牛津經(jīng)濟研究院-啤酒在低收入國家的經(jīng)濟貢獻（英）

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ECON0MICS

THEECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OFBEERIN

LOWERINCOME

COUNTRIES

JANUARY2024

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ECONOMICS

Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

3

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Executivesummary4

1.Introduction6

2.Thebeersector’seconomicfootprint8

3.Beerconsumption14

3.1Beerconsumptionpatterns14

3.2Beerconsumptioninthecontextofthebroader

alcoholindustry16

4.Thebeersector’spotentialtogrowinlower

incomecountries18

4.1Modellingapproach18

4.2Beersector’spotentialtocontributemoreto

lowerincomeeconomies18

5.Factorsinfluencingbeerconsumptioninlower

incomecountries22

5.1Factorsinfluencingalcoholconsumption22

5.2Factorsinfluencingbeerconsumption22

6.Conclusionsandfutureresearchrecommendations26

Appendix28

6.1Beer’sconsumptionovertime28

6.2Modellingframework28

4

In2022,wepublishedastudyoftheglobalbeersector’s

economicfootprintacross70countries,conductedonbehalfoftheWorldwideBrewingAllianceusing2019data.One

mainfindingofourpreviousstudyisthatthebeersector’seconomicsignificanceissubstantiallylargeracrosslowerincomeeconomies.

Inthisreport,weinvestigatefurthertheimportanceofthebeersectorinlowerincomeeconomies.Webeginbyexamining

whythebeersector’seconomicsignificanceisgreaterinlowerincomecountries,andthenanalysehowbeerconsumption

variesacrosscountries.Wealsoexplorehowtheseeconomiccontributionscouldpotentiallyincreasefurtheriftheshare

ofbeerconsumptionrose,whilekeepingoverallalcoholicbeverageconsumptionlevelconstant.Weconcludewithrecommendationsforfurtherstudies.

Thebeersectoralreadysupportslargersharesofeconomicvalueinlowerincomeeconomies.In2019,thebeersector’scontributiontoGDPaveraged1.6%acrosslowerincome

countries,almostdoubleitscontributiontoGDPinhighincomecountries(anaverageof0.9%ofnationalGDP).Thebeersectorinlowerincomecountriesalsosupportedmorejobsinboth

absoluteandrelativeterms(anaverageof1.4%ofnational

employmentversus1.1%inhighincomecountries),which

couldbeexplainedbythelowerlevelsoflabourproductivityandamoreprominentroleofagricultureinthesecountries.

Thebeersectorinthesecountriesisalsocharacterisedbya

lessprominentroleofthedownstreamsegment(accountingforonly39%ofthesector’sgrossvalueaddedcontribution,

comparedto62%inhighincomecountries)andalowerlevelofinternationalisation(nearlyallthebeersoldinlowerincomecountriesisproduceddomestically,comparedtohighincomecountrieswhereanaverage12%ofsalesbydownstream

businessesisimportedfromoverseas).

Beerconsumptiontendstobelowerinlowerincomecountriescomparedtotherestoftheworld.Theaveragepersoninlowerincomecountriesconsumesonlyonethirdofthebeerconsumedbytheircounterpartsinhighincomecountries.Despitelower

pricesandlowerlevelsofconsumption,consumersinlowerincomecountriesallocatealargershareoftheirdisposableincometobeercomparedtoindividualsacrossothercountryincomegroups.

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ECON0MICS

Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

$34billion

Thebeersector’s

contributiontoGDPin

lowerincomecountries.

Theaveragecontribution

toGDPwas1.6%across

lowerincomecountriesin2019,comparedto0.9%acrosshighincomecountries.

6.7million

Jobssupportedbythebeer

sectorinlowerincomecountries.

5

Thisindicatesbeeriscomparativelylessaffordableinlower

incomecountries.Furthermore,wefindthatdemandforbeerincreasesdisproportionallyatlowincomelevels(i.e.,among

lowerincomecountries),butismuchlessincomesensitiveascountriesbecomericher.Thissuggeststhatbeerbehavesasa“l(fā)uxurygood”inlowerincomeeconomies,asopposedtoa“normalgood”inhighincomecountries.Whilethesegeneralobservationsaremadebasedonconsumptionpatterns,we

arenotabletodrawanyconclusionsaboutthesignificanceorcausalityoftherelationshipbetweendisposableincomeandbeerconsumption.

