現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ)Unit-9The-Damned-Human-Race

TheDamnedHumanRaceMarkTwainUnit9ContentsMainIdeaQuestionsRhetorical

WritingDevicesMainIdeaMainideaTheessayisorganizedlikeapapertoreportresultsofascientificexperiment.Itpresentsathesisstatementatthebeginning,thatis,theDescentofManfromtheHigherAnimals.Next,theauthorintroduceshisscientificexperiment.Inthefirstpartofthemainbodyheanalyzesvarioustraitsanddispositionsofhumanbeingsincontrasttothe〞higheranimals.〞Inthesecondpartofthemainbody,theauthorbeginstouseapolemictonetoarguewithpeoplewhobelieveinman’ssuperiority.Attheend,theauthormakesabriefsumming-upthathumanbeingshavedescendedanddegenerated.Theyhavereachedthebottomstageofdevelopmentandnothingisbelowthem.Questions1.Couldyounamethreemajordefectsofhumannatureandusesomeexamplestosupportit?QuestionsHumanNatureRevengeIndecencyGreedy

2.Herearetwoquotationsonhuman:

1)Men!Theonlyanimalintheworldtofear.—D.H.Lawrence

2)Man—acreaturemadeattheendoftheweek’sworkwhenGodwastired.

—MarkTwainPleasechooseoneofthemandsharewithusyourunderstanding.Questions

QuestionsInBook3,thereisatextentitled“WeAreOnlyHuman〞inwhichtheauthorstronglyarguesthatwehumanbeingsshouldbeandcanbesuperiortootheranimals.Butinthisarticle,theauthorfeelsstronglythathumanbeingsaretheleastfitforsurvival.Whatdoyouthinkofthesetwoauthors’views?WritingdevicescontrastPara3earlandanacondaTheyhadcharmingsport.Theykilledseventy-twoofthosegreatanimals;andatepartofoneofthemandlefttheseventy-onetorot.Inordertodeterminethedifferencebetweenananacondaandanearl------ifany------Icausedsevenyoungcalvestobeturnedintotheanaconda’scage.Thegratefulreptileimmediatelycrushedoneofthemandswallowedit,thenlaybacksatisfied.contrastPara4peopleandsquirrelsandbees.

Thesquirrelsandbeesandcertainbirdsmadeaccumulations,butstoppedwhentheyhadgatheredawinter’ssupply,andcouldnotbepersuadedtoaddtoiteitherhonestlyorbytricks.contrastPara6peopleandroosters.Roosterskeepharems,butitisbyconsentoftheirconcubines;thereforenowrongisdone.Menkeepharems,butitisbybruteforce,privilegedbyatrociouslawswhichtheothersexwereallowednohandinmaking.contrastPara7peopleandcatsCatsarelooseintheirmorals,butnotconsciouslyso.Man,inhisdescentfromthecat,hasbroughtthecat’sloosenesswithhimbutlefttheunconsciousnessbehind-------thesavinggracewhichexcusesthecat.Thecatisininnocent,manisnot.Thesecontrastsmakeusseehuman’sgreed,desireforrevenge,cruelty,wanton.比照(Contrast)和比較(Comparison)是英語(yǔ)論述文中的一個(gè)重要手段,也是英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中普遍使用的一種修辭方法。這種修辭方法在寫(xiě)作技巧上可分為整體法和局部法。使用比照和比較的修辭手段,可使文章中的論點(diǎn)闡述得更加清楚、明確,使論證有力。而使用整體法和局部法的寫(xiě)作技巧可使比照事物的特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)更加突出,語(yǔ)言色彩更加鮮明,語(yǔ)義作用更為加強(qiáng)。摘自《英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的比照和比較手法》parallelism平行結(jié)構(gòu)Man------whenheisaNorthAmericanIndia-----gougesouthisprisoner’seyes...whenheisareligiouszealotdealingwithhereticsintheMiddleAge,heskinshiscaptivealiveandscatterssaltonhisback;inthefirstRichard’stime...inColumbus’stime...inourdayinEngland...Ofalltheanimals,manistheonlyonethatiscruel.Thispartshowsushuman’scruelty.平行結(jié)構(gòu)新牛津英語(yǔ)詞典將平行結(jié)構(gòu)定義為：〞theuseofsuccessiveverbalconstructioninpoetryorprosewhichcorrespondingrammaticalstructure,sound,metre,meaning,etc.〞,意即：“在詩(shī)歌或散文中，連續(xù)使用在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)音、韻律和意義等方面相似的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)。〞它可以很簡(jiǎn)單，如單個(gè)的詞和詞組，也可以很復(fù)雜，如完整的句子：它要求詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)、句子與句子一一對(duì)應(yīng)，例如：Thechildwasprettyandintelligent.Youcangothereonfoot,bybusorbytrain.Itisimportanttoknowhowtostudyandtolearnhowtoplanone'stime.Thecoachtoldtheplayersthattheyshouldgetalotofsleep,thattheyshouldnoteattoomuch,andthattheyshoulddosomewarm-upexercisesbeforethegame.

平行結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的修辭格之一，由于具有很強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)力，它是作家、詩(shī)人、政治家和演說(shuō)家經(jīng)常用來(lái)表達(dá)思想感情的修辭手段。因此，理解和掌握平行結(jié)構(gòu)有助于我們更好地欣賞經(jīng)典的英文詩(shī)歌、散文、諺語(yǔ)和著名的演說(shuō)辭。平行結(jié)構(gòu)不但能使語(yǔ)言富有節(jié)奏感，產(chǎn)生和諧的音樂(lè)美，而且能使思想的表達(dá)更加清晰，準(zhǔn)確和流暢。摘自董俊《英語(yǔ)平行結(jié)構(gòu)的美學(xué)價(jià)值》225009英語(yǔ)Parallelism與漢語(yǔ)“排比〞長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)被誤為等值術(shù)語(yǔ)。其實(shí),兩者之間雖有相似之處,但明顯的區(qū)別仍然不可無(wú)視。1〕英語(yǔ)Parallelism既是修辭術(shù)語(yǔ),又是語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ);而漢語(yǔ)“排比〞只是修辭術(shù)語(yǔ)。2〕英語(yǔ)“平行項(xiàng)〞既可以是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上,也可以是兩個(gè);而漢語(yǔ)“排比項(xiàng)〞只可以是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。3〕英語(yǔ)Parallelism既可以是并列結(jié)構(gòu),也可以是附屬結(jié)構(gòu);而漢語(yǔ)“排比〞卻只能是并列結(jié)構(gòu)。4〕較之英語(yǔ)Parallelism,漢語(yǔ)“排比〞更加講究形式上的對(duì)稱。摘自《“Paralle