience,knowledgeandability.Bidquotestrategyasabidtowinthewaysandmeans,andevenart,throughoutthebidcompetition,althougheachcontractorindifferentways,butfromtheangleofauditsupervision,hasitsowncharacteristics.Fromtheuseofstrategyanalysis,regardlessofusethatstrategy,nomorethanisthefirstsuccessfulbidtogainextraprofit,followedbycreatingconditions,lastinordertoobtainmaximumprofitsforitsultimatepurpose.Objectivetoknowthedirectionofauditsupervision,alsowasmadeclear.Fromthetimepointofview,theuseofstrategyoccurveryearly,evenearlyinthecontractbeforeithasimplemented.Fromthestrategywhethersuccessfulimplementation,althoughstrategyearlyinthebidwhenithasbeenused,butwhethersuccessful,achieveoptimaleconomicbenefits,butalsointhesubsequentconstructionprocessgradually,therefore,iftheconstructionofthesisnetworry-freeprocessgoodclose,alsocanpreventthepartofpolicyimplementation.Fromthestrategyuseconditions,theContractordoesnotaffectthesuccessfulpremise,useconstructionprojectuncertainty,foreshadowing,withaviewtogainingextraprofit.Therefore,constructionoftheuncertaintyisstrategycondition,iftheconstructiondesigndrawings,engineeringquantitycalculateaccurateclear,almostnochange,increasetheproject,then"foreshadowing"willnotproceedwith,theuseofstrategylimited.Althoughbeforetheworkstarted,todosoreachtheacmeofperfection,isverydifficulttoachieve,buttheauditshouldplayaroleinthatrespect,urgeorsupervisionoftheownersaspossible,preventindividualprojectmanagement,theprojectuncertainty,engageincorruption,embezzlementofstateproperty.Thequalitativeanalysismethod,istheuseofdecisionmakersinlogicalthinkingandreasoningabilitytomakebiddingdecisionmethod.Decision-makingonthepremisethattheenterpriseshouldwidelycollected,systemaccumulatealargeamountofinformation.Theenterpriseisonlyinpossessionoflargeamountsofinformation,knowyourselfaswellastheenemy,seizetheopportunemomenttothoroughresearchcanreducetheprice,easytowinthebid,alsocancausetheenterprisetoreducethelossofprofitpricingscheme.Accordingtothesurveyofsomeenterprisesbidding,biddingstrategyresearch,hasthefollowingseveralaspects:1.1playtheadvantagesoflowercosttogiftedvictoryAbusinessadvantageinmanyaspects,suchashighqualityemployees,advancedtechnologyandequipment,advancedconstructiontechnology,materialsturnoverflexiblemanagementmechanism,keen-wittedandcapable,highefficiency.Enterprisesinthequotation,canbecombinedwiththeactualsituation,puttheirownadvantagesintothelowerprice,forexample,employeeshighquality,highefficiency,labor,laborcostscanbereduced.Inordertoeffectivelyreducetheprojectcost,raisethecompetitionwinningprobabilityandreducethelossofprofit.Highpricestrategy.Accordingtothecharacteristicsofprojectofinvitepublicbidding,thecontractorincaseoftenusesthehighpricequotationstrategy.