高三專題講義：summary-writing

SummaryWritingI.什么是SummaryWriting?Asummaryisashortenedpassage,whichretainstheessentialinformationoftheoriginal.Itisafairlybriefrestatement–inyourownwords–ofthecontentsofapassage.NOTE:Yousimplyreportbackwhatthewriterhassaid,withoutmakingvaluejudgments.1)Canbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetotheoriginal;2)Isafaithfulreproductionof,orcontainsonlytheideasorinformationof,theoriginal;3)Isbriefwithoutanyunnecessarydetail;4)Isareadableunifiedwhole;II.StepsofSummaryWriting1)Determinethetypeofwritingandidentifythetopicaswellastheauthor’spurpose;2)Dividethepassageandsummarizethemainideaofeachpart;3)Highlightthekeyinformationofeachpart;4)Makeanoutlineofthepassage;5)Writethefirstdraft;6)Revisethesummary;HowtowriteasummaryDefinitionBysummary,wemeanabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,ofthecontentofapassage,anarticle,achapterorabook.KeypointsofasummaryAsummaryshouldbebrief,complete,accurate,coherentandobjectivebriefOmitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.(length1/4-1/3oftheoriginaltext)completeIncludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyourownwordsinacondensedmanner.accurateGivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.coherentRatherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.Eg.First,inthefirstpart,intheintroductorypartSecond,next,inthesecondpart,then,afterwords,afterthat,inadditiontothat,also,furthermoreFinally,Atlast,Intheend,asaconclusion,onthewhole,inaword,tosumup,lastbutnotleast,asaresult,soobjectiveDonotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.Thesummaryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.StepstowriteasummarySkimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.Analyzethetextsstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutwithyourownwords.(onesentence)Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeachmainideawithoutinvolvingminordetails.Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.能力目標(biāo)：【讀】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【寫】能用自己的語言概括所讀材料評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)本題總分為15分，其內(nèi)容為10分，語言5分。（有待考試院最終確認(rèn)，不排除內(nèi)容5分+語言5分的可能）評分時應(yīng)該注意的主要方面：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、信息呈現(xiàn)的連貫性和準(zhǔn)確性。字?jǐn)?shù)超過60，酌情扣分檔次內(nèi)容語言A5能準(zhǔn)確和全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵蓋主要信息。5能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表達(dá)。B4能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏個別主要信息。4能用自己的語言較連貫、正確地表達(dá)，但有個別語言錯誤。C3能概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏部分主要信息。3基本能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表達(dá)，但連貫性較差，且有少量不影響表達(dá)的語言錯誤。D2未能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，遺漏較多主要信息或留有過多細(xì)節(jié)信息。2基本能用自己的語言表達(dá)，但連貫性較差，且嚴(yán)重語言錯誤較多。E1幾乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意義的相關(guān)信息。1幾乎不能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述。F0完全未作答或作答與本題無關(guān)0完全未作答或作答與本題無關(guān)答題要點(diǎn)：讀懂語篇內(nèi)容梗概基于文本準(zhǔn)確理解不改變原文意思不增添原文沒有的內(nèi)容不含梗概寫作者的觀點(diǎn)和評價提取要點(diǎn)(mainpoints)準(zhǔn)確理解原文用自己的語言概括、轉(zhuǎn)述（paraphrase）——概括性表述上下句連貫要求意思連貫(coherence)使用連詞銜接上下文(cohesion)控制字?jǐn)?shù)恰當(dāng)使用語法結(jié)構(gòu)使上下文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊準(zhǔn)確用詞，使用概括性的用詞和不同的表達(dá)方式(paraphrase)靈活變化表達(dá)，適度進(jìn)行paraphrase理清要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系之后，不能簡單地照搬原句，還必須進(jìn)行適度的paraphrase，即用自己的話進(jìn)行改寫，才符合“不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子”的要求。那么，如何才能達(dá)到“雁過不留痕”的效果呢？(1)同義替換。