IRENA-可再生能源效益：利用當?shù)匦∫?guī)模水力發(fā)電能力（英）

RENEWABLEENERGY

BENEFITS

LEVERAGING

LOCAL

CAPACITY

FOR

SMALL-SCALE

HYDROPOWER?

IRENA

2023Unless

otherwise

stated,

material

in

this

publication

may

be

freely

used,

shared,

copied,

reproduced,

printed

and/or

stored,

provided

that

appropriate

acknowledgement

is

given

of

IRENA

as

the

source

and

copyright

holder.

Material

in

this

publication

that

is

attributed

to

third

parties

may

be

subject

to

separate

terms

of

use

and

restrictions.

Appropriate

permissions

from

these

third

parties

may

need

to

be

secured

before

any

use

of

such

material.ISBN:

978-92-9260-546-9Citation:

IRENA

(2023),

Renewable

energy

benefits:

Leveraging

local

capacity

for

small-scale

hydropower,

International

Renewable

Energy

Agency,

Abu

Dhabi.ABOUT

IRENAThe

International

Renewable

Energy

Agency

(IRENA)

is

an

intergovernmental

organisation

that

supports

countries

in

their

transition

to

a

sustainable

energy

future,

and

serves

as

the

principal

platform

for

international

co-operation,

a

centre

of

excellence,

and

a

repository

of

policy,

technology,

resource

and

financial

knowledge

on

renewable

energy.

IRENA

promotes

the

widespread

adoption

and

sustainable

use

of

all

forms

of

renewable

energy,

including

bioenergy,

geothermal,

hydropower,

ocean,

solar

and

wind

energy,

in

the

pursuit

of

sustainable

development,

energy

access,

energy

security

and

low-carbon

economic

growth

and

prosperity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis

report

was

developed

under

the

guidance

of

Rabia

Ferroukhi

(Director,

IRENA

Knowledge,

Policy

and

Finance

Centre).

It

was

authored

by

Celia

García-Ba?os

(IRENA)

and

Dipti

Vaghela

(HPNET),

and

reviewed

by

Michael

Renner

(IRENA).

The

report

benefited

from

contributions

by

Divyam

Nagpal

and

Arslan

Khalid

(IRENA).

Statistical

information

on

current

deployment

was

provided

by

Dennis

Akande,

Iman

Ahmed

and

Milidzani

Vikani

(IRENA).

Imen

Gherboudj,

Sibghat

Ullah

and

Sujan

Adhikari

(IRENA)

contributed

with

resource

potential

data.The

report

benefitted

from

external

review

and

valuable

inputs

from

Madhusudhan

Adhikari

(AEPC);

Satish

Gautam

(AEPC-UNDP),

Robert

Matthews

(AES);

Meherban

Khan

and

Sherzad

Ali

Khan

(AKRSP);

Ardi

Nugraha

and

Sentanu

Hindrakusuma

(Asosiasi

Hidro

Bandung);

Aleyda

Amorales,

Felix

Rosales,

Jose

Luis

Olivas

Flores,

Rebecca

Leaf

(ATDER-BL);

Jaime

Mu?oz

(Asofenix);

Tony

Kalupahana

(Enersense);

Aarti

Reddy,

Jorge

Nieto

Jimenez,

Ranisha

Basnet,

Tarannum

Sahar

(HPNET);

Biraj

Gautam,

Mahesh

Shrestha,

and

Prem

Karki

(PEEDA);

Vishwa

Bhushan

Amatya

(ex-Practical

Action

Nepal),

Dr.

Hedi

Feibel

(Skat

Consulting),

and

Bikash

Pandey

(Winrock

International).DISCLAIMERThis

publication

and

the

material

herein

are

provided

“as

is”.

All

reasonable

precautions

have

been

taken

by

IRENA

to

verify

the

reliability

of

the

material

in

this

publication.