(1)thepoorconditionsoftheconstructionproject;(2)technicalrequirementishigh,andthecompanyinthisrespectandexpertise,prestigeishigherengineering;(3)specialprojects,suchas:undergroundexcavationworrythesisnetworkengineering,bridgeengineering;(4)theperiodrequiredurgentproject(5;biddingrival)lessengineering;(6)paymentconditionsarenotidealengineering.Theseworkswithhighreportedstrategy,someisunderstandable,butholdmoderateproblem,someistheownershouldavoidandcontrol.Unbalancedquotationstrategies.Thismethodreferstoaprojecttodeterminethebasicprice,byadjustingtheinternalprojectquotation,inordernottoimprovetotalprice,doesnotaffectthebid,inthesettlement,obtainthebesteconomicbenefits.Thefollowingcommonunbalancedquotation.Theexpectedfutureengineeringquantitywillincreaseproject,priceincreaseisexpectedvolumemaybereduced;engineeringproject,costreducing,engineeringsettlementincreasedquantitiesmayobtainextraincomeworrythesisnetworkorreducetheengineeringquantityreducetheloss.Thedesigndrawingsarenotclear,isnotcomplete,estimatedbythemodificationofengineeringquantitytoincreaseaftertheproject,increasetheunitpricebidding;andthecontentsoftheprojectcannotexplainitappropriatetoreducesomeprice,etc.canaskpriceafterclarification.Theprovisionalitemorselectprojectquotedprice,iftheworksarenotstandard,notbyanothercontractorconstruction,whichmustbedone,increasetheunitpricebidding,anddonotnecessarilydoisreducethepricebidding.Dayworkpricequotationstrategy.Contractortoownerinextralaborortheuseofconstructionmachineryandmoreprofitable,forsimplenewspaperdayworkunitprice,butnotincludedintheprice,usinghighquotestrategy.Optionsforprojectbiddingstrategy.Someproject,ownerasksaccordingtoaproposal,thenprovidesseveraloptionsforquotation.Optionsdonotentertheworry-freetotalbidprice,doesnotaffectthesuccessful,forthefuturemightbeselectedusingthescheme,raiseitsbid,oncetheownerschoose,cangetextraincreaseinterest.1.2bytheimproveddesign,shortentimelimitforaproject.Tenderunitsinthestudythetenderdocuments,on-siteinvestigationprocess,suchasthediscoveryofunreasonabledesign,withimprovementsorcanuseanewtechnologysothatthecostorcanshortenconstructionperiod,achieveearlyproduction,inabidtoputforwardclearly,suchasaheadofscheduleortheintroductionofnewprograms,thecostofmanufacturecanbereducedhowmany,canreceivewhatkindofeconomicbenefits.Thisapproachhasagreatattractionforunitofinvitepublicbidding,canplayabettereffect.1.3smallprofitsbreak-evenpricebiddingInternationalfashionwinningprobabilitytheorysuggeststhat:thelowertheinterestrate,themorethepossibilityof.Inprojectcontractinginthefiercecompetition,enterprisesonlycarryoutsmallpolicy,inordertowinbidwins.Thereforetheenterprisesbiddingunlessspecialcircumstances,suchasremoteareas;hightechnicalrequirements,mineengineering;engineeringanddifficultprojects;orcompetitionintheabsolutesuperiorityofthecircumstances,enterprisesdonoteasilycast"highmark".Especiallywhentheenterprisecontractthetaskisinsufficient,andtherest.Astothelowprofittocontractprojects,andstrengthenmanagement,reducecost,makefulluseofproductioncapacity,reducetheidlingofthelabourforce,raisetheeconomicbenefitsoftheenterprise.1.4pricewaslowbutfocusonthedevelopmentofConstructionenterprisesaretryingtobreakintoanengineeringtaskmucharea,orfortheprojectofthefollow-upprojecttoconsider,forthebenefitoffuturedevelopment,oftenusinglow-coststrategy,sometimesevenlowerthancostprice.Inthispreliminaryengineering"lessloss",willbeonthelaterstageoftheprojectof"more"infullcompensation.外文文獻譯文（2）2報價策略的定量分析方法定量分析方法是企業(yè)根據自己掌握的系統(tǒng)資料和有關信息，通過一定的數學模型計算，以便預測企業(yè)在一定報價水平上中標的機會是多少，為企業(yè)找到最佳報價方案，為決策人員提供重要的決策依據，這種方法的比較精確客觀，能避免定性分析的主觀隨意性，得到歐美等國家的廣泛應用，也為我國很多企業(yè)所重視，現(xiàn)介紹2種簡單可行方法:2.1預期利潤法企業(yè)在投標中要計算2種利潤，即直接實際利潤和預期利潤。