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BreadBakingNowandThenDidyouknowthatbreadisoneoftheearliesthumaninventions?Breadisafoodmadeofflourandwater.Otheringredientsandshapecanvary.Scientistshavelearnedthathumanshavebeeneatingbreadinsomeformoranotherfor30,000years.AncientEgyptiansatealotofbread.Infact,becausetheyhadnopotatoesorrice,breadwasthemostimportantcarbohydratesourceintheancientEgyptiansdietEgyptgetslittlerain.AncientEgyptianfarmersreliedontheannualfloodingoftheNileRivertoirrigatetheirfields.EgyptianfarmerspaidaportionoftheirgrainharvesttotheEgyptiantreasury.ArchaeologistshavediscoveredillustrationsofbakeriesandloavesofbreadinancientEgyptianburialsites.Professionalbakersandhome-bakersusedthesameproductiontechniques.Home-bakers,usuallywomen,bakedonlythebreadtheywouldneedforthatday.Egyptiansusedagrainfromemmer(二粒小麥)wheatfortheirbread.Thegrainwasgroundbyhandonamillstone.Thisprocesscrackedandcrushedthegrainintocoarseflour.Theflourwasmixedwithwaterandsometimesalittleolddough(面團(tuán)).Itwasplacedinapotandbakedinaclayoven.ThisEgyptianbreadwasaflatbread.Indiannaan(印度烤餅)andMiddleEasternpita(皮塔餅)aretwoexamplesofflatbreadseatentoday.AttheendoftheancientEgyptianperiod,however,around300BC,Egyptianbakersaddedtotheirbreadanimportantingredient:yeast.Yeastisamicroscopicfungus.Itmakesbreadrise.Todaybreadproductionismorecomplicated.Yes,youcanstillbakeyourownbreadathomewithstore-boughtflourandyeast.Youcanalsobuybreadmadeatsmallbakeries.Butthefluffy(松軟的)breadyouseeingrocerystoresintheUnitedStatestodayismadeinlargecommercialfacilities.Thesecommercialfacilities,orplants,havebusinesscontractstobakemanydifferentbreadbrands.Mostbreadstodayaremadeusingfourbasicingredients:flour,yeast,salt,andwater.FarmersacrosstheUnitedStatesgrowwheatinlargequantities,HalfofthewheatproducedisusedintheUnitedStates.Theotherhalfisexportedtoothercountries.Grainisprocessedintoflourbycompanieswhichthenselltheflourtocommercialbakeries.Thesebakeriesproducethedoughandbakethebread,thenpackageitandarrangeforitsdistributiontostores.ReadingComprehensionChoosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.1.WhydidancientEgyptiansgetmostcarbohydratefrombread?A.Becausetheygrewlargeamountsofpotatoesandrice.B.Becausetheydidn’tknowhowtocookotherfood.C.Becausebarleywasthemaincropthattheygrew.D.Becausetherewerefewothercarbohydratesourcesavailable.2.WhatwastheclimateofancientEgyptlike?A.Dry.B.Warm.C.Humid.D.Cold.3.Whatdoestheword“irrigate”inthethirdparagraphmean?A.Drysomethingout.B.Supplywatertotheland.C.Plantseedsintheearth.D.Digandturnoversoil.4.HowmuchwheatproducedbytheUnitedStatesisexportedtoothercountries?A.1/2oftheproduction.B.1/3oftheproduction.C.1/4oftheproduction.D.1/5oftheproduction.5.Whatisthisarticlemainlyabout?A.WhyancientEgyptiansusedemmerwheat.B.Differenttypesofflatbreads.C.Thedevelopmentofbreadbaking.DWheatproductionintheUnitedStates.Vocabulary基礎(chǔ)詞invention n.發(fā)明記詞根記憶:invent(發(fā)明)+ion(表名詞)→發(fā)明vary vi.變化;不同例Trainingtimewillvaryslightly,dependingonyourworkingexperience.培訓(xùn)時(shí)間會(huì)因你的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)而有些不同。ancient adj.古代的;古老的記詞根記憶:anci(古老)ent(…的)→古老的暗搭anancientcity一座古城ancientAthens古代雅典rely ⅵ.依賴,依靠;信任,信賴英toneedordependonsb/sth例Thesuccessofthisprojectreliesontheexpertshelpintheend.這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的成功依賴于最后時(shí)刻專家的幫助。harvest n.收獲;收成v.收獲;收割英theamountofcropscutandgathered例Thepoorharvestcausedpricestorisesharply.收成不好導(dǎo)致物價(jià)急劇上漲。bakery n.面包店;面包廠記詞根記憶:bake(烘烤)+ry(表地點(diǎn))面包店搭theFrench-stylebakery法式面包店commercialadj.商業(yè)的;貿(mào)易的n.(電視)記詞根記憶:com(共同)+merc(商業(yè)的)+ial(…的)→雙方進(jìn)行交易→貿(mào)易的搭acommercialcompany一家貿(mào)易公司TVcommercials電視廣告contract n.合同;契約v.與…訂立合同(或契約)記詞根記憶:con(共同)+ract(拉)→共同將雙方拉到一起的東西→合同搭cancelthecontract取消合同contractwithsb與某人簽訂合同quantity n.量,數(shù)量記詞根記憶:quant(數(shù)量)+ity(表名詞)→數(shù)量搭inquantity大量地inhugequantities大量地export v.輸出;出口n.輸出;出口記詞根記憶:ex(出)+port(運(yùn))→運(yùn)出去→出口例70%ofsugarandfruitinthisislandareexportedtoEurope.這個(gè)島上70%的糖和水果都出口到歐洲。Vocabulary進(jìn)階詞carbohydrate n.碳水化合物記詞根記憶:carbo(碳)+hydr(水)+ate表名詞)→碳水化合物treasury n.國(guó)庫(kù);金庫(kù);財(cái)政部英thegovernmentdepartmentthatcontrolspublicmoneyarchaeologistn.考古學(xué)家illustration n.插畫,插圖;圖解;說明;實(shí)例記詞根記憶:illustrat(e)(圖解)+ion(表名詞)圖解;插圖burial n.埋葬,埋藏;葬禮英theactorceremonyofputtingadeadbodyintoagravecrack v.(使)破裂,斷裂;(使)發(fā)出爆裂聲;重?fù)?,猛擊;崩潰,瓦解n.裂縫裂紋英Themonkeyusesastonetocracknuts.那只猴子用石頭敲碎堅(jiān)果。crush vt.碾碎;使變形;鎮(zhèn)壓英topresssthsohardthatitbreaksorisdamaged記聯(lián)想記憶:碰撞(crash)后被碾碎(crush)coarseadj.粗糙的;粗俗的記聯(lián)想記憶:coar(看作coal,煤炭)+se→煤炭是很粗糙的→粗糙的唱搭coarsemanners粗魯?shù)呐e止yeast n.酵母,發(fā)酵粉記聯(lián)想記憶:y+east東方)→據(jù)說酵母最早是由東方人發(fā)明的→酵母microscopic adj.用顯微鏡可見的;極小的arrange v.布置;安排,籌備英toplanor
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