地鐵文化與藝術(shù)

莫斯科地鐵車廂

紐約地鐵車廂

北京地鐵出入口

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波蘭華沙地鐵出入口

德國地鐵出入口1

德國地鐵出入口2

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法國巴黎地鐵出入口

加拿大地鐵出入口

倫敦地鐵出入口

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莫斯科地鐵出入口

日本地鐵出入口

北京地鐵站廳

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成都地鐵站廳

加拿大地鐵站廳

莫斯科地鐵站廳1

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莫斯科地鐵站廳2

莫斯科地鐵站廳3

南京地鐵站廳1

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南京地鐵站廳2

南京地鐵站廳3

上海地鐵站廳

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鄭州地鐵站廳

斯德哥爾摩地鐵站臺

西安地鐵站臺

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普通高等學(xué)?！笆濉币?guī)劃教材

地鐵文化與藝術(shù)

主編申玉生

副主編王英學(xué)周佳媚

副主編

副主編蔡莉全曉娟

主審高波

內(nèi)容簡介

本書主要介紹地鐵文化的發(fā)展及國內(nèi)外部分城市的地鐵文化特點(diǎn)?；谖覈煌赜虻?/p>

文化背景，介紹了我國主要城市的地鐵建設(shè)與地域文化的巧妙結(jié)合。同時，結(jié)合國內(nèi)外部分

城市地鐵文化的案例，闡述了地鐵車站的建筑藝術(shù)、車站出入口特色、車站內(nèi)部環(huán)境設(shè)計、

地鐵公共藝術(shù)特性及車站內(nèi)部空間照明藝術(shù)等相關(guān)知識。本書選用大量國內(nèi)外城市地鐵文化

的案例，與地鐵文化藝術(shù)相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)緊密結(jié)合，內(nèi)容豐富，文筆生動。

本書適合作為普通高等學(xué)校地鐵工程、城市規(guī)劃與設(shè)計、藝術(shù)與傳播等專業(yè)進(jìn)行通識教

育的教材，也可作為高職高專相關(guān)專業(yè)教材，亦可供對地鐵文化建設(shè)與傳播感興趣的廣大讀

者和工程技術(shù)人員參考。

圖書在版編目（CIP）數(shù)據(jù)

地鐵文化與藝術(shù)/申玉生主編．—北京：中國鐵

道出版社，2015.1（2017.8重?。?/p>

普通高等學(xué)校“十二五”規(guī)劃教材

ISBN978-7-113-19415-4

Ⅰ.①地…Ⅱ.①申…Ⅲ.①地下鐵道-文化藝術(shù)-

高等學(xué)校-教材Ⅳ.①U231

中國版本圖書館CIP數(shù)據(jù)核字（2014）第241264號

書名：地鐵文化與藝術(shù)