即用同義或近義的詞語或句型改寫，如實(shí)例一中的“intellectualability”和“academicability”就可以用grades(成績)來替換；gradepupilsaccordingto則可用judge/grouppupilsby替換；“Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefact”可以變?yōu)镮tfailstoconsiderthat…(2)語態(tài)互換。即主語語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換，如實(shí)例二中helateragreestotakethesuggestionto…就可以用它的被動語態(tài)來表示：hewaslaterpersuadedto…(3)非謂語動詞短語與從句的互換。如實(shí)例二中therewasakingwhoruledarichcountry就可以用therewasakingrulingarichcountry來表達(dá)。(4)合并句子。就是將幾個意義聯(lián)系緊密的句子合并為一句話。如實(shí)例一中的兩個論據(jù)①Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Summary常用句式Thisarticle/passagemainlytells(astory)about……Thispassagemainlydealswith/discusses/explores/……Inthispassage(about……),theauthor……Inthispassageabout……,theauthor……Theauthorbegantheessay/passagebytelling/presenting……First/Firstly/Inthebeginning/Inthefirstpart,theauthorargues/explains/mentions/states/pointsout(that)……Secondly/Next/Furtheron/Then/Inthenextpart/Inthemainpart,theauthorgoesonwith……Finally/Asaconclusion/,theauthorconcludes/adds/stressesthat……Finally,theauthorsummarizesthat……結(jié)論和建議，一般有以下幾種寫法：①Theauthorsuggests(recommends,concludes)that…….②Thisarticleshowsthat…….③Itissuggestedthat…….④Theauthor'ssuggestion(or:conclusion)isthat……⑤Theauthorfindsitnecessaryto…….III.Techniquesofasummary–Paraphrasing注意：使用Paraphrasing需要換詞、簡化；使用generalwords而不是detailedwordse.g.Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.Hewasverybrave.e.g.Theyactedinamannerthatrenderedthemliabletoprosecution.Theyactedillegally.e.g.ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,andsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation.Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevacation.IV.TypesofSummaries體裁關(guān)鍵句記敘文抓住who,whathappened,及thewriter’spurpose議論文通常抓住首段和尾段說明文抓住首段或各段首句1）記敘文——串聯(lián)要素（who,when,where,what,how,why）要求：a.誰做了什么？b.結(jié)果如何？2）說明文——根據(jù)不同類型a.描寫事物性質(zhì)功用?！皩ο?性質(zhì)功用+利好”(Inthepassage)thewriterintroduces…(對象)tous,especiallyits…(性質(zhì)或功用),fromwhichweknow…(對象帶有的利好).b.針對某個問題提出的解決方案或措施，“問題+解決方法”Thepassagetellsus…(問題),including…(方法1),…(方法2)…,and…(方法3).c.介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果，“現(xiàn)象+原因+結(jié)果”。(Theauthor/writersaid/talksabout)…(現(xiàn)象)of….,because/but…(原因/本質(zhì)1),and(原因/本質(zhì)2).3）議論文——論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論；找出主題句，支撐句和結(jié)論句。TheStepsofWritingaSummary(1)定時態(tài)：如果閱讀材料是過去時，那么基本時態(tài)用過去時；如果是現(xiàn)在的，那么基本時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時；(2)定人稱：一般情況下采用第三人稱來寫作，特殊如書信的，可能會使用第一、二人稱；(3)定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。【例題精講】【2016年楊浦區(qū)統(tǒng)考】Itisacommonsightoncampusorinthestreet:ayoungpersonridesbyonanelectricscooter,travellingquicklyandproudly.ButBeijing’strafficauthoritieshavesaidthatstartingonSept.5,peoplewhoarecaughtridingelectricscootersonpublicroadsorbicyclelaneswillbefined10yuan.Theywillalsobegivenawarningnottousethevehiclesonpublicroadsagain.TheannouncementwasmadeaftertrafficpoliceinShanghaistartedacampaigntogetelectricscootersoffpublicroads,withpoliceofficersstoppingridersbecausethescooterscouldcausetrafficproblems.TheBeijingConsumerAssociationsaidithadtestedmorethan20electricscootersofdifferentbrandsrecentlyandfoundthatmosthadsubstandardbrakes.Itaddedthat16ofthetestedscooterscouldgofasterthanthemaximum20kmperhoursetforelectricbikes.Accordingtothetrafficpolice,peoplewhorideelectricscootersatcertainspeedscaneasilybumpintothevehiclesinthevehiclelaneandhurtpeoplewhowalkinthebicyclelanes.Butseeingthebenefitsthatelectricscootershavebroughttoyoungpeople,expertsareworriedaboutthatthebanmaytakeeffectslowly.Electricscootersareagreatanswertothe“l(fā)astmileproblem”ofgettingfromapublictransportstationtoone’shome.They’relightenoughtothrowoveryourshoulder.They’reeasytoridejustaboutanywhereanddon’tneedalotofphysicaleffort.Thescootercantravel25kmononecharge.It’sconvenientandeasytocontrol.Theyarealsogoodfortheenvironment.Unlikecarsandbuses,electricscootersproducenocarbondioxide,neednofuelandmakealmostnonoise.Formanyyoungpeople,theyusethemtocopycoolcelebritiestheyhaveseeninvideos.