However,

neither

IRENA

nor

any

of

its

officials,

agents,

data

or

other

third-party

content

providers,

provides

a

warranty

of

any

kind,

either

expressed

or

implied,

and

they

accept

no

responsibility

or

liability

for

any

consequence

of

use

of

the

publication

or

material

herein.The

information

contained

herein

does

not

necessarily

represent

the

views

of

all

Members

of

IRENA.

The

mention

of

specific

companies

or

certain

projects

or

products

does

not

imply

that

they

are

endorsed

or

recommended

by

IRENA

in

preference

to

others

of

a

similar

nature

that

are

not

mentioned.

The

designations

employed,

and

the

presentation

of

material

herein,

do

not

imply

the

expression

of

any

opinion

on

the

part

of

IRENA

concerning

the

legal

status

of

any

region,

country,

territory,

city

or

area

or

of

its

authorities,

or

concerning

the

delimitation

of

frontiers

or

boundaries.3RENEWABLE

ENERGY

BENEFITSLEVERAGING

LOCAL

CAPACITY

FOR

SMALL-SCALE

HYDROPOWERCONTENTSABOUT

THE

IRENA

LEVERAGING

LOCAL

CAPACITY

SERIES

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8

KEY

FINDINGS

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101. INTRODUCTION 122. REQUIREMENTS

FOR

SMALL-SCALE

HYDROPOWER 162.1 Implementation

value

chain

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172.2 Utilisation

value

chain:

Productive

end

use

of

electricity

.

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382.3 Climate

adaptation

value

chain

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423. SOCIO-ECONOMIC

VALUE

CREATION:

COMMUNITYENTERPRISE,

LOCAL

JOBS

AND

SOCIAL

CAPITAL493.1 Community

enterprise

models

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493.2 Enabling

local

service

providers

through

affordable

and

reliable

energy

access

.

553.3 Climate

adaptation

value

chain

.

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584.

CONCLUSIONS

AND

POLICY

RECOMMENDATIONS 624.1 Opportunities

for

local

capacity

development

and

job

creation

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

624.2 Need

for

local

capacity

development

.

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63REFERENCES

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.

66ANNEXES 69Annex

A

Classification

of

hydropower

according

to

capacity

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

69Annex

B Implementation

value

chain:

Factors

for

variation

in

duration

and

cost.

.

.

70Annex

C Role

categories

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

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.

.

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.

72Annex

D

Technical

overview

and

components

of

small-scale

hydropower

.

.

.

.

.

.

73FIGURESFigure

1 Regional

installed

and

potential

small-scale

hydropower

capacitiesup

to

1

MW

in

2019

13Figure

2 Overview

and

characteristics

of

small-scale

hydropower

(<

1

MW)14Figure

3 Integration

of

hydro

mini-grid

value

chains

for

implementation,

utilisation

and

climateadaptation16Figure

4 Implementation

value

chain

of

small-scale

hydropower

17Figure

5 Distribution

of

human

resources

required

along

the

value

chain

for

pico,micro

and

mini

hydro

plants

18Figure

6 Distribution

of

skills

required

for

pico,

micro

and

mini

hydro

plants

19Figure

7 Human

resources

required

for

project

feasibility

activities

for

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant,

by

occupation

22Figure

8 Human

resources

required

for

planning

and

procurement

activities

for

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant,

by

occupation24Figure

9 Human

resources

required

for

manufacturing

activities

for

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant,

by

occupation30Figure

10

Human

resources

required

for

installation

and

connection

activities

for

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant,

by

occupation33Figure

11

Human

resources

required

for

operation

and

maintenance

of

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant,

by

occupation

(40-year

lifetime)