+$37billion

Thepotential

increasein

contributionsto

GDPbythebeer

sectorinlowerincomecountriesifbeerconsumptionlevelsrosetoourcounterfactualscenario.

Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

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ECONOMICS

$67

Averagepercapita

expenditureonbeer

inlowerincome

countries,significantly

lowerthanthe$403spentinhighincomecountries.

Thebeersectorcouldmakeevenlargereconomic

contributionsinlowerincomecountriesifbeerwasalarger

shareoftotalalcoholconsumption.Weestimatethattotal

grossvalueaddedcontributionbythebeersectorcouldrise

toanaverageof2.2%ofGDPacrosslowerincomeeconomies.

Thesector’spotentialtogrowisfoundtobegreatestinIndia,

Ethiopia,andGhana.

Thereareseveralconstraintstothebeersector’spotential

tomakeevenlargereconomiccontributionsinlowerincome

countries.Whenaccountingforalcoholcontentandvolume,

beerisrelativelymoreexpensivethanspiritsacrosscountriesof

allincomegroups,withalargerdifferencefoundamonglower

incomecountries.Lookingatexcisedutiesbyethanolcontent,

beerisalsotaxedmorethanspiritsacrosslowerincome

countries.Beyondprices,thereareotherfactorstoconsider

thatcaninfluencepeople’sdecisionstoconsumebeer,including

tastesandculturaldifferences.Incertaincountries,spirits,wine,

andotheralcoholicbeveragesarepreferredandmorepopular

thanbeer.

Thereishowevermuchlefttoexploreinrelationtothis

topic.Somepossibleextensionstothisstudycouldinvolve

lookingattheoverallmacroeconomicimpactofincreased

beerconsumptionontheeconomy;assessingtaxframeworks

foralcohol;investigatingtheimpactofunrecordedalcohol

consumption;exploringcausalrelationshipbetween

consumptionpatternsandkeydriversusingadetailed

econometricmodel.

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Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

6

1.INTRODUCTION

Thebeersectorbrings

togetherawiderangeof

organisationswhichare

responsibleforproducing,marketing,distributing,

andsellingbeertomillionsofconsumersacrossthe

globe.Incarryingouttheseactivities,businessescreate

andstimulatesignificant

economiccontributionstotheglobaleconomy.

In2022,wepublishedastudyoftheglobalbeersector’s

economicfootprintacross70countries,conductedonbehalfoftheWorldwideBrewing

Alliance.Inthisfirst-of-its-kindstudy,whichtookaglobal

perspectivetoestimatethe

beer’seconomicfootprint

using2019data,wequantifiedthebeersector’seconomic

contributionsupportedby

brewingandsellingbeer

(thesector’sdirectimpact),

itsspendingwithsuppliers

ofgoodsandservices(its

indirectimpact),andthe

wage-fundedspendingin

theconsumereconomyby

employeesofthebeersectoritselfanditssupplychains(itsinducedimpact).

Ourstudydemonstratedhow

importantthebeersector

istoeconomiesaroundthe

globe.Thestudyrevealed

that,in2019,thebeersector

supportedanestimated

$555billioningrossvalue

addedcontributionstoglobal

GDPandaround23million

jobs.Notably,wefoundthat

theglobalbeersector’s

contributionisespecially

importanttolowerincome

countries.

Inthisreport,togetherwith

ABInBev,weinvestigate

furthertheroleofthebeer

sectorforlowerincome

economies.Westartby

examiningwhythebeer

sector’seconomicsignificance

ishigherinlowerincome

countries,andthenanalyse

howconsumptiontrendsvary

acrosscountries.Finally,we

explorehowtheseeconomic

contributionscouldpotentially

increasefurtherifbeer’s

shareoftotalalcoholic

beverageconsumption

increased.Weconcludewith

recommendationsforfurther

studies.

