微型機(jī)器中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

PAGEPAGE1中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：Micro-machineFromthebeginning,mankindseemsinstinctivelytohavedesiredlargemachinesandsmallmachines.Thatis,large”and“small”incomparisonwithhuman-scale.Machinelargerthanhumanarepowerfulalliesinthebattleagainstthefuryofnature;smallermachinesareloyalpartnersthatdowhatevertheyareroduceIfwecomparethefacilityandtechnologyofmanufacturinglargermachines,commonsensetellsusthatthesmallermachinesareeasiertomake.Nevertheless,throughoutthehistoryoftechnology,largermachineshavealwaysstoodout.Thesizeoftherestoredmodelsofthewater-millinventedbyVitruviusintheRomanEra,thewindmilloftheMiddleAges,andthesteamengineinventedbyWattisoverwhelming.Ontheotherhand,smallermachinesinhistoryoftechnologyaremostlytools.Ifsmallermachinesareeasiertomake,avarietyofsuchmachinesshouldexist,butuntilmoderntimes,nosignificantsmallmachinesexistedexceptforgunsandclocksThisfactmayimplythatsmallermachineswereactuallymoredifficulttomake.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotmeansimplythatitwasdifficulttomakeasmallmachine;Itmeansthatitwasdifficulttoinventasmallmachinethatwouldbesignificanttohumanbeings.Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,diesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,doesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.Theabsenceofsmallmachinesinhistorymaybeduetotheextremedifficultyinmanufacturingsmallprecisionparts.2.Whymicromachinenow Thedreamoftheultimatesmallmachine,ormicro-machine,wasfirstdepictedindetailabout30yearsagointhe1966movie“FantasticVoyage”.Atthattime,thestudyofmicro-machiningofsemiconductorshadalreadybegun.Therefore,manufacturingminutemechanismsthroughmicro-machiningofsemiconductorswouldhavebeenpossible,eventhattime,.Therewas,however,awaitofover20yearsbeforetheintroduction,about10yearsago,ofelectrostaticmotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachining.Whydidn’tthestudyofmicro-machiningandthedreamofmicro-machinesmeetearlier?Apossiblereasonforthisisasfollows.Inadditiontomicro-machining,thedevelopmentofmicromachinesrequiresanumberoftechnologiesincludingmaterials,instrumentations,control,energy,informationprocessing,anddesign.Beforemicro-machineresearchanddevelopmentcanbestarted,allofthesetechnologiesmustreachacertainlevel.Inotherwords,theoveralltechnologicallevel,asawhole,mustreachacertaincriticalpoint,butithadn’treachedthatpoint30ago.Approximately20yearsafter“FantasticVoyage”.,thetechnologylevelformicromachinesfinallyreachedacriticalpoint.Micromotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachiningwereintroducedataboutthattime,triggeringtheresearchondevelopmentofmicromachines.Thebackgroudofthemicromachineboom,whichstartedabout10yearsago,canbeexplainedbytheabove.3.micromachineasgentlemachinesHowdomicromachinesofthefuturedifferfromconventionalmachines?Howwilltheychangetherelationshipbetweennatureandhumans?Themostuniquefeatureofmicro-machineis,ofcourse,itssmallsize.Utilizingitstinydimensions,amicromachinecanperformtasksinarevolutionarywaythatwouldbeimpossibleforconventionalmachines.Thatis,micro-machinesdonotaffecttheobjectortheenvironmentasmuchasconventionalmachinesdo.Micromachinesperformtheirtasksgently.Thisisafundamentaldifferencebetweenmicromachinesandconventionalmachines.Themedicalfieldholdsthehighestexpectationsforbenefitsfromthisfeatureofmicromachines.Diadnosisandtreatmentwillchangedrasticallyfromconventionalmethods,and“FantasticVoyage”maynolongerbeafantasy.Ifamicromachinecangentlyenterahumanbodytotreatillness,humanswillbefreedfrompainfulsurgeryanduncomfortablegastro-cameratesting.Furtherore,ifmicro-machinescanhaltthetrendofever-increasingsizeinmedicalequipment,itcouldslowtheexcessgrowthandcomplexityofmedicaltechnology,contributingtothesolvingofseriousproblemswithhighmedicalcostsforcitizens.Micro-machinesaregentlealsointermsofmachinemaintenance,sincetheycanbeinspectedandrepairedwithoutdifficultyinreachingandoverhaulingtheengineorplant.Themorecomplexthemachine,themoresusceptibleitistomalfunctionduetooverhaulandassembly.Inaddition,therehavebeenmoreinstancesofhumanerrorsduringoverhaulandassembly.Itisgoodforthemachineifoverhaulisnotnecessary.Itisevenbetterifmaintenancecanbeperformedwithoutstoppingthemachine.Repeatedstop-and-gooperationwillacceleratedamageofthemachineduetoexcessstresscausedbythermalexpansion.Suchgentlenessofamocromachineisanadvantage,aswellasaweaknessinthatamicromachineistoofragiletoresisttheobjectortheenvironment;thisisthedrawbackofthemicro-scaleobjects.Forexample,afishcanswimfreelyagainstthecurrent,butasmallplanktoncannot.Thisisresultofphysicallawsandnothingcanchangeit.Still,theplanktoncanliveandgrowinthenaturalenvironmentbyconformingtotheenvironment.Unlikeconventionalmachineswhichfightandcontrolnatural,micromachineswillprobablyadapttoandutilizenature.Ifamicromachinecannotproceedagainstthecurrent,awaywillbefoundtoproceedwiththeflow,naturallyavoidingcollisionswithobstacles.4.Micro-electronicsandmechatronicsTheconceptofmicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesisstillnotadequatelyunified,asthesearestillatthedevelopmentstage.Themicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesarecurrentlyreferredtobyavarietyofdifferentterms.IntheUnitedStates,theacceptedtermis“microelectromechanicalsystems”(MEMS);inEurope,Theterm“Microsystemstechnology”(MST)iscommon,whiletheterm“micro-engineering”issometimesusedinBritain.MeanwhileinAustralia“micro-machine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”inJapan.However“micro-robot”and“micro-mechanism”arealsoavailablecasebycase.Theappearanceofthesevarioustermsshouldbeitemstakenasreflectingnotmerelydiversityofexpression,butdiversityoftheitemsreferredto.Dependingonwhethertheitemreferredtoisanobjectoratechnology,theterminologymaybesummedupasfollows:Object:micro-robot,micro-mechanismTechnology:micro-engineering,MSTObject&technology:MEMS,micro-machineWithregardtotechnology,ifwesummarizethetermsaccordingto1)wherethetechnologyformicromachinesystemsbranchedfrom,and2)whethertheobjectdealtwithbythetechnologyinquestionisanelementoramachinesystem,thetermscanbeorganizedasfollows.Thatis,MEMSandMSTstemfrommechatronics,andhavedevelopeddealingmainlywithmachinesystems.Inthissense,MEMSandMSTontheonehandmicromachinesandmicroengineeringontheotherhandformtwoseparategroups,butasformerhasstartedtomoveinthedirectionofmachinesystems,whilethelatterhasalreadyincorporatedmicroelectronics,thedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsaregraduallydisappearing.Lookingattheareasinthetwogroups,giventhatthemachinesystemswhicharethemainconcernofmicromachineincludemicroelectronics,itwouldbenaturaltoassumethatmicromachinesinchudeMEMEandMST.5.thedefinitionanddevelopmentaimItisdifficultatpresenttogiveaunifieddefinitionofmicromachines,butifthesearetakentobemachinesystemsasoutputofmicromachinetechnology,thescopeforvariationofthedefinitionnarrowsslightly.ThemicromachinetechnologyprojectbeingprojectbeingpromotedundertheIndustrialScienceandTechnologyFrontierProgramAgencyofIndustrialScienceandTechnologyofMITI,andthemicro-machineCenter,definemicro-machinesasfollows:Micro-machinesaresmallmachinescomposedofsophisticatedfunctionalelementslessthanafewmillimetersinsize,constructedtoperformcomplextasksonasmallscale.Theabovedefinitionofmicro-machinesisinfactinseparablefromthedevelopmentaimsformicro-machines.Atpresent,debateonthedefinitionofmicro-machinesisexactlythesameasdebatingdevelopmentaims,thatis,thediversityofdefinitionsofmicromachinesreflectsthediversityofdevelopmentaims.6.Conclusions.Micromachinesareunconventionalartifactswithrespectstotheirgentlefeaturestopeopleandnature.Thecurrentdiversityofthedefinitionofthemisoriginatedfromdevelopmentobjectivesandtechnologicalstartingpoints.Micromachinetechnologies,inviewoftheirdevelopmentprospect,areexpectedasgenerictechnologiesforthetwenty-firstcenturytosupportindustryandmedicineaswellasdailylife.Micromachinetechnologiesareessentialalsoforimprovingtheconventionalmachinesingeneral.Micro-machinesareartifactsintinysize,buttheywillexertastronginfluenceonourlifestylesandsociety.譯文：微型機(jī)器從一開(kāi)始，人類似乎本能的就有一種想制造“大機(jī)器”和“小機(jī)器”的愿望，這里的所謂“大”和“小”是相對(duì)人類身體本身的尺寸而言。比人體大的機(jī)器將成為人類同暴虐無(wú)情的自然界做斗爭(zhēng)的得力助手，而些小機(jī)器則只能乖乖地聽(tīng)從人類的命令，讓干什么就干什么。1、介紹如果我們比較那些比較大的機(jī)器的設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)科技，普通的感覺(jué)告訴我們，小機(jī)器容易制造，然而，在全歷史期間，大機(jī)器已經(jīng)闡述了這一點(diǎn)。在羅馬時(shí)期，威克威斯發(fā)明的在水戰(zhàn)中已經(jīng)修復(fù)過(guò)的模型尺寸，還有，中世紀(jì)的風(fēng)車和瓦特發(fā)明的蒸汽機(jī)正在代替。在另一方面，科技?xì)v史上的小機(jī)器主要是工具，如果小機(jī)器容易制造，像這樣的很多種機(jī)器應(yīng)該存在。但直到現(xiàn)代，除了槍和時(shí)鐘之外，沒(méi)有標(biāo)志性的小機(jī)器誕生。這個(gè)事實(shí)可能暗示小機(jī)器實(shí)際上更難制造。當(dāng)然，這不簡(jiǎn)單地意味著制造一個(gè)小機(jī)器是困難的。它意味著發(fā)明一個(gè)對(duì)人類有標(biāo)志性意義的小機(jī)器是困難的。一些人可能說(shuō)人類不想要小機(jī)器，然而，這個(gè)理論不能解釋近來(lái)流行的袖珍型的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品。歷史上小機(jī)器的缺乏可能因?yàn)樵谏a(chǎn)小的精確部分的困難。2、為什么現(xiàn)在有微型機(jī)器最后的小機(jī)器的夢(mèng)想，或者微型機(jī)器，大約在三十年前，即1966年由影片“夢(mèng)幻旅行”里，第一次詳細(xì)的描敘了。在那個(gè)時(shí)候半導(dǎo)體的微型機(jī)器的研究已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。甚至在那個(gè)時(shí)候通過(guò)半導(dǎo)體的小機(jī)器的微小生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化已經(jīng)可能了，然而，在大約十年以前通過(guò)半導(dǎo)體小機(jī)械制造的馬達(dá)和傳動(dòng)裝置的產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)之前等了二十年。為什么小機(jī)器的研究和夢(mèng)想不能早點(diǎn)滿足呢？可能是下面這些原因，除微型機(jī)器外，小微型機(jī)器的發(fā)展要求很多科技，包括材料控制，能量，信息進(jìn)程和設(shè)計(jì)，在微型機(jī)器可能開(kāi)始被研究和發(fā)展之前，所有的這些科技必須達(dá)到某一定的水平。換句話說(shuō)，總之，全面的科技水平必須達(dá)到關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)，但是在三十年前沒(méi)有達(dá)到那點(diǎn)。大約在“夢(mèng)幻旅行”之后二十年，微型機(jī)器的科技水平最后達(dá)到了關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)上，也大約在那個(gè)時(shí)候通過(guò)半導(dǎo)體的微型機(jī)械制造的微型馬達(dá)和傳動(dòng)裝置的被介紹，啟發(fā)了微型機(jī)器發(fā)展的研究。大約在十年前開(kāi)始的微型機(jī)械繁榮的背景可能是上述原因。3、微型機(jī)器作為好機(jī)器怎樣區(qū)別將來(lái)的微型機(jī)器和一般機(jī)器？他們將怎樣改變?nèi)祟惡妥匀坏年P(guān)系？當(dāng)然，微型機(jī)器最獨(dú)特的特征是：它是很小的，利用它微小的尺寸，改革后的微型機(jī)器將可能像一般機(jī)器一樣執(zhí)行任務(wù)，那就是微型機(jī)器不影響物體和環(huán)境，就像一般機(jī)器一樣，能很好的執(zhí)行任務(wù)。這就是一般機(jī)器和微型機(jī)器之間的基本區(qū)別。醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域只有最高期望：從微型機(jī)器中可以得到益處，診斷和治療將從一般方式徹底改變，“夢(mèng)幻旅行”不可能是個(gè)夢(mèng)想。如果機(jī)器能夠進(jìn)入人的身體治療疾病，人類將減輕像手術(shù)一樣的痛苦和透射那樣的不舒服感，而且，在醫(yī)療器械方面如果微型機(jī)器能夠停止尺寸增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)，它可能減少醫(yī)療科技方面的增長(zhǎng)和復(fù)雜，而醫(yī)療科技將為人們解決嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。微型機(jī)器在機(jī)器維修方