8從哈尼梯田看傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義

閔慶文中科院地理資源所自然與文化遺產(chǎn)研討中心FAOGIAHS中國工程辦公室minqw@igsnrr.ac從哈尼梯田看傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義——兼談GIAHS及其在中國的執(zhí)行TwofactsMoreandmoreseriousdroughtdisastersinSouthwestChinaTheexcellentperformanceoftheHaniRiceTerracesinseveredroughtin2021-2021DroughtsinHistory1300-1988:210droughtyearswithin689years84severe-droughtyears126medium-droughtyears1droughtyearevery3years1severe-droughtyearevery8yearsBefore1979,onesevere-droughtoccuredevery9years;afterthenoccurredeveryyear.(XIEYingqi,HUANGHuaqiu,ZHAOHuazhu.1994.AnAnalysisofDroughtinYunnan.JournalofYunnanUniversity.16(1):69-73.)Analysisbasedonthedatafrom124weatherstationsinYunnanprovinceshowedthatduringthelast40yearstheaverageannualprecipitationdecreasedabout50mm;andtheaverageannualairtemperatureincreasedabout0.8℃.(Liuetal.,2021)SouthwestDroughtinChina,2021-2021FromSep.2021toApr.2021,SouthwesternChinasufferedonce-a-centuryseriousdrought.ThedroughtaffectedmostplacesinSouthwestChina,includingYunnan,Sichuan,Guizhou,GuangxiandChongqing.Duringthedrought,rainfallintheworst-hitareaofYunnanwasthelowestinhalfacentury.Itleavemorethan25.95millionpeopleand18.44millionlivestockwithdrinkingwatershortagesaswellas8.07millionhaofarableland.Southwestdroughtcausedgreateconomiclosseswithstandingat19billionyuan($2.8billion).TheraredroughtinChina’ssouthwesternareashascloseconnectionwithglobalwarming.(LIUJian-gangetal.,2021)(Huangetal.2021.DiagnosisoftheSevereDroughtinAutumn/Winter2021-2021inYunnanProvince.TROPICALGEOGRAPHY.31(1):28-33.)DroughtDistributioninYunnanMiraclesofHaniRiceTerracesHongheHaniandYiAutonomousPrefectureisoneofthemostdroughtarea,however,theHaniRiceTerracesstillhadplentyofwatertomeetthedifferentdemands.AccordingtoStatisticBureauofYunnanProvince,thetotalgrainyieldofHonghePrefecturewassurprisinglynotaffectedbythedroughtdisasterandevenmoreamazingisthatthetotalgrainyieldinHaniRiceTerraceshadrisenfor1-2%.Thisincrediblephenomenonattractsmanyscientistsandmedia.CCTV-1“FocusInterview〞:Anti-Drought:InspirationfromHaniRiceTerracesCCTV-7“AgriculturalSci.&Tech.〞:SecretofHaniRiceTerracesCCTV-10“ChineseGeography〞:LadderstotheHeavenSpectacularWondersAboutHaniRiceTerracesAlonghistoryformorethan1300years.OnlyinHonghePrefecture,itcoversanareaofabout70,000ha.ItwaslistedinthecandidatecatalogueofWorldCulturalHeritagein2006,intheNationalWetlandParksListin2007,andintheGIAHSListin2021.WeshouldstudythescientificmechanismshiddeninthebeautifulandspectacularsystemanddeeplyunderstandtheHaniRiceTerraces:landscape,biodiversity,culture,soilandwatermanagement……FourreasonstorelievetheseveredroughtRationaleco-landscapestructureSuitablewaterconservationwoodsPerfectwatersystemIngeniouswatermanagementapproaches“Forest-Village-Terrace-River〞Landscape(“Four-in-One〞System)Rationaleco-landscapeSuitablewaterconservationwoodsForestsonthetopofthemountainsarehelpfulinwaterconservationthroughinterception,stemflowandsoilstoragewhichalteredthespatialpatternofrainfallbelowthecanopy,influencedinfiltratingwaterandconservationofwatersupply.ElevationForestVillageTerraceRiverAlder(Alnusnepalensis),aspecialanddominanttreespeciesplaysanimportantroleinwaterconservationthroughitsuniquerootnodulesandwelldevelopedrootsystems.Inafieldexperiment,asmallpuddlewasdugonthegroundundertheAlnusnepalensistrees,after2hoursthepuddlewasfullofwater,whichsuccessfullyproveditshighwaterretention.PerfectwatersystemTheHanipeopleutilizeandmanagewaterresourcesinaunique,simple,economicalandefficientmanner.“Ditch-leader-system〞and“Carved-Stone-water〞ensureequitableandlogicalwaterdistributionforirrigationandflowfromoneplottoanother.IngeniouswatermanagementTheHaniworshipofnatureultimatelyembodiesintheworshipofthetree.Hanirespecttreesasgodssafeguardingandblessingthem.Thereareatleastoneplotofmagicwoodsorsacredforestsinavillage.InHani,treerepresentsthenatureandthereareaseriesofannualreligiousactivitiesworshipingthetreedeity.WaterBalanceAnalysis

(QuanfuVillagesmallwatershed)全福莊小流域的2005-2006降水量為1555.8mm,蒸發(fā)量為929.4mmWaterBalanceEquationQr＋Qg＝Qd＋Qe＋Qt＋Qp＋QrQr——InputWater,includingrainfall,fogs,etc.Qg——GroundWaterQd——DischargeWateroutofthewatershedQe——EvapotranspirationQt——WaterstorageinTerracesQp——WaterStorageinPondsQr——WaterStorageinReservoirs Qr＋Qg=(10.4475+4.0981)*104m3/a=14.5456*106m3/a Qd＋Qe＋Qt＋Qp＋Qr=(10.9896+2.5372+0.5460+0.1820+0.0567)*103m3/a＝14.3115*103m3/aOneinspirationTraditional(agricultural)knowledge(system)doesn’tmeanslegbehindwhichcouldprovideusefulreferencesformodernagriculturaldevelopment.GLOBALLYIMPORTANTAGRICULTURAL

HERITAGESYSTEMSWhatareGIAHS?“Remarkablelandusesystemsandlandscapeswhicharerichinbiologicaldiversityevolvingfromtheco-adaptationofaruralcommunity/populationwithitsenvironmentanditsneedsandaspirationsforsustainabledevelopment(FAO,2002)〞HOW?AtGloballevelbyidentification,selectionandrecognitionofGIAHSthroughapriorinformedconsentandpolicycommitmentAtNationallevelbycapacitybuildinginpolicy,regulatoryandincentivemechanismstosafeguardtheseoutstandingsystemsandusethemassustainabilitybenchmarksystemsAtLocalLevelbyempowermentoflocalcommunitiesandtechnicalassistanceforsustainableresourcemanagement,promotingtraditionalknowledgeandenhancingviabilityofthesesystemsthrougheconomicincentivesExamplesofGIAHS:MountainriceterraceagroecosystemsMultiplecropping/pol