36

Figure

12

Ecosystem

needs

for

livelihood-centric

approach38

Figure

13

Utilisation

value

chain

for

small-scale

hydropower

40

Figure

14

Links

between

watersheds

of

hydro

mini-grids

and

the

water-food-energy

nexus

43

Figure

15

Climate

adaptation

value

chain

for

small-scale

hydropower43

Figure

16

Benefits

from

phase

interlinkages

when

hydro

mini-grid

implementationand

adaptation

are

done

in

parallel

47Figure

17

Stakeholder

links

between

hydro

mini-grids

and

watershed

management

for

climateadaptation

47

Figure

18

Social

asset

only

model

(a)

and

social

enterprise

model

for

hydro

mini-grids

(b)50

Figure

19

Mechanisms

to

enable

and

scale

up

local

practitioners

in

small-scale

hydrodevelopment

57TABLESTable

1 Human

resources

required

for

assessing

the

feasibility

of

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant

(person-days)21Table

2 Human

resources

required

for

the

planning

and

procurement

of

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant

(person-days)24Table

3 Human

resources

required

to

manufacture

the

main

components

of

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant

(person-days)29Table

4 Human

resources

required

for

installation

and

connection

of

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant

(person-days)33Table

5 Human

resources

required

for

operation

and

maintenance

of

a

5

kW,50

kW

and

500

kW

plant

(person-days,

per

year)

36Table

6 Classification

and

examples

of

productive

end

uses

of

mini-grids

for

the

purposeof

this

study39Table

7 Range

of

watershed

restoration

treatments

for

climate

adaptation

in

hydro

mini-grids46Table

8 Community

enterprise

models

for

hydro

mini-grids

and

characteristicsfor

differentiation

52Table

9 Differences

between

typical

and

women-centric

approaches

to

small-scale

hydro

59BOXESBox

1 Classification

of

small

hydropower

according

to

capacity

17Box

2 Measuring

employment

18Box

3 Software

for

site-specific

data

analyses

for

mini-grid

feasibility20Box

4 Licensed

versus

open-source

technology

for

local

manufacturing

26Box

5 Training

centres

for

small-scale

hydro

development31Box

6 Energy

demand

stimulation:

The

role

of

local

manufacturers40Box

7 Catchment

area

restoration

in

Nicaragua:

Strengthening

the

water-energy-food

nexus

45Box

8 Practice

to

policy:

Accelerating

grid

interconnection

in

South

and

Southeast

Asia

54Box

9 What

went

right:

Sustainability

versus

dependence

in

Nepal’s

hydropower

development56Box

10 Facilitating

South-South

knowledge

exchange

57Box

11 Women-centric

mini

hydro

utilities

in

northern

Pakistan

60ABBREVIATIONSAPRODELBO Association

for

the

Development

of

Bocay

Electric

ServiceATDER-BL Association

of

Rural

Development

Workers

Benjamin

Linder

(ATDER-BL)AKDN Aga

Khan

Development

NetworkAKRSP Aga

Khan

Rural

Support

ProgrammeBoM bill

of

materialBoQ bill

of

quantityMW megawattsNGO non-governmental

organisationVEC village

electrification

committee?

Asosiasi

Hidro

Bandung

(AHB)ABOUT

THE

IRENA

LEVERAGING

LOCAL

CAPACITY

SERIESRenewable

energy

development

can

drive

economic

growth,

create

new

jobs

and

enhance

human

health

and

welfare.

The

IRENA

Leveraging

local

capacity

series

examines

the

kinds

of

job

created

and

suggests

ways

to

build

on

existing

capacities

to

maximise

the

benefits

of

renewable

energy

development.

Each

study

focuses

on

a

technology

and

outlines

the

requirements

along

the

entire

value

chain,

particularly

in

terms

of

human

resources

and

skills,

to

produce,

install

and

operate

plants

or

facilities.

The

series

intends

to

support

assessment

of

potential

for

local

value

creation

and

leveraging

of

domestic

capabilities.To

date,

studies

have

been

released

for

utility-scale

and

decentralised

renewable

energy

solutions.

On

the

former,

analyses

for

solar

photovoltaic

(2016),

onshore

wind

(2017)

and

offshore

wind

(2018)

have

been

produced.