作者：申玉生主編

策劃：曾露平

責(zé)任編輯：潘星泉徐盼欣

封面設(shè)計：劉穎

責(zé)任校對：湯淑梅

責(zé)任印制：郭向偉

出版發(fā)行：中國鐵道出版社（100054，北京市西城區(qū)右安門西街8號）

網(wǎng)址：/51eds/

印刷：三河市航遠(yuǎn)印刷有限公司

版次：2015年1月第1版2017年8月第2次印刷

開本：787mm×1092mm1/16印張：18.25插頁：4字?jǐn)?shù)：443千

書號：ISBN978-7-113-19415-4

定價：48.00元

版權(quán)所有侵權(quán)必究

凡購買鐵道版圖書，如有印制質(zhì)量問題，請與本社教材圖書營銷部聯(lián)系調(diào)換。電話：（010）63550836

打擊盜版舉報電話：（010）51873659

前言

地鐵作為重要的公共交通設(shè)施，是各國大中城市解決交通擁堵問題的重要手段，

在這些城市乘坐地鐵出行已成為市民日常生活的一部分。地鐵的出現(xiàn)，改變了人們

的生活形式、思維方式和人際交往方式。地鐵已經(jīng)不僅僅是一種現(xiàn)代化的交通工具，

更是一種溝通人與社會的交流工具。在充分認(rèn)識地鐵給城市交通帶來極大便利的同

時，還應(yīng)該看到它的文化內(nèi)涵和獨(dú)特的氣質(zhì)。

從誕生那天起，地鐵就不僅僅是被當(dāng)成交通工具，而是與國家的發(fā)展、城市的

文化、民族的特色緊密聯(lián)系在一起，成為文化的載體，成為民族精粹文化的展臺。

因此，在地鐵的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計過程中，不僅需要滿足其功能，還應(yīng)將其作為體現(xiàn)和展

示城市文化特色和藝術(shù)底蘊(yùn)的窗口。

目前，在地鐵建設(shè)中，參與的人員絕大多數(shù)是具有工科學(xué)術(shù)背景的技術(shù)人員，

而要讓地鐵承載豐富的文化內(nèi)涵，對地鐵文化的剖析、挖掘和研究是非常必要的。

本書的編寫，正是為了適應(yīng)地鐵在國內(nèi)蓬勃建設(shè)的需要，通過探討分析地鐵建設(shè)中

文化藝術(shù)氣息，普及地鐵建筑專業(yè)知識，分析評價世界各國地鐵文化技術(shù)特點(diǎn)和表

現(xiàn)形式，為廣大地鐵工程技術(shù)人員提供了一定的參考。

全書共分為7章：第1章概括介紹地鐵文化的內(nèi)涵及國內(nèi)外城市典型地鐵文化

實例分析；第2章論述了中國地鐵文化的地域差異性，分析不同地域城市的地鐵文

化特征。第3～7章分別介紹了地鐵車站建筑藝術(shù)、車站出入口特色、車站內(nèi)部環(huán)境

設(shè)計、地鐵公共藝術(shù)特性及車站內(nèi)部空間照明藝術(shù)。同時，本書介紹了大量的地鐵

文化案例，如“移動美術(shù)館”北京地鐵、國內(nèi)首座涂鴉藝術(shù)車站重慶地鐵、有“地

下藝術(shù)的宮殿”之稱的莫斯科地鐵、有“地下藝術(shù)長廊”之稱的斯德哥爾摩地鐵、“埋

深最深”的朝鮮地鐵等。

本書內(nèi)容豐富，文筆生動，深入淺出，適合作為普通高等學(xué)校地鐵工程、城市

規(guī)劃與設(shè)計、藝術(shù)與傳播等專業(yè)進(jìn)行通識教育的教材，亦可供對地鐵文化建設(shè)與傳

播感興趣的廣大讀者和工程技術(shù)人員參考閱讀。

本書由申玉生任主編，由王英學(xué)、周佳媚、蔡莉、全曉娟任副主編，由高波任

主審。本書是高波教授團(tuán)隊長期從事地下鐵道專業(yè)教學(xué)與科研成果的積累和總結(jié)。本

書成稿得到了西南交通大學(xué)土木學(xué)院地下系何川教授、仇文革教授及廣大同事的支持，

同時藝術(shù)與傳播學(xué)院茍銳老師對本書的整體規(guī)劃提出了寶貴的建議與意見，在此一并

表示感謝。

本書在編寫過程中，引用了部分國內(nèi)外地鐵專家、學(xué)者、工程技術(shù)人員的研究

成果，在此表示感謝。

限于編者水平和知識面，難免有疏漏和不足之處，希望得到讀者指正，以便今

后修訂提高。

編者

2014年9月

目錄

第1章地鐵與地鐵文化·······················································································1

1.1地鐵的發(fā)展······································································································1

1.1.1世界地鐵的發(fā)展···················································································2

1.1.2中國地鐵的發(fā)展···················································································6

1.2地鐵文化·········································································································7

1.2.1地鐵文化的內(nèi)涵···················································································7

1.2.2地鐵文化的環(huán)境··················································································10

1.2.3地鐵文化的作用··················································································11

1.2.4地鐵文化與城市文化的關(guān)系································································14