直接利潤就是企業(yè)在承包工程中直接得到的實際利潤。用公式表示為幾~X一C式中:幾一投標者在該項工程中的直接利潤;X一投標者的投標價格;C一工程的實際成本。預期利潤是投標者在各種投標方案中投標概率的基礎上估算的預得利潤，可用下式求得E，=P(X一C)=P?Ip式中:尸—中標的概率，是投標者自己估計的。?預期利潤雖然不能的反映企業(yè)從某工程上得的實際利潤，但由于它考慮了投標是否獲勝的因素，更具有現(xiàn)實意義，故以預期利潤作為投標決策的依據，預期利潤大的方案為優(yōu)。2.2具體對手法具體對手法就是企業(yè)在投標報價時考慮到竟爭對手這一因素，且知道參加投標競爭的對手是哪幾個具體單位時，而采用的競爭方法。外文文獻原文（2）2themethodofquantitativeanalysisofbiddingstrategiesAquantitativeanalysismethodistoenterprisesaccordingtotheirmastersysteminformationandrelatedinformation,throughcertainmathematicalmodel,inordertopredicttheenterpriseinacertainpricelevelwinningchanceismany,fortheenterprisestofindthebestquotationscheme,fordecision-makingprovideimportantbasisfordecisionmaking,thismethodismoreaccurateandobjective,canavoidthequalitativeanalysissubjectiveandoptionalsex,inEuropeandAmericaandothercountriesofthewidelyused,butalsoformanyenterprisesinourcountryareattached,isintroduced2kindsofsimpleandfeasiblemethod:2.1expectedprofitmethodEnterprisesinthetendertocalculatethe2profit,namelydirectrealprofitandexpectedprofit.Directprofitistheenterpriseinprojectcontractingdirectlyfromtheactualprofit.Withtheformulaexpressionofseveral~XCtype:thefirstbidintheprojectinthedirectprofit;Xbiddersbiddingprice;Ctheactualcostsoftheproject.Expectedprofitisthetendererinvariousbiddingschemetenderprobabilityestimatesbasedontheprofit,usethefollowingformulaobtainedE,=P(XC)=P?Iptype:cadaveric-probabilityofsuccessfulbidder,istheirestimation.?profitexpectationsalthoughcannotreflectenterprisefromaprojectontheactualprofit,butitconsiderswhetherthebidwinningfactors,hasmorepracticalsignificance,sotheexpectedprofitasthebiddingdecision,expectedprofitistheoptimalplan.2.2specifictechniquesSpecifictechniquesinbusinessistobidquotewhenconsideringthecompetitorsofthisfactor,andthatparticipateinthebiddingcompetitioniswhichofseveralspecificunits,andthecompetitionmethod.外文文獻譯文（3）3作價技巧投標策略一經確定就具體反映到作價上，工程標價不同于預算造價，它的計算方法雖然也是以施工圖預算為基礎，但其它直接費，其它間接費，技術裝備費和預算包干系數等項，則可根據工程情況，圍繞預算造價上下浮動，它直接受市場供求，競爭對手所追求的利潤水平影響是l種浮動價格。價格如何浮動都有一定的技巧，技巧的得法與否，在一定程度上可以決定工程的中標和盈利。因此，它是1個不可忽視的環(huán)節(jié)，下面是一些可供參考的作法。3.1消化標書3種作價預算人員在算標以前，必須首先認真分析招標文件，弄清承包人的報價范圍，不能遺漏，找出需要詢價的特殊材料與設備，及時調查價格，以免因盲目估價而失誤，理出含糊不清的問題，讓招標單位解答;弄清各項技術要求，以便確定施工方案?？傊?，要全面吃透標書內容，以便采取對策，避免算標失誤.算標時要準確計算工程量，并核實相應基價，成本計算要接近實際，在確定各種費率時充分考慮企業(yè)管理水平，技術特長使各項單價和總價合理浮動。一般作價時最好作出3個標，即高標，中標和低標。高標是依據預算定額和取費標準及有關規(guī)定，并考慮材料價格在一定時期內浮動情況計算的標價;低標是承擔該項工程不至虧損最低標價，中標是介于二者之間考慮了一定利潤的標價。有了這3種價格，企業(yè)在報價時，才能做到心中有數，既不使自己虧本，又能處于有利地位而選擇報價。3.2掌握工程規(guī)律標價合理浮動報價時具體選擇該用高標，中標還是低標?這要分析工程對象本身的性質和特點，因工程制宜，一般說，建筑產品價格上漲時期，報價可高些;同一時期內海港、碼頭、本論文由無憂論文網特約提供，提供論文代寫，代寫論文，代寫畢業(yè)論文，代寫職稱論文，論文發(fā)表，代寫碩士論文相關核心搜索。特殊構筑物報價可高，房屋建筑工程報價宜低;技術密集型工程報價可高，勞務密集型工程報價可低一些，小型工程報價可高，大型工程報價可低;急需工程報價可高，非急需工程報價可低等等。3.3在同一工程中可采用不平衡單價法在不提高總標價的前提下，在同一工程中可采用不平衡單價法。即對能先拿到錢的項目(如土方，基礎等)的單價可訂得高些，有利于資金周轉，存款也有利息;對后期的項目(如粉刷，電氣，油漆等)單價可適當降低;圖紙有錯誤，估計今后會修改的項目，單價可提高;工程內容說明不清楚的單價可降低，以利于以后索賠等。3.4有策略地進行報價平衡初步算出的標價，究竟具有多大競爭力，這還是個捉摸不定的間題，為此，還必須在此標價基礎上，用多種方法，從多種角度對標價進行平衡，如用類比的方法，可以把工程的全部人工費、材料費、機械費、間接費分別匯總計算出各種費用占無憂論文網總價的比例，或算出每平方米造價和類似工程相比較，從中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。