On

the

latter,

in

addition

to

the

present

report

on

small-scale

hydropower,

an

analysis

has

been

completed

for

solar

water

heaters

(2021).

Studies

covering

additional

technologies,

including

concentrated

solar

power,

and

updates

of

previous

analyses

are

in

preparation

or

planned.The

objective

of

the

series

is

to

inform

feasibility

assessments

of

procuring

the

necessary

components

and

services

domestically

by

leveraging

local

capabilities

and

capacities.

The

studies

can

help

decision

makers

identify

ways

to

maximise

domestic

value

creation

opportunities

for

various

energy

transition

solutions

and

reap

socio-economic

benefits.

In

the

context

of

this

report,

value

creation

from

small-scale

hydropower

deployment

is

closely

linked

to

supporting

local

livelihoods,

strengthening

watersheds

and

building

climate

resilience.The

series

is

part

of

IRENA’s

extensive

analytical

work,

ongoing

since

2011,

assessing

the

socio-economic

impacts

of

a

renewables-based

energy

transition.

The

initial

focus

on

employment

creation

and

skills

was

subsequently

extended

to

cover

other

socio-economic

elements

such

as

gross

domestic

product,

broader

measures

of

welfare,

local

economic

value

creation,

improved

livelihoods

and

gender-differentiated

impacts.8?

Pt

Entec

IndonesiaKEY

FINDINGS? Small-scale

hydropower

systems,

or

hydro

mini-grids

(<

1

MW),

offer

benefits

including

irrigationservices

and

can

connect

communities

to

the

central

grid,

even

allowing

for

the

sale

of

excess

power.

Additionally,

community-based

hydro

mini-grids

can

be

a

nature-based

solution

for

climate

adaptation

and

mitigation,

incentivising

local

communities

to

restore

and

maintain

surrounding

watersheds.? Small-scale

hydropower

presents

opportunities

for

socio-economic

value

creation

through

localemployment

and

livelihoods.

Plenty

of

job

opportunities

are

created

in

the

implementation

value

chain.

Additional

opportunities

for

employment

are

derived

from

productive

uses

(utilisation

value

chain)

and

from

the

infrastructure

investments

needed

in

watershed

conservation

to

ensure

the

community

and

the

hydro

mini-grid

are

are

resilient

against

droughts

and

floods

(climate

adaptation

value

chain).? The

implementation

value

chain

generally

consists

of

six

segments:

feasibility,

planning

andprocurement,

manufacturing,

installation

and

connection,

and

operation

and

maintenance,

followed

by

decommissioning

once

the

lifetime

of

the

facility

is

reached.? The

implementation

of

a

small-scale

hydropower

plant

requires

more

than

17

000

person-days

for

apico

hydro

plant

(averaging

5

kW),

around

64

000

person-days

for

a

micro

hydro

facility

(50

kW)

and

over

160

000

person-days

for

a

mini

hydro

system

(500

kW).? Operation

and

maintenance

work,

which

is

needed

throughout

the

lifetime

of

a

system,

represents

thelargest

chunk

of

the

labour

required

(94%,

87%,

and

78%

of

total

person-days,

respectively,

for

pico,

micro

and

mini

hydro

facilities).? The

majority

of

labour

required

for

the

project

involves

low-

to

medium-level

technical

skills,

withpercentages

ranging

from

79%

of

total

person-days

for

a

500

kW

project

to

93%

for

a

5

kW

project.

These

skills

are

generally

readily

available

in

a

country’s

workforce

or

can

be

developed

through

certification

programmes

or

vocational

training

centres.

These

skills

are

transferable

and

in

high

demand

for

other

rural

infrastructure

development

jobs.? Connecting

renewable

energy

supply

with

income-generating

activities

(productive

end

uses)

acrosssectors

has

the

potential

to

boost

productivity,

enhance

incomes,

create

local

employment

and

catalyse

rural

economies.