1.3地鐵車站的基本結(jié)構(gòu)形式及其特點(diǎn)································································17

1.4國內(nèi)外城市典型地鐵文化實例簡析································································22

1.4.1國內(nèi)城市地鐵文化典型實例································································22

1.4.2國外城市地鐵文化典型實例································································23

第2章地域文化與地鐵文化··············································································31

2.1概述················································································································31

2.2中國的地域文化與地鐵文化案例····································································33

2.2.1中原文化區(qū)系與地鐵文化案例····························································33

2.2.2南方文化區(qū)系與地鐵文化案例····························································46

2.2.3北方文化區(qū)系與地鐵文化案例····························································55

2.2.4青藏高原區(qū)·························································································58

2.3地鐵空間藝術(shù)中的地域文化···········································································58

2.4地鐵空間藝術(shù)設(shè)計的原則與思路····································································63

2.4.1地域文化在地鐵空間藝術(shù)中的應(yīng)用原則·············································63

2.4.2地域文化在地鐵空間藝術(shù)中的基本思路·············································67

第3章地鐵車站建筑文化··················································································69

3.1地鐵車站建筑特征··························································································69

3.1.1地鐵內(nèi)部空間特性··············································································69

3.1.2地鐵車站設(shè)計發(fā)展趨勢·······································································70

3.1.3地鐵建筑設(shè)計趨勢··············································································72

3.2地鐵車站的類型與特點(diǎn)··················································································77

3.2.1地鐵車站的類型··················································································77

3.2.2地鐵車站的基本特點(diǎn)···········································································79

3.3地鐵車站平面布局··························································································80

3.4地鐵車站與周邊建筑結(jié)合形式·······································································92

3.5北京地鐵建筑文化特色··················································································97

2地鐵文化與藝術(shù)

3.5.1地鐵5號線車站文化···········································································97

3.5.2奧運(yùn)支線車站文化············································································105

3.6國外地鐵車站建筑文化實例：莫斯科地鐵文化···········································108

3.6.1概述···································································································108

3.6.2地鐵藝術(shù)特點(diǎn)····················································································110

3.6.3地鐵車站設(shè)計····················································································112

3.6.4典型地鐵車站文化特色·····································································114

3.6.5地鐵列車文化····················································································122

第4章地鐵車站出入口藝術(shù)特色······································································124

4.1概述··············································································································124

4.1.1國外地鐵出入口發(fā)展·········································································124

4.1.2地鐵出入口空間的功能屬性······························································126

4.1.3地鐵車站出入口的基本特性······························································127

4.2地鐵車站出入口標(biāo)識文化·············································································128

4.3地鐵車站出入口分類及其景觀設(shè)計······························································135

4.3.1地鐵出入口類型················································································135

4.3.2出入口位置選擇················································································137

4.3.3出入口通道·······················································································137

4.3.4地鐵出入口景觀設(shè)計原則·································································138

4.3.5地鐵出入口藝術(shù)設(shè)計注意事項··························································139

4.4中國部分城市的地鐵車站出入口特色··························································141

4.5國外地鐵車站典型出入口藝術(shù)簡析······························································145

第5章地鐵車站內(nèi)部環(huán)境設(shè)計·········································································151

5.1概述··············································································································151

5.2地鐵車站內(nèi)部環(huán)境設(shè)計的宗旨與理論基礎(chǔ)···················································153

5.2.1地鐵車站內(nèi)部環(huán)境設(shè)計的宗旨··························································153

5.2.2地鐵車站內(nèi)部環(huán)境設(shè)計的理論基礎(chǔ)···················································155

5.3地鐵車站內(nèi)部環(huán)境設(shè)計內(nèi)容·········································································158

5.3.1空間結(jié)構(gòu)與組織················································································158

5.3.2主要界面形態(tài)····················································································160

5.3.3內(nèi)部物理環(huán)境····················································································163

5.3.4材料質(zhì)感與構(gòu)件特性·········································································166

5.3.5色彩···································································································169

5.3.6標(biāo)識系統(tǒng)···························································································171