用分析方法，可以分析費用的各個組成部分，看看哪些地方留有余地或余地過大，可以下調，哪些地方偏緊還應增加。或是事先商定1個讓價系數，以便在投標時隨機應變，調整報價。審計應在規(guī)劃設計階段同步介入。傳統(tǒng)的基建工程審計往往是在竣工后進行,這種事后審計無法對基建維修工程進行全程監(jiān)督,致使工程在事前、事中的管理混亂,給承包商早在招標前就運用各種策略創(chuàng)造機會,而策略一旦成功,又很難甚至無法在結算時改變,決算審計無異于亡羊補牢,最終造成超計劃、超預算、投資失控,嚴重影響單位的經濟承受能力,給國家財產造成損失。審計在規(guī)劃設計階段提前介入,有利于深入了解工程設計的完善情況、地質狀況、工程概預算、資金渠道、平均造價以及中標企業(yè)的資信情況,設計不周全、地質狀況不清楚,可充分咨詢專家意見,促進圖紙完善、地質狀況明了,同時對工程預算的準確性、施工招投標的合理性及合規(guī)性進行分析評價,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、糾正問題,盡可能杜絕承包方的“伏筆”,為客觀、公平辦理決算審計創(chuàng)造條件。建立內審部門先期審計制度。先期審計制度,即對工程項目的竣工結算通過先期內部審計,核定初步的工程造價,然后將核定的工程造價連同相關的結算資料、圖紙等送交國家或社會審計部門進行終審。雖然這一制度運用于工程結算審計,但筆者認為可將這一制度擴展到工程招投標或預算階段。即由內審部門對設計圖紙、地質狀況、預算工程量計算、材料價格、定額標準的套用、施工企業(yè)的取費標準及資質等級等進行認真細致的審查,初步核定工程預算價,然后將核定的工程造價及有關資料交國家或社會審計部門進行預算審計確認。對于承包商的確定,因為標的保密性不強,競標單位在資質等條件基本相同的情況下,可采用明標抽簽的方式確定中標單位.深入施工現(xiàn)場,進行跟蹤審計。在施工過程中,審計人員應不定期地深入現(xiàn)場進行考察,特別是對隱蔽工程和變更設計部分進行跟蹤檢查,并在變更單上簽證確認,確保工程量真實地反映在決算中。監(jiān)督施工環(huán)節(jié),及時發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和解決項目管理中存在的問題,保證工程質量,防止偷工減料,以次充好。通過這種跟蹤監(jiān)督,確保材料標號、材料質地符合工程要求,從而保證工程質量,保證“值”有所“物”。也可以經常組織有關人員進行市場調查,隨時掌握市場變化情況,防止利用材料價差攫取額外利潤。綜上所述，報價策略和作價技巧，對于企業(yè)具有戰(zhàn)略意義，關系到企業(yè)的前途和命運，因而企業(yè)要靈活運用定性分析和定量分析相結合的科學決策方法，制訂出正確的報價策略和價方案，以提高企業(yè)中標概率，提高企業(yè)經濟效益。外文文獻原文（3）3theskillofBiddingstrategyupontheidentificationofspecificreflecttopricing,pricediffersfromengineeringbudgetcost,itiscalculatedastheconstructiondrawingbudgetasbasis,butotheranddirectcost,otherindirectcosts,technicalequipmentcostandbudgetcontractcoefficient,itcanbebasedontheengineeringcase,floatingupanddownaroundthebudgetcost,itisdirectlyaffectedbythemarketsupplyanddemand,competitorsarepursuingprofitsleveleffectofLfloatingprice.Howtopricefloatinghavecertainskills,skillswellornot,inacertainextentcandecidesuccessfulprojectsandprofit.Therefore,itisoneof1shouldnotbeignored,hereissomereferencemethods.3.13digestivetenderpriceBudgetstaffinthecalculationofstandardpreviously,mustfirstbecarefulanalysisofthebiddingdocuments,clarifythecontractorpricerange,notomission,findtheneedtorequestthespecialmaterialandequipmentprices,timelyinvestigation,soastoavoidblindvaluationanderrors,theambiguityproblem,makeunitofinvitepublicbiddingtoanswer;understandthetechnicalrequirements,inordertodeterminetheconstructionscheme.Inshort,tofullygraspthetendercontent,inordertotakemeasurestoavoidmistakes,isstandard.Numericalstandardtoaccuratecalculation,andverifythecorrespondingprice,costcalculationstobeclosertotheactual,inidentifyingrateconsideringtheenterprisemanagementlevel,technicalexpertisesothattheunitpriceandtotalpricereasonablefloating.Generalpricingisbestmade3standard,namelythehighstandard,thebidandlowbid.Highstandardisbasedonthebudgetquotaandfeestandardsandtherelevantprovisions,andconsiderthematerialpricesinacertainperiodoftimethefloatingcalculatedprice;lowstandardistoundertaketheprojecttoalossoflowestbidprice,biddingisbetweenthetwosidestoconsideracertainprofitprice.Withthis3kindsofprices,enterprisesinthequotation,toknowthescore,neithertomaketheirownmoney,butalsoinagoodpositionandthechoiceofquotation.3.2masterofengineeringpricereasonablefloatingruleWhenquotingthespecificchoiceofthehighstandard,thelowstandard?Ittoanalyzethepropertiesandcharacteristicsofengineeringobjectitself,becausetheprojectsystem,generallyspeaking,thepriceofconstructionproducttoriseperiod,canofferhigher;thesameperiodtheharbour,dock,ofspecialoffers,withpapersinthisthesis,write,writeagraduationthesis,onbehalfofthetitlesofpapers,publishedpapers,master'sthesisrelatedcoresearch.Specialstructurescanofferhigh,housingconstructionengineeringbiddingshouldbelow;technology-intensiveprojectquotationcanbehigh,laborintensiveprojectquotedpricemaybelower,smallprojectquotationcanbehigh,largeprojectquotedpricemaybelow;bebadlyinneedofprojectquotationcanbehigh,amuch-neededprojectcanofferlowetc..3.3inthesameproject,usingunbalancedpricemethodIndoesnotimprovetheoverallpriceunderthepremise,inthesameproject,usingunbalancedpricemethod.Thatistogetthemoneyoftheproject(suchastheearth,basis)unitforHISTEP,isconducivetotheturnoveroffunds,depositalsohasinterest;onthelatterpartoftheproject(suchaspainting,electrical,paint)unitpricecanbereducedappropriately;drawingsarewrong,theestimatedfuturewillmodifytheproject,thepricecanbeimprovedprojectdescriptionisnotclear;thecostcanbereduced,inordertofacilitatelaterclaim.3.4strategiestopriceequilibriumPreliminarycalculatedprice,howbigcompetition,thiswasauncertainproblem,forthis,mustalsobeinthiscataloguebasis,usingavarietyofmethods,fromvariousanglesofpriceequilibrium,asintheuseofthemethodofanalogy,canputalltheworkslaborcost,materialcost,mechanicalcost,indirectcostswereaggregatedcalculatevariousexpenseaccountsforthethesisnetworry-freepriceratio,orcalculatethecostofconstructionpersquaremetreandsimilarengineeringarecompared,findoutproblems.Usinganalysismethod,analysisofthecostsofthevariouscomponentscanhavealook,whichplacetoleaveadequateleewayorroomistoobig,candownregulatetight,whichshouldalsobeincreased.Orwasagreedinadvance1letthepricefactor,inordertobidadjusttochangingcircumstances,adjustthequote.Theauditshouldbeintheplanninganddesignstagesynchronousintervention.Thetraditionalcapitalconstructionprojectauditisofteninthecompletion,thispostaudittocapitalrepairprojectsupervisetheprocess,causeprojectinadvance,themanagementofconfusion,tothecontractorinthesolicitationagousingavarietyofstrategiestocreateopportunitiesandstrategiesforsuccess,onceagain,itisdifficultorevenimpossibletochangeinthesettlement,settlementtheauditistantamounttomend,eventuallycausingsuperplan,budget,investmentcontrol,seriousimpactonuniteconomiccapacity,damagetostateproperty.Auditintheplanninganddesignstageofearlyintervention,isconducivetothein-depthunderstandingofengineeringdesigntheperfectcondition,geologicalcondition,projectbudget,capitalchannel,averagecostandthebid-winningenterprisescredit,poorlydesigned,geologicalconditionisnotclear,canfullyconsultingexperts,topromotethedrawings,geologicalconditionandperfect,whiletheengineeringtheaccuracyofthebudget,constructionbiddingofrationalityandcomplianceanalysisandevaluation,foundproblemsinatimelymanner,tocorrecttheproblem,asfaraspossibleeliminatecontractor"foreshadowing",objective,fairandcreateconditionsforbudgetandfinalaccountsaudit.Establishinternalauditdepartmentauditsysteminadvance.Advancedauditsystem,namelytheprojectcompletionsettlementthroughadvancedint