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(60)PeopleridinganelectricscooteronpublicroadswillbefinedfromSept.5th.Becauseofthesubstandardbrakesandfastspeed,electricscootersareconsideredpotentiallydangerousfortheridersandthewalkingpeople.Consideringitsadvantageofbeingconvenient,portable,environment-friendlyandfashionable,expertspredictedthebanwouldtakeeffectslowly.【課堂練習(xí)】改寫訓(xùn)練Rewritethefollowingsentences(eachwithonesentence).(1)Usewordsofsimilarmeanings同義替換法1.Ididn’tcatchanyfishowingtothefactthatIwasnotpatient.Ididn’tcatchanyfishbecauseIwasnotpatient.(2)Adopttheoppositewaywhensayingasentence正話反說法Youwillfail.Youwillnotsucceed.(3)Changethepartofspeech詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法Patienceisveryimportant.Patienceisofgreatimportance.(4)Changethestructureofasentence句式變化法Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.Childrenshouldbegivenmorepraise.(5)簡單句變復(fù)合句：Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore.Thiswillhelpthemlearnfaster.Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore,whichwillhelpthemlearnfaster.Childrenaregivenmorepraise.Theywillachievemoresuccess.Whengivenmorepraise,childrenwillachievemoresuccess.(6)Usetheshortestpossibletransitions連詞銜接法注意使用一些短而精的連詞，如but,and,so,while,however,then,thus,yet,for,therefore,including,insteadof等。Weshouldencouragechildren.Weshouldnotscoldthem.Weshouldencouragechildreninsteadofscoldingthem.(7)Changetheorderofthewords.詞序改變法Thesecretofsuccesswaspatience.Patiencewasthesecretofsuccess.(8)Makeuseofthemeaningofasentence句意理解法ShoppingontheInternetisbecomingincreasinglypopular.MoreandmorepeopleprefertoInternetshopping.1.KatelookedatPaulandsaidangrily,“Youputtoomuchsaltonyourfood.”KatesaidtoPaulangrilyheputtoomuchsaltonhisfood._______________________________________________________________________2.Sheboughtalotofvegetablessuchascabbage,carrots,cucumbers,tomatoes,potatoesandsomeeggs.Sheintendedtoinviteallhisfriendsforherbirthdaypartyattheweekend.Sheboughtvariousvegetablestoholdherselfabirthdaypartywithallherfriends._______________________________________________________________________3.Nowadaysmoreandmoreteenagerstrytobemoreindependentfromtheirparentsandsometimesbecomeveryrebellious.Theyalwayswanttowearlongandstrangehairstyle,whichtheirparentscomplainaboutalot.TheyalsospendtoomuchtimeontheInternetandplayingcomputergames.Nowadaysteenstrytoshowtheirindependencebydoingstrangethingsorwastingtimeonline,thussomebecomingrebellious._______________________________________________________________________4.1.Itisbettertopreventsomethingunpleasantfromhappeningthantrytoputitrightafterwards.Preventionisbetterthancure.____________________________________________________________________________________5.Hurryup.Ifyoudon’t,youwillmissthetrain.Hurryuporyou’llmissthetrain.____________________________________________________________________________________Attention:Skill1:Omit(省略)thedetailsSkill2:OmittheexamplesSkill3:Usegeneral(概括性)wordsinsteadofspecific(具體的)wordsSkill4:Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech(間接引語)Usefulstructuresforwritingasummary:Thepassageismainlyabout…Thepassagemainlytalksabout…Theauthor/writertellsusastorythat...Thestoryismainlyabout…andittellsusthat…(1)記敘文概要模板點(diǎn)明寫作目的類：Thewritertellsus…（主題）byshowingusanexampleof…,who/which…（故事情節(jié)）.