5.3.7輔助設(shè)施裝飾形式············································································172

5.4歐美地鐵車站內(nèi)部環(huán)境特點(diǎn)·········································································175

5.5地鐵空間藝術(shù)的典范：斯德哥爾摩地鐵文化···············································178

5.5.1概述···································································································178

5.5.2地鐵車站空間藝術(shù)特點(diǎn)·····································································180

目錄3

5.5.3地鐵空間的內(nèi)部環(huán)境藝術(shù)·································································183

5.5.4典型地鐵車站文化案例·····································································185

第6章地鐵空間的公共藝術(shù)············································································191

6.1地鐵公共藝術(shù)概述························································································191

6.1.1地鐵公共藝術(shù)的界定·········································································191

6.1.2地鐵公共藝術(shù)的發(fā)展·········································································192

6.2地鐵公共藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)形式及空間分布··························································196

6.2.1地鐵公共藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)形式·································································196

6.2.2地鐵公共藝術(shù)的空間分布·································································200

6.3地鐵壁畫藝術(shù)·······························································································203

6.3.1地鐵與壁畫內(nèi)涵················································································203

6.3.2中國地鐵壁畫發(fā)展及典型實例··························································205

6.3.3地鐵壁畫藝術(shù)····················································································219

6.3.4地鐵壁畫與空間環(huán)境的關(guān)系······························································230

6.4涂鴉藝術(shù)······································································································234

6.4.1地鐵涂鴉藝術(shù)的產(chǎn)生·········································································234

6.4.2涂鴉藝術(shù)的分類················································································238

6.4.3涂鴉藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)形式及效果······························································240

6.4.4中國首座涂鴉藝術(shù)車站：重慶地鐵···················································245

第7章地鐵車站內(nèi)部空間的照明藝術(shù)·······························································249

7.1概述··············································································································249

7.1.1地鐵內(nèi)藝術(shù)照明與功能性照明··························································249

7.1.2地鐵內(nèi)藝術(shù)照明的作用·····································································251

7.2地鐵車站空間的藝術(shù)照明·············································································253

7.2.1藝術(shù)照明等級及其表現(xiàn)形式······························································253

7.2.2地鐵藝術(shù)照明的位置·········································································255

7.2.3地鐵藝術(shù)照明燈具············································································257

7.2.4地鐵車站藝術(shù)燈光的特性·································································260

7.3地鐵空間藝術(shù)照明的影響因素·····································································265

7.4地鐵空間增強(qiáng)視覺效果的照明手法······························································269

7.5國內(nèi)外地鐵車站室內(nèi)藝術(shù)照明·····································································275

7.5.1上海地鐵···························································································275

7.5.2北京地鐵···························································································276

7.5.3香港地鐵···························································································277

7.5.4新加坡地鐵·······················································································279

參考文獻(xiàn)···········································································································282