Translating

energy

access

into

livelihood

improvements

requires

investing

in

a

social

ecosystem

that

can

foster

technology

solutions

tailored

to

livelihood

needs

and

deliver

the

financing,

capacity

and

skills

training;

market

access;

and

cross-sector

policy

support

to

realise

the

full

benefits

of

decentralised

renewable

energy

solutions.10?

CHydro

Concern

Pvt.

Ltd.RENEWABLE

ENERGY

BENEFITS? Small-scale

hydro

systems

in

remote

locations

are

often

operated

under

social

asset

only

models,resulting

in

low

revenue

and

minimal

socio-economic

benefits.

However,

transitioning

to

an

inclusive

social

enterprise

model,

where

the

community

or

members

own

and

manage

the

mini-grid,

can

lead

to

maximum

utilisation

of

the

system,

generating

benefits

for

local

energy

use

and

socio-economic

development.

This

approach

incentivises

electricity

use

for

income

generation

and

promotes

sustainable

energy

access

through

financial

viability

of

the

mini-grid.? Among

the

different

distributed

renewable

energy

solutions

suitable

for

improving

energy

access,small-scale

hydropower

not

only

provides

the

most

opportunities

to

develop

local

capacity

but

is

the

most

reliant

on

local

capacity

development

to

be

successful.? Small-scale

hydropower

hardware

can

be

manufactured

locally,

representing

an

opportunity

to

impartlocal

skills,

create

jobs

and

foster

enterprise

development.

However,

costly

international

standards

make

it

difficult

for

local

developers

to

compete

for

small-scale

hydropower

projects.

Therefore,

international

programmes

funded

by

donors

need

to

encourage

the

use

of

local

experts,

instead

of

relying

on

foreign

service

providers,

to

maximise

the

benefits

of

engaging

local

talent.? The

lack

of

access

to

modern

energy

affects

women

and

children

disproportionately.

Small-scale

hydrocan

help

in

the

advancement

of

gender

equality

and

the

empowerment

of

rural

women

as

leaders

and

economic

agents

of

change,

thereby

transforming

local

economies

and

generating

inclusive

growth.? To

fully

realise

the

benefits

of

small-scale

hydropower

and

maximise

domestic

value

creation,

policiesand

measures

need

to

focus

on

enhancing

community

capacity

along

the

value

chain

and

promoting

social

acceptance.

Investment

in

a

social

ecosystem

is

critical

for

the

deployment

of

small-scale

hydropower,

which

should

encourage

customised

technical

solutions

and

provide

funding,

capacity

building,

market

access

and

policy

support.

This

will

enable

the

benefits

of

decentralised

renewable

energy

to

be

realised.11?

Mzuzu

Institute

of

Technology

(MZITI)1. INTRODUCTION1.INTRODUCTIONMore

than

733

million

people

throughout

the

world

still

do

not

have

access

to

electricity,

and

at

the

current

pace

of

electrification,

nearly

670

million

are

expected

to

remain

without

access

by

2030

(IEA

et

al.,

2022).

Extending

national

grids

to

remote

rural

areas

with

low-density

settlements

presents

significant

challenges

in

terms

of

technical

complexity,

high

costs

and

limited

economic

viability

due

to

low

consumption

and

subsequent

low

return

on

investment.

These

difficulties

are

often

compounded

by

additional

factors,

such

as

poor

governance,

inadequate

access

roads,

harsh

winters

and

the

constant

threat

of

natural

disasters

(UNIDO

and

ICSHP,

2019).

As

a

result,

the

endeavour

of

establishing

power

infrastructure

in

these

localities

remains

a

daunting

and

financially

unfeasible

task.Decentralised

mini-grids

or

stand-alone

solutions

are

increasingly

being

deployed

to

expand

electricity

access

for

households

and

public

services

and

to

support

livelihoods

critical

for

rural

development

(IRENA

and

SELCO

Foundation,

2022).