作者經(jīng)歷類：Inthepassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceofdoingsth,which……他人經(jīng)歷類：Thispassageismainlyaboutsb’sexperienceofdoingsth…..(2)議論文概要模板Thearticlegivestheviewthat…should/shouldn’t…（主題）.…..（補(bǔ)充論據(jù)）.Thepassagehighlights(強(qiáng)調(diào))theimportanceofsth…..Theauthorarguesthat…(3)說明文概要模板現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon…（主題),which…..（補(bǔ)充解釋）.利弊對比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpact(影響)ofsth.Onthepositiveside…,butitmayalso….研究顯示類：Thestudyreveals(揭露)that…Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…注意事項(xiàng)：“五定三忌”定體裁；定主題；定時態(tài)；定人稱；定技巧忌照抄原文；忌私加觀點(diǎn)；忌不符字?jǐn)?shù)。要點(diǎn)：1.提煉——刪除細(xì)節(jié)；刪除具體例子（如果需要可以說明一兩個）；避免重復(fù)；2.整合語言：1.同義轉(zhuǎn)換：近義詞、同義詞替換；2.句子重構(gòu)；調(diào)整詞類、時態(tài)、語態(tài)等；邏輯：銜接（照應(yīng)、替代、省略、鏈接和詞匯銜接）3.縮寫訓(xùn)練1.Readthefollowingpassageandfillintheblanks.ItmusthavebeenabouttwointhemorningwhenIreturnedhome.Itriedtowakeupmywifebyringingthedoorbell,butshewasfastasleep.SoIgotaladderfromtheshedinthegarden,putitagainstthewall,andbeganclimbingtowardsthebedroomwindow.Iwasalmosttherewhenasarcasticvoicebelowsaid,“Idon’tthinkthewindowsneedcleaningatthistimeofthenight.”IlookeddownandnearlyfellofftheladderwhenIsawapoliceman.IimmediatelyregrettedansweringinthewayIdid,butIsaid,“Ienjoycleaningwindowsatnight.”“SodoI,”answeredthepolicemaninthesametone.“Excusemyinterruptingyou.Ihatetointerruptamanwhenhe’sbusyworking,butwouldyoumindcomingwithmetothestation?”“Well,I’dprefertostayhere,”Isaid.“Yousee,I’veforgottenmykey.”“Youwhat?”hecalled.“Mykey,”Ishouted.Fortunately,theshoutingwokeupmywifewhoopenedthewindowjustasthepolicemanhadstartedtoclimbtowardsme.Summary:Onarrivinghomeearlyinthemorning,thewriterfailedto______________________________byringingthedoorbell.Hetriedto_________________________________,butwasfoundby___________________.Soonhisshoutingwokehiswifeup.Onarrivinghomeearlyinthemorning,thewriterfailedtowakeuphiswifebyringingthedoorbell.Hetriedtoclimbinthroughthewindow,butwasfoundbyapoliceman.Soonhisshoutingwokehiswifeup.2.Writeasummarywithabout30words.Advertisingcanbeaservicetocustomers.Thisistruewhenadsgivereliableinformationaboutthegoodsadvertised.Suchinformationisneededifthecustomeristomakeawisechoicewhenhebuyssomething.Itisusefulbecauseitcanhelpthecustomerknowmoreaboutthekindsofgoodsavailableintheshops.However,someadsarenotveryusefultothecustomers.Insteadofhelpingthecustomertosatisfyhisrealneeds,theysetouttomakehimwantunnecessarythingsbydoingadscleverly.Theysetouttomakeusbelievewhattheyadvertisewillmakeuscleverer,prettier,morehandsome,ifonlyweuseit.Forexample,thevoiceonTVsays,“ByusingourSKII,itmakesyourskincrystal”Thescreenshowsaseriesofpicturesinwhichafamousactressnotonlyhasherskinwhitenedbutalsohasherpronouncedwrinklessilkilysmoothed.Someladieswithdarkskinwillbepersuadedtochoosethatcosmetic（化妝品）.Thispassageisaboutadvertisingservice.Adsarenormallyusefultoprovideinformationforwisepurchases,butsomealsolurecustomerstobuyunnecessaryproductsbygivingexaggeratedorfalseinformation.4.不同文體練習(xí)：1.記敘文IreceivedacalltodayaskingifIwouldbereadytobringfoodtoafamilyinneed.Themotherwashavingamajoroperationandwouldbelyingdownforseveralweeks.Ofcourse,Irespondedwithanimmediate“Yes!”