第1章地鐵與地鐵文化

地鐵，作為新型的城市交通工具，在城市的地下空間中演繹著流暢、快捷的交通節(jié)拍；

地鐵，改變生活軌跡；

地鐵，縮短人際情感距離；

地鐵，承載城市文化精神；

地鐵，又是城市文明載體，隨著線路的延伸，人們的生活方式在改變，情感距離在縮短，

城市精神的內(nèi)涵與外延在不斷豐富、不斷擴(kuò)大……

人在旅途，城市的風(fēng)景總被車窗分割得支離破碎，短短十幾分鐘，認(rèn)清一個城市的面貌

是難以完成的任務(wù)，于是，鑲嵌在地鐵站墻壁上的壁畫，成了人們認(rèn)識城市的一個窗口。

地鐵，匯集著各色人群，有藝人，有流浪漢，有促銷女孩……但更多的還是搭乘地鐵的

人，行色匆匆者或許正叨念著柴米油鹽，腳步蹣跚者或許正被路邊小攤的新鮮玩意兒所羈絆，

步履輕盈者或許正被身邊的愛情所追逐……最終，這些腳步因進(jìn)入地鐵車廂而停留，于是，

打開報紙，翻出雜志，開始享受一段悠閑的地鐵旅途……

地鐵，是一幕行進(jìn)中的城市風(fēng)景。在這樣的風(fēng)景里，我們看到了人類的文明和進(jìn)步，看到

了人們生活方式的改變，更看到了一座城市的成長和發(fā)展的軌跡。地鐵在城市中已不僅僅以一種

簡單的交通工具的形態(tài)出現(xiàn)，而是以一種城市文化的形態(tài)出現(xiàn)，成為城市文化的一個重要載體。

2012年，在北京，一項調(diào)查顯示，56%的人認(rèn)為“公交地鐵”是“最容易傳播文化的渠

道”，僅次于電影電視、報刊、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，排在第四位。在地鐵這種相對單調(diào)、繁忙的環(huán)境里增

添一些藝術(shù)氣息，能夠給乘客以不同的視覺觀感和新鮮感受。

世界各國的地鐵建設(shè)，都離不開本國文化的淵源，走入地鐵就仿佛走入了一個國家歷史

文化的長廊，想要了解一個國家的歷史和文化，可以選擇從地鐵文化開始，在那里一定可以

找到凝練的城市文化。

1.1地鐵的發(fā)展

地鐵（Metro，Subway）是指在大城市中主要在地下修建隧道，并在其中鋪設(shè)軌道，以電

動快速列車運(yùn)送大量乘客的公共交通體系，稱為城市地下鐵道（UrbanMetro），簡稱地鐵。在

城市郊區(qū)，人員車輛較少的地方，地鐵線路可延伸至地面或高架橋上。因為地鐵運(yùn)輸幾乎不

占用街道面積，也不干擾地面的交通，有些國家稱其為“街外運(yùn)輸”，而美國紐約則稱其為“有

軌公共交通線”（Masstransitrailway）。

地下鐵道是城市快速軌道交通的先驅(qū)。地鐵不僅具有運(yùn)量大、速度快、安全、準(zhǔn)時、節(jié)

省能源、不污染環(huán)境等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而且可以在建筑物密集而不便于發(fā)展地面交通和高架輕軌的地

2地鐵文化與藝術(shù)

區(qū)大力發(fā)展。因此，地鐵在城市公共交通中發(fā)揮著巨大的作用，是城市居民出行的便捷交通

工具。

城市公共交通體系如圖1-1-1所示，在交通

擁擠、行人密集、道路又難以擴(kuò)建的街區(qū)，以地

鐵代替地面交通工具，具有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)：

（1）地鐵交通具有安全、快捷、方便、準(zhǔn)

時的特點(diǎn)，可為乘客贏來效益，乘坐地鐵通常

要比利用地面交通工具節(jié)省1/2～2/3的時間。

它以車組方式運(yùn)行，載客量大、正點(diǎn)率高、安

全舒適。對于多條地下鐵道立體交叉的情況，

在交叉點(diǎn)設(shè)有樓梯、自動扶梯或垂直電梯，換

乘極為方便。在城市中心區(qū)等熱鬧地帶，地鐵

的出入口可以建在最繁華的街區(qū)，或建在大型

百貨商店以及其他公共場所的建筑物內(nèi)，以方

便乘客，增大客流量。

（2）修建地鐵可以改造地面環(huán)境，降低噪

聲和減少廢氣污染，為把地面變成優(yōu)美的步行

街區(qū)創(chuàng)造條件。

（3）地鐵可節(jié)省地面空間，保護(hù)城市中心

區(qū)域有限的地面資源。圖1-1-1城市公共交通體系

（4）城市地鐵具有一定的抗戰(zhàn)爭和抗地震

破壞能力。

進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)后，中國主要的大中型城市進(jìn)行了規(guī)劃、設(shè)計城市軌道交通系統(tǒng)，地鐵建設(shè)

