心血管影像檢查在心衰患者中適宜性應(yīng)用

第5種情況：HF的重復(fù)評估CRAUIHFHF患者AUI施了評級，評估了每種模式的臨床適應(yīng)癥和影像參數(shù)對每種臨床適應(yīng)癥重要性的證據(jù)。因此，本文件開發(fā)的方法突出了當(dāng)前ACRACCF2供有意義的增量信息嗎?這個循證文件提供了這種努力的結(jié)果。HF概6萬新診斷的HF患者（7。50%（7在美國每年與HF相關(guān)的醫(yī)療費用超過392億美元（7。曾報道醫(yī)學(xué)影像是醫(yī)療費用增長1/3（8用率在下降，這可能反映了鼓勵適宜性使用影像的持續(xù)努力（9。一般來說，ACCF/AHA指南對HF的管理和預(yù)防提供了深度信息（10。HF影像評估的主要對HF患者確立適宜性使用影像的方（AQA）原則”中的適宜性的定義（12A此原則是“醫(yī)師績效選擇措施AQA參數(shù)”總則中是一個合理的人選（12A。3D于評級者做出這兩種情況的區(qū)別。在某些情況下，缺血負(fù)荷的評估（即第2種情況)可與心4具體來說，要求每個評級小組成員通過以下步驟開展他們的個人評級1234審查HF影像檢查的所有臨床情況/適應(yīng)首先通過適宜性水平為每一種影像模式對應(yīng)每一種適應(yīng)癥評級（適宜/可能適宜適宜（在下一節(jié)描述新疑似或潛結(jié)構(gòu)和功能基線評MI相關(guān)與產(chǎn)業(yè)和其他實體的關(guān)55種臨床情HF的重復(fù)評4種臨床情裝置治療的考慮和隨血運重建前心肌活性/缺血負(fù)荷評考慮血運重建的HF評未被涵蓋（見評論非缺血性HF病因2種臨床情缺血性HF病因評未明確病因的確診1種臨床情況基于可用的證據(jù),評級小組成員為一種特定的臨床情況/適應(yīng)癥，按1-9組修改。由評級小組（適宜的、不確定的、和不適宜的）使用的新術(shù)語類似于UCLARAND的適宜性方法分類（11），但是正如在文件的其余部分和在會議期間與評級小組所討論的，澄適宜的積分7-9可能適宜的積分4-6很少適宜的積分1-3關(guān)的內(nèi)容，這些已呈現(xiàn)在ACCF/ACR方法學(xué)文件中（1。6（CMR（SPECT（PET第1種臨床情況：對新疑似或潛在HF心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的初始HF的主要癥狀是由于液體潴留的各種組合（表現(xiàn)為肺充血及/或外周水腫）困難、疲勞及運動不耐受（10。HF的癥狀也可伴隨有體征如心臟雜音,頸靜脈壓增高，肺部中，由于受損的心室收縮、松弛、充盈或排空能力的任何障礙所致（10。雖然HF可能是由（10，17）（1（10，19，20（10，21較低的LVEF與預(yù)后不良相關(guān)（22-25。2.LVEF7常而舒張功能異常的HF患者（33，34，并可預(yù)測將來的預(yù)后不良（35-37。CMR（37A（38對心肌灌注、心肌活性和纖維化的顯像，可能有助于識別病因和評估預(yù)后（39。用CMR行LV質(zhì)量定量檢查可預(yù)測HF患者將來的危險（40。CMR的一個重要優(yōu)勢是對心臟及其周圍結(jié)構(gòu)各個方面解剖的高分辨率（41。這已導(dǎo)致其被推薦用于確診或疑似復(fù)雜性先天性心臟病的患者（42。CMR的準(zhǔn)確性及其在瓣膜功能初始評估中的應(yīng)用看來是根本性的，雖然有些問題目（43，44放射核素心室造影別有用的。由于應(yīng)用這種技術(shù)可以定量，故其有較高的可重復(fù)性（46。已有報道LV容量的系列RNV測量，可追蹤對HF患者的各種治療干預(yù)的效果（47-49。RNV是一種在今天不如過去8能做一次無創(chuàng)評估（C。ACC/AHASTEMI（51A）Ⅱa類推1表對于新疑似或潛在HF心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的初始評慢性缺血性心臟?。–IHD）的患病日益增多，反映了急性冠脈事件（如AMI）率改善的巨大成就，結(jié)合一般人口的老齡化（2-6），已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了HF能做一次無創(chuàng)評估（C。ACC/AHASTEMI（51A）Ⅱa類推1表對于新疑似或潛在HF心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的初始評慢性缺血性心臟?。–IHD）的患病日益增多，反映了急性冠脈事件（如AMI）率改善的巨大成就，結(jié)合一般人口的老齡化（2-6），已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了HF患病率升高。根據(jù)在隨機(jī)治療試驗中患者的登記，約2/3的患者其HF癥狀的原因為缺血性（52。因此，識別出潛在的9適應(yīng)癥導(dǎo)管新疑似或潛在HF癥狀?氣短或?運動耐量降低或?液體潴留的癥狀和HF所見?胸BNP、pro-BNP)異常或HF的體征?灌注受損的證據(jù)或?容量負(fù)荷過的證據(jù)AAMRARRRRMR惡性腫瘤?當(dāng)前或計劃心臟毒性藥物治療和?先前未行影估AARRARRRRRR一級親屬中家族性或遺傳性擴(kuò)張型心肌AMRRARRRRRR已知的成人先天性心臟AMRRARRRRMMAMI?初始住院時左室功能評AMMRAMMRRRA（53，54（55（541234研究為特征的，這些影像模式可證實診斷性能和另外的預(yù)后系列（56。最近發(fā)表的評價藥物治療與手術(shù)血運重建的STITCH（缺血性HF的手術(shù)治療）試驗（57），提供了血運重建在心泛的研究。CMR已在小樣本進(jìn)行了研究，用于評估HF患者的負(fù)荷室壁運動（61。高分辨率的（62，63持這持這樣的概念，即有呼吸困難被提交行負(fù)荷心肌灌注顯像（MPI）的患者是高危的（56。使用SPECT顯像的一種獲益是除了包括視覺（定性）和定量測量在內(nèi)的MPI測量外（65），增加（40型的冠脈造影（B。Ⅱa類推Ⅱb類推Ⅱa類推的，除非患者不適宜做任何形式的血運重建（20（B。Ⅱb類推功能不全的患者為明確表2（79，并被認(rèn)為由所致。做這樣一種區(qū)別的重要意義在于如果存在足夠的心肌活性（1234567表2（79，并被認(rèn)為由所致。做這樣一種區(qū)別的重要意義在于如果存在足夠的心肌活性（1234567適應(yīng)單靜靜息+負(fù)導(dǎo)心絞痛/心肌缺血等危綜合MRRMMAAAAAA沒有心絞痛/心肌缺血等危綜合MRRMMAAAAMA（80，81使用多巴酚丁胺UCG檢測收縮力儲備，經(jīng)UCG度降低（平均31%）的患者（76），可檢出有功能恢復(fù)高度可能性的心肌節(jié)段。在左室壁變薄的患者中，收縮力儲備可能受限（82。CMR檢出冬眠心肌和LV心肌功能改善。梗死后用藥物負(fù)荷CMR行危險分層的數(shù)據(jù)也已可用（85。多巴酚丁胺負(fù)荷CMR對診斷CAD也是有用的（86。