.AsIplannedthemealinmyhead,IreflectedonhowmanytimesovertheyearsIhadbeenaskedtopreparefood.Ihavedonesocountlesstimeswithaveryopenheart.ButthetrulyamazingthingisthatIhavereceiveddoubleoverthecourseofmylife.Whenmymotherpassedaway，ourhousewasfilledwithfreshdinnersforweeks.Awomanfromthechurchofourcommunitystoppedbyeacheveningwithsomefood.Thegiftoffoodwashersmallwayoftryingtoeaseourpain.Laterinmylife,whenIwasonbedrestduringmypregnancywithtwins，womenofthechurchagainsteppedintohelp.Theyarrangedbabysittingformytwoyearolddaughter,andbroughtlovelydinnerstoourhouse.EvenwhenIwasputinthehospital,myhusbandwouldbringcookedmealstomyhospitalroom.Howwereliedonthesedinnerstofeedmytiredhusbandandyoungdaughter.Foodisallaboutcomfort.Itfeedsourbodies,butitcanalsofeedoursouls.Whenyouhearpeopletalkingabouttheirfavoriteholidays,itusuallyincludestheirfeelingsconnectedwithsharingfood.IknowthatIwillhavemanymoreopportunitiesinmylifetimetopreparefoodforothers.ItistrulyagiftIwanttoprepareanddelivertosomeoneinneed.Summary范文：Itmainlytalkedaboutpreparinganddeliveringfoodtosomeoneinneed.Theauthorsharedtheexperiencesthatchangedherlife.Whenhermotherpassedawayandwhenshegotpregnant,thewomenfromthechurchofhercommunitybringfoodtoherfamily.Whenotherswereinneedofhelp,theauthorwaspleasedtolendahand.說明文：Eyecareisanimportantfactorinallofourlives.Withouteyes,weseemtobeabletodonothing.But,whatcanwedototakecareofeyes?Firstly,weshouldeathealthyfoods.Secondly,don’tsitbeforeacomputerscreenorTVfortoolongtimeandtakeregularrestatintervals（間隔）sothatrelaxtheeyemuscles.Thirdly,havingenoughsleepisthebestrestforeyes.Besidesthosenotices,youshouldbeawareofsomethreatstoeyesindailylives.Excessiveexposuretobrightsunlightisharmfultoeyes,therefore,whengoingout,especiallyinsummertime,putonapairofqualifiedsunglasses;Stayawayformsmoking.Someingredientsincigarettesarecarcinogenesis(致癌的).Lastbutnottheleast,takeregularmedicalexaminestothecheckoutpotentialeyediseaseandpreventitsdeterioration(退化).Eyesarethemostimportantsenseorgansandoneshouldusepropereyecareproductstoavoidfurtherirritations(刺激性)andensurelongevityatease.Oureyesareimportantforus,sotheauthortellsushowtoprotectoureyes,includingeatinghealthyfood,givingthemenoughtimetorest,knowingsomethreats,andtakingfrequenteyeexaminations.議論文：Gettingupearlyhasbeenregardedasagoodhabitsinceancienttimes.Manyyearsago,peoplethoughtthatifwewenttobedearlyandgotupearly,wewouldbeenergeticthewholeday.So,gettingupearlyisofgreatimportancetousall.Infact,morningisthebesttimeofaday.Inthemorning,theairisthefreshestandpeopleareusuallyinthebestconditions.Manyofusmayhavetheexperiencesthatwememorizesomethingsmorequicklyandaccuratelyinthemorningthanatanyothertimeoftheday.Ifwedosomemorningexerciseoronlytakeashortwalkinthemorning,wecanbuildourbodiesandbecomemuchhealthier.Alsowewillhaveenoughtimetomakeaplanandgetreadyforourworkorstudyofthedayifwegetupearly.However,ifwegetuplate,we’llprobablyhavetodoeverythinginagreathurry.Letusremembergettingupearlyisagoodhabitandtryourbesttokeepit.Ifwesticktogettingupearlyeveryday,wewillcertainlybenefitalotfromit.Thepassagemainlytellsusgettingupearlyinthemorningisagoodhabitthat’llbenefitusalot.Itenablesustohaveabettermemory,healthierbodyandbetterpreparationfortheday.BritishscientistIsaacNewton(1643-1727)oncesaid,“IfIhaveseenfurther,itisbystandingupontheshouldersofgiants.”Andthisyear’sNobelPrizeinchemistrymayhavebestexplainedthesewords.

Thisyear’sprizewasdividedbetweenthreescientists–FrenchmanJean-PierreSauvage,British-bornSirJ.FraserStoddartandDutchscientistBernardL.Feringa.Theywereawardedtheprizeforcreatingtheworld’ssmallestmachines.

Howsmall?Insteadofbeingmadeofnailsandbolts(釘子和螺栓)likeregularmachines,theyaremadeofmolecules(分子).Insteadofmeasuringinmetersorcentimeters,theymeasureinnanometers(納米)–onebillionthofameter–muchthinnerthanahumanhair.

Butthiswasachievedneitherovernight,noralone.

Backin1983,Sauvage,whoisnowaretiredprofessor