在中國得到了迅猛發(fā)展。

1.1.1世界地鐵的發(fā)展

18世紀(jì)英國工業(yè)革命，致使大批農(nóng)民涌入倫敦，隨著城市的擴(kuò)大，街道上塞滿了馬拉的

車輛，倫敦的交通因堵車而幾乎癱瘓。為了緩解倫敦的這個難題，有人建議將地面鐵路“搬”

到地下，于是1863年1月10日由律師查理斯·皮爾森投資建造，從倫敦威廉王街到斯托克

威爾，全長6km的第一條地鐵作為城市

交通工具而問世。盡管蒸汽機(jī)車上噴出

的煙把火車弄得骯臟不堪，但人們還是

蜂擁而至。

倫敦自1863年創(chuàng)建世界上第一條地

下鐵道以來，歷經(jīng)150多年的發(fā)展，通

過不斷提高技術(shù)水平，倫敦地鐵系統(tǒng)已

成為當(dāng)今世界上的先進(jìn)技術(shù)范例之一，

尤其是地鐵實現(xiàn)了電氣化后，倫敦的地

鐵幾乎每年都有新進(jìn)展（見圖1-1-2）。

圖1-1-2倫敦地鐵

第1章地鐵與地鐵文化3

倫敦地鐵在英語中常被昵稱為TheTube（管子），名稱來源于車輛在像管道一樣的圓形隧道

里行駛。截至2014年，倫敦已有12條地鐵線路，總長度約420km，其中地下隧道共171km，

地面和高架線路有239km，共設(shè)置車站280座，地鐵車輛保有量總數(shù)約4500輛，年客運(yùn)總

量已突破8億人次，倫敦也因此被稱為“建在地鐵上的都市”。

法國巴黎也是最早修建地鐵的城市之一，巴黎地鐵被譽(yù)為世界上最好的地鐵系統(tǒng)之一。

巴黎地鐵開通于1900年世界博覽會，

比英國要晚37年。截至2014年3月，

巴黎市區(qū)已擁有地鐵線路16條，包括

14條主線和2條支線，有4條地鐵采

用橡膠輪體系的VAL車輛。地鐵線路

總長度約221.6km，地下隧道約占

230km，共設(shè)置車站458座，車輛保有

總數(shù)約為3472輛，年客運(yùn)量總數(shù)也已

突破15.06億人次（見圖1-1-3）。在巴圖1-1-3巴黎地鐵

黎，一些地鐵站按照不同主題被裝扮成如同藝術(shù)館、博物館、劇院和音樂廳等，有的地鐵

站還向疲憊的行人提供綠茶和按摩服務(wù)。

受倫敦成功建設(shè)地下鐵道的影響，美國紐約于1868年首次建成高架鐵道并投入客運(yùn)，第

一條建于地下的地鐵于1907年建成通車。從世界地鐵史上看，紐約地鐵雖沒有法國巴黎和英

國倫敦的地鐵歷史悠久，但其發(fā)展卻相當(dāng)迅速。截至2014年，紐約有地鐵31條，地鐵線路

總長度約443km，共設(shè)置車站504座，地鐵車輛保有總數(shù)約為7000輛，年客運(yùn)總量已突破

10億人次（見圖1-1-4）。100多年來，地鐵一直是紐約這個城市的一個重要標(biāo)志，不僅僅在

好萊塢的許多電影里紐約地鐵的場景數(shù)不勝數(shù)，地鐵對紐約人來說，已成為他們生活中不可

須臾離開的一部分。紐約地鐵的主要特點(diǎn)是24小時運(yùn)營，有些運(yùn)量較大的線路，還采用3

條或4條軌道并線運(yùn)營，實現(xiàn)了快慢車分道行駛。

圖1-1-4紐約地鐵

西班牙也是歐洲較早修建地下鐵道的國家之一，1919年，西班牙首都馬德里的第一條地

鐵線路開始運(yùn)行。截至2014年7月，馬德里地鐵（見圖1-1-5）及輕軌共設(shè)326個車站，總

長度為324km，但馬德里市區(qū)人口只有約300萬，全都會區(qū)人口約600萬。

4地鐵文化與藝術(shù)