此外，在小型觀察性研究（87，88）中，已經(jīng)顯示CMR可證實在2項隨機(jī)試驗中，一項氟脫氧葡萄糖(FDG)-PET運重建決策的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢查相比較（(PARR1PARR2[正電子發(fā)射斷層掃描和血運重建后的恢復(fù)試驗1和2（91，9。這些研究表明,心肌存活進(jìn)行了血運重建的患者有心肌功能改善的明（94。（9596CCTACC地/AHA對于有CABG（BⅡa類推對于有1對于有1或2支冠脈病變、LAD表3（在缺血性病因SPECT(EFMRAAAAAAAMR心室功能中度降低(EFMRMAAAAMAM1對于有1或2支冠脈病變、LAD表3（在缺血性病因SPECT(EFMRAAAAAAAMR心室功能中度降低(EFMRMAAAAMAMR心室功能輕度降低(EFMRMMAAAAAMR第4種臨床情況：對植入性心臟復(fù)律除顫器（ICD）/心臟再同步化治療（RT）的考慮和隨訪的最常見的心律（10，97。HF的心源性猝死率可通過使用ICD而降低（98。（10，98123451234LEF817CRT與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的藥物治療相比，還可降低因NYHA心功能III-IV級HF109（1098110111目前，在考慮ICD或CRT裝置植入的情況下，影像檢查的主要原因是，首先，證實1234考慮ICD植入的心血管影像主要是根據(jù)對LV收縮功能的評估。在SCD-HeFT（（112114ICD和CRT植入后——隨訪影像檢（119，120（119，120的患者，并未顯示臨床獲益（121。（122，123（124，125CMR已被證明能可靠地使LV收縮功能顯像，但至今對要考慮ICD植入的患的患者，特別是靠近導(dǎo)線植入的區(qū)域，用CRT沒能證明臨床改善（129。一項研RNV和門控（46，112而且作為CAD評估的一部分具有高度的可重復(fù)性（65。對植入了CRT的患者，已（130（131，13211HF患者為延長生存率行二級預(yù)防：A目前或既往有HF癥狀；BLVEF1心室不同步（定義為QRS波時限≥0.12s，CRT（聯(lián)用或不聯(lián)用ICD。表4植入ICD/CRTR評估確定患者候選資格(133)AAMRARRRRMRRRRRRRRRRRR植入后的隨訪?心律失常狀態(tài)沒有變化?適宜的ICDARMRRRRRRMRARMRRRRRRRR初始評估確定患者候選資格(133)?滿足已發(fā)表的AAMRARRRRMR裝置資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?候選資格需評估ARRRARRRRARBLVEF1心室不同步（定義為QRS波時限≥0.12s，CRT（聯(lián)用或不聯(lián)用ICD。表4植入ICD/CRTR評估確定患者候選資格(133)AAMRARRRRMRRRRRRRRRRRR植入后的隨訪?心律失常狀態(tài)沒有變化?適宜的ICDARMRRRRRRMRARMRRRRRRRR初始評估確定患者候選資格(133)?滿足已發(fā)表的AAMRARRRRMR裝置資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?候選資格需評估ARRRARRRRAR植入后早期(<6AMMRRRRRRMRMRRRRRRRRRRHF的重復(fù)評1冠狀動脈異常（包括動脈粥樣硬化病變心室整體收縮功能不全（包括EF降低瓣膜功能不全（狹窄/反流/其它異常1234567能可靠地證明在藥物治療后LVEF的變化（134-138。然而，對臨床情況沒有變化（64，139門控（64139量的作用（47-49。心室整體收縮功能不全（包括EF降低瓣膜功能不全（狹窄/反流/其它異常1234567能可靠地證明在藥物治療后LVEF的變化（134-138。然而，對臨床情況沒有變化（64，139門控（64139量的作用（47-49。重構(gòu)的嚴(yán)重程度對提供信息可能是有用的（C。表5HF的重復(fù)評癥TCUPMCERGTTAMMMMAAMMMAHF和AMMRMAAMMMMRRRRRRRRRRRMRRRRRRRRRR中度(EF30%-39%)、和輕度(EF40%-49%)來提供分層的推薦。應(yīng)當(dāng)指出的是，療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)因此UCG和CMR被認(rèn)為對患者選擇是有用的此外CMR和CCT被評為1CarrJ.J.,HendelR.C.,WhiteR.D.;2013Appropriateutilizationofcardiovascularimaging:amethodologyforthedevelopmentofjointcriteriafortheappropriateutilizationofcardiovascularimagingbytheAmericanCollegeofCardiologyFoundationandAmericanCollegeofRadiology.JAmCollCardiol.BarkerW.H.,MulloolyJ.P.,GetchellW.;Changingincidenceandsurvivalforheartfailureinawell-definedolderpopulation,1970–1974and1990–1994.Circulation.2006;113:799-805.CrossRef|PubMedLoehrL.R.,RosamondW.D.,ChangP.P.;Heartfailureincidenceandsurvival(fromtheAtherosclerosisRiskin4KannelW.B.,BelangerA.J.;Epidemiologyofheartfailure.AmHeartJ.1991;121:951-957.CrossRef|FoxK.A.,StegP.G.,EagleK.A.;Declineinratesofdeathandheartfailureinacutecoronarysyndromes,1999–2006.JAMA.2007;297:1892-1900.CrossRef|PubMedMasoudiF.A.,HavranekE.P.,KrumholzH.M.;Theburdenofchroniccongestiveheartfailureinolderpersons:magnitudeimplicationsforpolicyandresearch.HeartFailRev.2002;7:9-16.CrossRef|7Lloyd-JonesD.,AdamsR.J.,BrownT.M.;Heartdiseaseandstrokestatistics—2010update:areportfromtheAmericanAssociation.Circulation.2010;121:e46-e215.CrossRef|8U.S.GovernmentAccountabilityOffice,MedicarePartBImagingServices:RapidSpendingGrowthandShifttoPhysicianIndicateNeedforCMStoConsiderAdditionalManagementPractices.GAOReportGAO-08-452.9ShawL.J.,MinJ.K.,HachamovitchR.;Cardiovascularimagingresearchatthecrossroads.JAmCollCardiol10HuntS.A.,AbrahamW.T.,ChinM.H.;2009focusedupdateincorporatedintotheACC/AHA2005guidelinesforthediagnosisandmanagementofheartfailureinadultsareportoftheAmericanCollegeofCardiologyFoundation/AmericanHeartAssociationForceonPracticeGuidelines.JAmCollCardiol.2009;53:e1-e90.CrossRef|FitchK.,BernsteinS.J.,AguilarM.D.;TheRAND/UCLAAppropriatenessMethodUser'sAmericanCollegeofRadiology,OverviewfortheDiagnosticModalityAccreditationProgram.RevisedApril13AQAPrinciplesforAppropriatenessCriteria.PerformanceMeasurementWorkgroup.June2009,Available14AQAParametersforSelectingMeasuresforPhysicianandOtherClinicianPerformance.PerformanceMeasurementWorkgroup.Alliance.June2009,Available15ICACTLStandardsforComputedTomography(CT)LaboratoryOperations.Alliance.June2009,Available15ICACTLStandardsforComputedTomography(CT)LaboratoryOperations.Availableat:/ct/.September1,16ICAMRLStandardsforAccreditationinMagneticResonanceImagingOperations.Availableat:/mri/.AccessedSeptember1,2010.17ICANLStandardsforNuclearCardiology,NuclearMedicineandPETAccreditation.AvailableAccessedSeptember1,ICAELStandardsforAccreditationinAdultEchocardiographyTesting.Availableat:/echo/.AccessedSeptember1,2010.FrancisG.S.,PierpontG.L.;Pathophysiologyofcongestiveheartfailuresecondarytocongestiveandischemic20StevensS.M.,Farzaneh-FarR.,NaB.;Developmentofanechocardiographicrisk-stratificationindextopredictheartfailurepatientswithstablecoronaryarterydisease:theHeartandSoulstudy.JAmCollCardiolImg.2009;2:11-21D.W.,J.M.,J.S.;CardiovascularHealthStudyResearchGroup.AmJ22MasoudiF.A.,HavranekE.P.,SmithG.;Gender,age,andheartfailurewithpreservedleftventricularsystolicfunction.JAmCardiol.2003;41:217-223.CrossRef|FonsecaC.,MoraisH.,MotaT.;Thediagnosisofheartfailureinprimarycare:valueofsymptomsandsigns.EurJHeartFail.KeoghA.M.,BaronD.W.,HickieJ.B.;PrognosticguidesinpatientswithidiopathicorischemicdilatedcardiomyopathyQuinonesM.A.,GreenbergB.H.,KopelenH.A.;EchocardiographicpredictorsofclinicaloutcomeinpatientswithleftventriculardysfunctionenrolledintheSOLVDregistryandtrials:significanceofleftventricularhypertrophy.JAmCollCardiol.2000;35:1237-1244.CrossRef|PubMedCurtisJ.P.,SokolS.I.,WangY.;Theassociationofleftventricularejectionfraction,mortality,andcauseofdeathinoutpatientswithheartfailure.JAmCollCardiol.2003;42:736-742.CrossRef|27SolomonS.D.,AnavekarN.,SkaliH.;Influenceofejectionfractiononcardiovascularoutcomesinabroadspectrumoffailurepatients.Circulation.2005;112:3738-3744.CrossRef|PubMed28Deletedinproof.29GardinJ.M.,McClellandR.,KitzmanD.;M-modeechocardiographicpredictorsofsix-toseven-yearincidenceofcoronarydisease,stroke,congestiveheartfailure,andmortalityinanelderlycohort(theCardiovascularHealthStudy).AmJAurigemmaG.P.,GottdienerJ.S.,ShemanskiL.;Predictivevalueofsystolicanddiastolicfunctionforincidentcongestiveheartfailureintheelderly:thecardiovascularhealthstudy.JAmCollCardiol.2001;37:1042-1048.CrossRef|PubMedLimT.K.,AshrafianH.,DwivediG.;Increasedleftatrialvolumeindexisanindependentpredictorofraisedserumpeptideinpatientswithsuspectedheartfailurebutnormalleftventricularejectionfraction:implicationfordiagnosisofdiastolicfailure