Among

these

solutions,

small-scale

hydropower

has

the

longest

track

record

of

adoption

globally,

with

tens

of

thousands

of

systems

installed

since

the

1980s

(ESMAP,

2022)

to

meet

diverse

community

energy

needs

such

as

health

care,

education,

access

to

water,

entertainment,

and

safety

(e.g.

streetlights),

as

well

as

to

stimulate

rural

economies

through

household

and

commercial

income

generation

and

job

creation.Hydropower

has

played

a

variety

of

roles

in

infrastructure

development,

from

large-scale

systems1

that

are

vital

in

some

countries

to

meet

urban

and

major

industrial

demand,

to

smaller-scale

facilities,

which

can

deliver

access

in

off-grid

communities

but

also

connect

to

the

central

grid

in

some

cases

and

which

frequently

provide

a

range

of

non-energy

benefits,

including

irrigation

services

(see

Annex

A).

The

inherent

benefits

of

small-

scale

hydropower

systems,

also

called

hydro

mini-grids,

enable

bridging

of

community-scale

and

utility-scale

contexts,

such

as

when

communities

sell

excess

power

to

the

central

grid

utility

(UNIDO

and

ICSHP,

2019).Small-scale

hydropower

is

widely

used

mini-grid

technology,

often

for

delivering

energy

to

off-grid

villages.

IRENA

estimates

that

the

number

of

people

connected

to

hydropower-based

mini-grids

rose

from

5.7

million

in

2012

to

nearly

7.2

million

in

2021,

the

majority

of

them

in

Asia

(IRENA,

2023a).

Asia

remains

the

leader

in

installed

capacity

but

also

has

the

largest

untapped

potential

in

the

world,

followed

by

South

America

and

Africa

(IRENA,

2023a)

(see

Figure

1).

Sub-Saharan

Africa

has

the

highest

untapped

potential

for

small-scale

hydropower,

notably

in

countries

that

have

less

than

5-10%

rural

electrification

rates

(Korkovelos

et

al.,

2018;

Water

and

Energy

for

Food,

n.d.).1 The

classification

of

the

scale

of

a

hydropower

plant

relates

to

the

electricity

production

capacity

expressed

in

kilowatts

(kW)

or

megawatts(MW).

However,

specific

classifications

vary

from

country

to

country

as

there

is

currently

no

consensus

among

countries

and

hydropower

associations

on

the

upper

limit

of

what

constitutes

small-scale

capacity

(see

Annex

A

for

further

details).

For

the

purposes

of

this

report,

the

cut-off

is

1

MW.12RENEWABLE

ENERGY

BENEFITSFigure

1 Regional

installed

and

potential

small-scale

hydropower

capacities

up

to

1

MW

in

2019Middle

EastPotential

capacity

(MW)Installed

capacity

(MW)Central

America

and

the

CaribbeanOceaniaAfricaSouth

AmericaAsia0 50 100 150 200 250 300Source:

Based

on:

IRENA,

2023a;

IRENA,

2023b;

TU-Delf,

2017.Where

the

requisite

natural

resources

exist,

small-scale

hydropower

can

produce

electricity

with

a

low

levelised

cost

of

energy.

Its

techno-economic

characteristics,

including

reliability,

affordable

upfront

capital,

and

affordable

operation

and

maintenance

costs,

allow

for

economic

viability

with

highly

positive

social

and

environmental

impacts

(see

Figure

2).

These

advantages

enable

lower

tariffs

for

off-grid

households,

higher

tiers

of

electricity

service,

extensive

productive

end

uses,

market-based

scalability

and

financially

viable

grid

interconnection.Among

other

benefits,

community-based

hydro

mini-grids

(<

1

megawatts

[MW])

can

be

a

nature-based

solution

for

climate

adaptation

and

mitigation.

The

energy

access

afforded

by

small

hydro

incentivise