1900—1924年，在歐洲和美洲有9

座大城市相繼修建了地下鐵道，如德國

的柏林、漢堡，美國的費(fèi)城以及西班牙

的馬德里等。柏林的第一條地鐵開通于

1902年。截至2014年，柏林已有10條

地鐵線路，線路總長度約146km，其中

地下隧道約占90%，共設(shè)置車站173座。

日本東京的第一條地鐵線路于

1927年建成通車。2014年，東京地鐵已

擁有13條地鐵線路，線路總長度約圖1-1-5馬德里地鐵

312km，共設(shè)置車站220多座，車輛保有總數(shù)約2821輛，年客運(yùn)總量已突破25億人次，是

當(dāng)今世界上地鐵客運(yùn)量最大的城市之一（見圖1-1-6）。

1932年莫斯科的第一條地鐵開始

動工，線路全長約11.6km，共設(shè)置車

站13座。莫斯科的地鐵建設(shè)即使在第

二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間也沒有停頓。從

1935年5月15日第一條地鐵開通運(yùn)營

至2014年，莫斯科已擁有地鐵線路12

條，線路總長度約313.1km，地鐵車

站總數(shù)為188座。莫斯科地鐵系統(tǒng)的

建筑風(fēng)格和客運(yùn)效率是舉世聞名的，

每個車站都由著名的建筑師設(shè)計，并

配有許多雕塑作品，藝術(shù)水平較高，

使旅行者有身臨宮殿之感，但莫斯科

圖1-1-6東京地鐵

的地鐵設(shè)備相對陳舊（見圖1-1-7）。

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，1950—1974年的24年間，世界上地鐵建設(shè)蓬勃發(fā)展。在此期間，

有加拿大的多倫多、蒙特利爾，意大利的羅馬、米蘭，美國的費(fèi)城、舊金山，前蘇聯(lián)的列寧

格勒（今圣彼得堡）、基輔（今烏克蘭首

都），日本的名古屋、橫濱，韓國的漢城

（今首爾）以及中國的北京等30多座城

市相繼建成了地鐵。

截至2013年，世界上已經(jīng)有130

多座城市建成了地下鐵道，線路總長度

超過了7000km。世界各國的地鐵各有

其特色和不同的建設(shè)思想。

世界上著名地鐵：

（1）倫敦地鐵，是世界第一條地

下鐵路。倫敦被稱為“建在地鐵上的

都市”。圖1-1-7莫斯科地鐵

第1章地鐵與地鐵文化5

（2）紐約地鐵，身處一座從不休眠的國際大都市，紐約的地鐵也勤勤懇懇，從不休息，

雖然2012年10月曾因颶風(fēng)桑迪被迫第二次關(guān)閉（歷史上第一次關(guān)閉是由于2011年颶風(fēng)艾琳

的侵襲）。紐約地鐵在20世紀(jì)80年代曾以“骯臟和危險”著稱，這種情況現(xiàn)在已大大改善。

地鐵穿越了布朗克斯、布魯克林、曼哈頓和皇后區(qū)，從華爾街的商人到唱著藍(lán)調(diào)的街頭藝人，

再現(xiàn)了號稱“大蘋果”的紐約社會的形形色色。

（3）巴黎地鐵，作為歐洲第二繁忙的地鐵，其裝飾性的Metropolitain地鐵標(biāo)識和絢麗的

新藝術(shù)樣式出入口是巴黎地鐵的象征。巴黎地鐵是世界上最方便的地鐵，線路貫通了這座被

譽(yù)為“光明之都”的城市。法國里爾地鐵是目前世界上最先進(jìn)的地鐵，全部由微機(jī)控制、無

人駕駛，地鐵輕便、省錢、省電，車輛運(yùn)營中噪聲和震動都很小。法蘭克福的BockenheimerWarte

地鐵站，具有奇怪的入口，好像一輛火車在人行道中間爆炸，并沉入地下。設(shè)計師稱，他在

設(shè)計時受到超現(xiàn)實主義藝術(shù)家的啟發(fā)。