.EurJHeartFail.2006;8:38-45.CrossRef|32ChenA.A.,WoodM.J.,KrauserD.G.;NT-proBNPlevels,echocardiographicfindings,andoutcomesinbreathlesspatients:resultsfromtheProBNPInvestigationofDyspnoeaintheEmergencyDepartment(PRIDE)echocardiographicsubstudy.EurHeart33GrayburnP.A.,AppletonC.P.,DeMariaA.N.;Echocardiographicpredictorsofmorbidityandmortalityinpatientswithheartfailure:theBeta-blockerEvaluationofSurvivalTrial(BEST).JAmCollCardiol.2005;45:1064-1071.CrossRef|34FrancisC.M.,CaruanaL.,KearneyP.;Openaccessechocardiographyinmanagementofheartfailureinthecommunity.35WhalleyG.A.,WrightS.P.,PearlA.;Prognosticroleofechocardiographyand35WhalleyG.A.,WrightS.P.,PearlA.;Prognosticroleofechocardiographyandbrainnatriureticpeptideinsymptomaticpatientsinthecommunity.EurHeartJ.2008;29:509-516.CrossRef|36MelenovskyV.,BorlaugB.A.,RosenB.;CardiovascularfeaturesofheartfailurewithpreservedejectionfractionversusnonfailinghypertensiveleftventricularhypertrophyintheurbanBaltimorecommunity:theroleofatrialremodeling/dysfunction.J37PerssonH.,LonnE.,EdnerM.;Diastolicdysfunctioninheartfailurewithpreservedsystolicfunction:needforevidence:resultsfromtheCHARMEchocardiographicSubstudy-CHARMES.JAmCollCardiol.2007;49:687-694.CrossRef|DavisB.R.,KostisJ.B.,SimpsonL.M.;HeartfailurewithpreservedandreducedleftventricularejectionfractionintheAntihypertensiveandLipid-LoweringTreatmenttoPreventHeartAttackTrial.Circulation.2008;118:2259-2267.CrossRef|PubMedStJohnS.M.,PfefferM.A.,MoyeL.;Cardiovasculardeathandleftventricularremodelingtwoyearsaftermyocardialbaselinepredictorsandimpactoflong-termuseofcaptopril:informationfromtheSurvivalandVentricularEnlargement(SAVE)40HundleyW.G.,BluemkeD.A.,FinnJ.P.;ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR2010expertconsensusdocumentoncardiovascularmagneticresonance:areportoftheAmericanCollegeofCardiologyFoundationTaskForceonExpertConsensusDocuments.JAm41JenkinsC.,MoirS.,ChanJ.;Leftventricularvolumemeasurementwithechocardiography:acomparisonofleftopacification,three-dimensionalechocardiography,orbothwithmagneticresonanceimaging.EurHeartJ.2009;30:98-42Valle-MunozA.,Estornell-ErillJ.,Soriano-NavarroC.J.;Lategadoliniumenhancement-cardiovascularmagneticresonanceidentifiescoronaryarterydiseaseastheaetiologyofleftventriculardysfunctioninacutenew-onsetcongestiveheartfailure.Eur43BluemkeD.A.,KronmalR.A.,LimaJ.A.;Therelationshipofleftventricularmassandgeometrytoincidentcardiovascularevents:theMESA(Multi-EthnicStudyofAtherosclerosis)study.JAmCollCardiol.2008;52:2148-2155.CrossRef|PubMed44J.,M.;Cardiovascularmagneticresonanceinpericardialdiseases.JCardiovascMagn45WarnesC.A.,WilliamsR.G.,BashoreT.M.;ACC/AHA2008guidelinesforthemanagementofadultswithcongenitaldisease:areportoftheAmericanCollegeofCardiology/AmericanHeartAssociationTaskForceonPracticeGuidelinesCommitteetoDevelopGuidelinesontheManagementofAdultsWithCongenitalHeartDisease).JAmCollCardiol.2008;52:e1-e121.CrossRef|PubMed46NicholsK.J.,VanT.A.,WangY.;AutomateddetectionofleftventriculardyskinesisbygatedbloodpoolSPECT.Nucl47AtchleyA.E.,KitzmanD.W.,WhellanD.J.;Myocardialperfusion,function,anddyssynchronyinpatientswithheartbaselineresultsfromthesingle-photonemissioncomputedtomographyimagingancillarystudyoftheHeartFailureandAControlledTrialInvestigatingOutcomesofExerciseTraiNing(HF-ACTION)trial.AmHeartJ.2009;158:S53-S63.CrossRef|PubMed48KonstamM.A.,KramerD.G.,PatelA.R.;Leftventricularremodelinginheartfailure:currentconceptsinclinicalandassessment.JAmCollCardiolImg.2011;4:98-49vanRoyenN.,JaffeC.C.,KrumholzH.M.;Comparisonandreproducibilityofvisualechocardiographicandradionuclideleftventricularejectionfractions.AmJCardiol.1996;77:843-850.CrossRef|50UdelsonJ.E.,FeldmanA.M.,GreenbergB.;Randomized,double-blind,multicenter,placebo-controlledstudyevaluatingtheeffectofaldosteroneantagonismwitheplerenoneonventricularremodelinginpatientswithmild-to-moderateheartfailureandleft51VizzardiE.,D'AloiaA.,GiubbiniR.;EffectofspironolactoneonleftventricularejectionfractionandvolumesinpatientsclassIorIIheartfailure.AmJCardiol.2010;106:1292-1296.CrossRef|52RizzelloV.,PoldermansD.,BiaginiE.;Prognosisofpatientswithischaemiccardiomyopathyaftercoronary5353ChanderA.,BrennerM.,LautamakiR.;Comparisonofmeasuresofleftventricularfunctionfromelectrocardiographically82RbPETwithcontrast-enhancedCTventriculography:ahybridPET/CTanalysis.JNuclMed.2008;49:1643-1650.CrossRef54BaimD.,GrossmanW.;Grossman'sCardiacCatheterization,Angiography,andIntervention.55AntmanE.M.,HandM.,ArmstrongP.W.;2007focusedupdateoftheACC/AHA2004guidelinesforthemanagementof56GheorghiadeM.,BonowR.O.;ChronicheartfailureintheUnitedStates:amanifestationofcoronaryarterydisease.57ShawL.J.,BermanD.S.,MaronD.J.;Optimalmedicaltherapywithorwithoutpercutaneouscoronaryinterventiontoreduceischemicburden:resultsfromtheClinicalOutcomesUtilizingRevascularizationandAggressiveDrugEvaluation(COURAGE)58HachamovitchR.,HayesS.W.,FriedmanJ.D.;Comparisonoftheshort-termsurvivalbenefitassociatedwithcomparedwithmedicaltherapyinpatientswithnopriorcoronaryarterydiseaseundergoingstressmyocardialperfusionsinglephotonemissioncomputedtomography.Circulation.2003;107:2900-2907.CrossRef|PubMed59DouglasP.S.,TaylorA.,BildD.;Outcomesresearchincardiovascularimaging:reportofaworkshopsponsoredbytheHeart,Lung,andBloodInstitute.JAmCollCardiolImg.2009;2:897-60AbidovA.,RozanskiA.,HachamovitchR.;Prognosticsignificanceofdyspneainpatientsreferredforcardiacstresstesting.EnglJMed.2005;353:1889-1898.CrossRef|61VelazquezE.J.,LeeK.L.,O'ConnorC.M.;TherationaleanddesignoftheSurgicalTreatmentforIschemicHeartFailure62ElhendyA.,SozziF.,vanDomburgR.T.;Effectofmyocardialischemiaduringdobutaminestressechocardiographyonmortalityinpatientswithheartfailuresecondarytoischemiccardiomyopathy.AmJCardiol.2005;96:469-473.CrossRef|MaskounW.,MustafaN.,MahenthiranJ.;Wallmotionabnormalitieswithlow-dosedobutaminepredictahighriskofcardiacdeathinmedicallytreatedpatientswithischemiccardiomyopathy.ClinCardiol.2009;32:403-409.CrossRef|PubMedSozziF.B.,ElhendyA.,RizzelloV.;Prognosticsignificanceofakinesisbecomingdyskinesisduringdobutamine65Dall'ArmellinaE.,MorganT.M.,MandapakaS.;Predictionofcardiaceventsinpatientswithreducedleftventricularfractionwithdobutaminecardiovascularmagneticresonanceassessmentofwallmotionscoreindex.JAmCollCardiol.2008;52:279-286.CrossRef|PubMed66YokokawaM.,TadaH.,ToyamaT.;Magneticresonanceimagingissuperiortocardiacscintigraphytoidentifynonresponders67R.,A.,V.;Comparisonofdiagnosticandprognosticvalueofelectrocardiographiccriteriatodelayed-enhancementmagneticresonanceimagingforhealedmyocardialinfarction.AmJCardiol.2009;103:464-470.CrossRef|PubMed68Deletedin69VaduganathanP.,HeZ.X.,VickG.W.;Evaluationofleftventricularwallmotion,volumes,andejectionfractionbymyocardialtomographywithtechnetium99m-labeledtetrofosmin:acomparisonwithcinemagneticresonanceimaging.JNucl70ClelandJ.G.,PennellD.J.,RayS.G.;Myocardialviabilityasadeterminantoftheejectionfractionresponsetocarvedilolinpatientswithheartfailure(CHRISTMAStrial):randomisedcontrolledtrial.Lancet.2003;362:14-21.CrossRef|PubMed71SomanP.,LahiriA.,MieresJ.H.;Etiologyandpathophysiologyofnew-onsetheartfailure:evaluationbymyocardialimaging.JNuclCardiol.2009;16:82-91.CrossRef|72RangeF.T.,PaulM.,SchafersK.P.;Myocardialperfusioninnonischemicdilatedcardiomyopathywithandwithout73FeolaM.,BiggiA.,ChauvieS.;Myocardialscarand73FeolaM.,BiggiA.,ChauvieS.;Myocardialscarandinsulinresistancepredictcardiovasculareventsinseveremyocardialdysfunction:aperfusion-metabolismpositronemissiontomographystudy.NuclMedCommun.2008;29:448-74TuunanenH.,EngblomE.,NaumA.;Freefattyaciddepletionacutelydecreasescardiacworkandefficiencyincardiomyopathicheartfailure.Circulation.2006;114:2130-2137.CrossRef|PubMed75ThompsonK.,SaabG.,BirnieD.;Isseptalglucosemetabolismalteredinpatientswithleftbundlebranchblockandcardiomyopathy?.JNuclMed.2006;47:1763-BudoffM.J.,ShavelleD.M.,LamontD.H.;Usefulnessofelectronbeamcomputedtomographyscanningfordistinguishingischemicfromnonischemiccardiomyopathy.JAmCollCardiol.1998;32:1173-1178.CrossRef|PubMedAndreiniD.,PontoneG.,PepiM.;Diagnosticaccuracyofmultidetectorcomputedtomographycoronaryangiographyin78CornilyJ.C.,GilardM.,LeGalG.;Accuracyof16-detectormultislicespiralcomputedtomographyintheinitialevaluationdilatedcardiomyopathy.EurJRadiol.2007;61:84-90.CrossRef|PubMed79Deletedinproof.80AldermanE.L.,FisherL.D.,LitwinP.;Resultsofcoronaryarterysurgeryinpatientswithpoorleftventricularfunction81FoxK.F.,CowieM.R.,WoodD.A.;Coronaryarterydiseaseasthecauseofincidentheartfailureinthepopulation.EurHeart82ArquesS.,AmbrosiP.,GelisseR.;Prevalenceofangiographiccoronaryarterydiseaseinpatientshospitalizedforacutediastolicheartfailurewithoutclinicalandelectrocardiographicevidenceofmyocardialischemiaonadmission.AmJCardiol.RahimtoolaS.H.,LaCannaG.,FerrariR.;Hibernatingmyocardium:anotherpieceofthepuzzlefallsintoplace.JAmCollCardiol.2006;47:978-980.CrossRef|PubMedAllmanK.C.,ShawL.J.,HachamovitchR.;Myocardialviabilitytestingandimpactofrevascularizationonprognosisin85BaxJ.J.,PoldermansD.,ElhendyA.;Improvementofleftventricularejectionfraction,heartfailuresymptomsandafterrevascularizationinpatientswithchroniccoronaryarterydiseaseandviablemyocardiumdetectedbydobutamine86PedoneC.,BaxJ.J.,vanDomburgR.T.;Long-termprognosticvalueofejectionfractionchangesduringdobutamine-atropinestressechocardiography.CoronArteryDis.2005;16:309-313.CrossRef|PubMed87KimR.J.,WuE.,RafaelA.;Theuseofcontrast-enhancedmagneticresonanceimagingtoidentifyreversibledysfunction.NEnglJMed.2000;343:1445-1453.CrossRef|SelvanayagamJ.B.,KardosA.,FrancisJ.M.;Valueofdelayed-enhancementcardiovascularmagneticresonanceimaginginpredictingmyocardialviabilityaftersurgicalrevascularization.Circulation.2004;110:1535-1541.CrossRef|PubMedJahnkeC.,NagelE.,GebkerR.;Prognosticvalueofcardiacmagneticresonancestresstests:adenosinestressperfusion90WahlA.,PaetschI.,GolleschA.;Safetyandfeasibilityofhigh-dosedobutamine-atropinestresscardiovascularresonancefordiagnosisofmyocardialischaemia:experiencein1000consecutivecases.EurHeartJ.2004;25:1230-1236.CrossRef|91WagnerA.,MahrholdtH.,HollyT.A.;Contrast-enhancedMRIandroutinesinglephotonemissioncomputed(SPECT)perfusionimagingfordetectionofsubendocardialmyocardialinfarcts:animagingstudy.92RoesS.D.,KaandorpT.A.,MarsanN.A.;Agreementanddisagreementbetweencontrast-enhancedmagneticresonanceandnuclearimagingforassessmentofmyocardialviability.EurJNuclMedMolImaging.2009;36:594-601.CrossRef|93InabaY.,ChenJ.A.,BergmannS.R.;Quantityofviable93InabaY.,ChenJ.A.,BergmannS.R.;Quantityofviablemyocardiumrequiredtoimprovesurvivalwithrevascularizationpatientswithischemiccardiomyopathy:ameta-analysis.JNuclCardiol.2010;17:646-654.CrossRef|DeletedinBeanlandsR.S.,RuddyT.D.,deKempR.A.;Positronemissiontomographyandrecoveryfollowingrevascularization(PARR-1):theimportanceofscarandthedevelopmentofapredictionruleforthedegreeofrecoveryofleftventricularfunction.JAmCollCardiol.96BeanlandsR.S.,NicholG.,HusztiE.;F-18-fluorodeoxyglucosepositronemissiontomographyimaging-assistedmanagementpatientswithsevereleftventriculardysfunctionandsuspectedcoronarydisease:arandomized,controlledtrial(PARR-2).JAmCollCardiol.2007;50:2002-2012.CrossRef|PubMed97SlartR.H.,BaxJ.J.,deBoerJ.;Comparisonof99mTc-sestamibi/18FDGDISASPECTwithPETforthedetectionofviabilitypatientswithcoronaryarterydiseaseandleftventriculardysfunction.EurJNuclMedMolImaging.2005;32:972-979.CrossRef|98SiebelinkH.M.,BlanksmaP.K.,CrijnsH.J.;Nodifferenceincardiacevent-freesurvivalbetweenpositrontomography-guidedandsingle-photonemissioncomputedtomography-guidedpatientmanagement:aprospective,randomizedcomparisonofpatientswithsuspicionofjeopardizedmyocardium.JAmCollCardiol.2001;37:81-88.CrossRef|PubMed99MendozaD.D.,JoshiS.B.,WeissmanG.;Viabilityimagingbycardiaccomputedtomography.JCardiovascComput100lePolaindeWarouxJ.B.,PouleurA.C.,GoffinetC.;Combinedcoronaryandlate-enhancedmultidetector-tomographyfordelineationoftheetiologyofleftventriculardysfunction:comparisonwithcoronaryangiographyandcontrast-enhancedcardiacmagneticresonanceimaging.EurHeartJ.2008;29:2544-2551.CrossRef|PubMed101LuuM.,StevensonW.G.,StevensonL.W.;DiversemechanismsofunexpectedcardiacarrestinadvancedheartAndersonJ.L.,AdamsC.D.,AntmanE.M.;2011ACCF/AHAfocusedupdateincorporatedintotheACC/AHA2007guidelinesforthemanagementofpatientswithunstableangina/non–ST-elevationmyocardialinfarction:areportoftheAmericanCollegeofCardiologyFoundation/AmericanHeartAssociationTaskForceonPracticeGuidelines.JAmCollCardiol.2011;57:e215-e367.PubMedEpsteinA.E.,DiMarcoJ.P.,EllenbogenK.A.;ACC/AHA/HRS2008guidelinesfordevice-basedtherapyofcardiacabnormalities:areportoftheAmericanCollegeofCardiology/AmericanHeartAssociationTaskForceonPracticeGuidelinesCommitteetoRevisetheACC/AHA/NASPE2002GuidelineUpdateforImplantationofCardiacPacemakersandDevices).JAmCollCardiol.2008;51:e1-e62.CrossRef|104GrinesC.L.,BashoreT.M.,BoudoulasH.;Functionalabnormalitiesinisolatedleftbundlebranchblock.Circulation.1989;79:845-853.CrossRef|PubMed105TakeshitaA.,BastaL.L.,KioschosJ.M.;Effectofintermittentleftbundlebranchblockonleftventricularperformance.AmMed.1974;56:251-255.CrossRef|FriedA.G.,ParkerA.B.,NewtonG.E.;Electricalandhemodynamiccorrelatesofthemaximalrateofpressureincreaseinthehumanleftventricle.JCardFail.1999;5:8-16.CrossRef|PubMedXiaoH.B.,LeeC.H.,GibsonD.G.;Effectofleftbundlebranchblockondiastolicfunctionindilatedcardiomyopathy.Br108 J.A.,S.;Intraventricularconductiondelayandfunctionalmitralregurgitation.AmJ109SilvermanM.E.,PresselM.D.,BrackettJ.C.;Prognosticvalueofthesignal-averagedelectrocardiogramandaprolongedQRSinischemicandnonischemiccardiomyopathy.AmJCardiol.1995;75:460-464.CrossRef|PubMed110XiaoH.B.,RoyC.,FujimotoS.;Naturalhistoryofabnormalconductionanditsrelationtoprognosisinpatientswithcardiomyopathy.IntJCardiol.1996;53:163-170.CrossRef|111ShamimW.,FrancisD.P.,YousufuddinM.;Intraventricularconductiondelay:aprognosticmarkerinchronicheartfailure.Int112ClelandJ.G.,DaubertJ.C.,ErdmannE.;Theeffectofcardiacresynchronizationonmorbidityand112ClelandJ.G.,DaubertJ.C.,ErdmannE.;Theeffectofcardiacresynchronizationonmorbidityandmortalityinheartfailure.EnglJMed.2005;352:1539-1549.CrossRef|BristowM.R.,SaxonL.A.,BoehmerJ.;Cardiac-resynchronizationtherapywithorwithoutanimplantabledefibrillatorinadvancedchronicheartfailure.NEnglJMed.2004;350:2140-2150.CrossRef|PubMedBradleyD.J.,BradleyE.A.,BaughmanK.L.;Cardiacresynchronizationanddeathfromprogressiveheartfailure:meta-analysisofrandomizedcontrolledtrials.JAMA.2003;289:730-740.CrossRef|115SolomonS.D.,FosterE.,BourgounM.;Effectofcardiacresynchronizationtherapyonreverseremodelingandrelation 116TangA.S.,WellsG.A.,TalajicM.;Cardiac-resynchronizationtherapyformild-to-moderateheartfailure.NEnglJ117GulaL.J.,KleinG.J.,HellkampA.S.;Ejectionfractionassessmentandsurvival:ananalysisoftheSuddenCardiacDeathHeartFailureTrial(SCD-HeFT).AmHeartJ.2008;156:1196-118W.T.,W.G.,A.L.;Cardiacresynchronizationinchronicheartfailure.NEnglJ119ClelandJ.,FreemantleN.,GhioS.;Predictingthelong-termeffectsofcardiacresynchronizationtherapyonmortalitybaselinevariablesandtheearlyresponseareportfromtheCARE-HF(CardiacResynchronizationinHeartFailure)trial.JAm120BaxJ.J.,BleekerG.B.,MarwickT.H.;Leftventriculardyssynchronypredictsresponseandprognosisaftercardiacresynchronizationtherapy.JAmCollCardiol.2004;44:1834-1840.CrossRef121PenickaM.,BartunekJ.,DeBruyneB.;ImprovementofleftventricularfunctionaftercardiacresynchronizationtherapypredictedbytissueDopplerimagingechocardiography.Circulation.2004;109:978-ChungE.S.,LeonA.R.,TavazziL.;ResultsofthePredictorsofResponsetoCRT(PROSPECT)trial.Circulation.YpenburgC.,VanBommelR.J.,DelgadoV.;Optimalleftventricularleadpositionpredictsreverseremodelingandaftercardiacresynchronizationtherapy.JAmCollCardiol.2008;52:1402-124SogaardP.,EgebladH.,KimW.Y.;TissueDopplerimagingpredictsimprovedsystolicperformanceandreversedventricularremodelingduringlong-termcardiacresynchronizationtherapy.JAmCollCardiol.2002;40:723-125YuC.M.,FungJ.W.,ZhangQ.;TissueDopplerimagingissuperiortostrainrateimagingandpostsystolicshorteningontheprediction