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Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

2.THEBEERSECTOR’S

ECONOMICFOOTPRINT

Diggingfurtherintotheresultsofourpreviousstudy,this

sectionofthereportdescribeshowthebeersector’s

economiccontributionsvary

acrossincomegroupsand

thekeydriversbehindthese

differences.1Basedonthe

WorldBank’sdefinitionof

incomegroups,wecategorisedtheanalysedcountriesintothefollowinggroups:highincome,uppermiddleincome,and

lowerincome.2

Thebeersector—comprising

bothbrewersandthe

downstreamvaluechain,whichincludesbeerdistributors,

retailers,andthehospitality

industry—supportssubstantialeconomicbenefitsacrosstheglobe.In2019,weestimate

thatbrewers’andbeer’s

downstreamvaluechain

supported$1inevery$131of

globalGDPandoneinevery

110jobsintheglobaleconomy.3

Onemainfindingofour

previousstudywasthat

thebeersector’seconomic

significancewassubstantiallylargeracrosslowerincome

economies.

Thebeersector’stotalgrossvalueaddedcontribution

asashareofnationalGDPaveraged1.6%acrosslowerincomecountriesin2019.4

Inthesecountries,thebeersector’stotalimpactwas

nearlytwiceasimportantas

inhighincomecountries—

where,onaverage,thesectorsupported0.9%ofnational

GDP.However,inabsolute

terms,beer’stotalgrossvalueaddedcontributioninlower

incomecountriesamountedto$34billion—onlya10thofthe$337billionsupportedinhighincomeeconomies.

Withinthelowerincomegroup,thebeersectorstimulated

thelargestgrossvalueadded

impactasshareofnationalGDPinCambodia(4.3%),wherepercapitabeer

consumptionwasalsothe

highest.Thebeerindustry

stimulatedthelowesteconomicimpactasshareofnational

GDPinIndonesia(0.20%),

SriLanka(0.29%),andIndia

(0.33%).Unsurprisingly,amonglowerincomeeconomies,

thesethreecountriesrecordedthelowestpercapitabeer

consumptionin2019.

Fig.1:Beersector’stotalgrossvalueaddedcontributionsbycountryincomegroupin2019

PercentageofnationalGDP

◆Percentoftheeconomy

GVA,$billion,2019prices

TotalGVAimpact

400

300

200

100

0

3371.6%

◆

09%

1.3%

◆

.185

34

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%

HighincomeUppermiddleLowerincome

income

Source:OxfordEconomics

1OxfordEconomics,2022,

Globalfootprintofthebeersector.

2Worldbank,2021,

NewWorldBankcountryclassificationsbyincomelevel:2021-2022

,accessedNovember2023.TheWorldBankassignstheworld’seconomytofourincomegroups:low,lower-middle,upper-middle,andhigh-incomecountries.Inthisstudy,wecombinecountriescategorisedaslowandlower-middleincomeeconomiesaslowerincome.

3Inthiscontext,globaleconomyreferstotheeconomyofthe70countriesanalysedinthisstudy,whichin2019accountedfor86%ofglobalGDP.

4Consistentwiththeoriginal2022study,thisisanunweightedaverage,ratherthanaweightedone.Thereasonweemployed

unweightedaveragesisthatwhenusingaweightedaveragetheresultsforoneortwolargeeconomiescansubstantiallyalterthe

8

overallresults,hidingthetruepictureseeninmostofthecountries.Forexample,thelowerincomegroupingincludesbothIndiaandIndonesia–largeeconomieswithlowlevelsofbeerconsumptionduetoculturalfactors.Lowlevelsofconsumptionmeanbeer’s

contributiontotheseeconomiesissmall,andtheireconomicsizecanskewtheweightedaveragecontributionforthelowerincomegroupingsignificantly(from0.6%whenbothareincluded,to1.4%whentheyarenot).Usinganunweightedremovesthisbiasand

highlightstheexperienceofotherlowerincomecountries,wherebeermakesafarlargercontributionthaninhighincomeeconomies.

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ECONOMICS

Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

Theresultsaresomewhat

differentwhenwelookat

jobs,whicharehigherinboth

proportionalandabsolutelevelsinlowerincomecountries.In

2019,thebeersectorsupported6.7millionjobsinlowerincomecountries,or50%morethan

the4.5millionjobssupportedinhighincomeeconomies.

Inrelativeterms,thesector’simpactwasalsolargerin

lowerincomecountriesthanhighincomecountries,withanaverage1.4%and1.1%ofnationalemploymentbeingsupported,respectively.5

Differencesinproductivitiesacrossincomegroups,andinthecompositionofindustriesstimulatedbythebeersector,contributetoexplainingthelargerjobsimpactsacross

lowerincomecountries.

Therelativeimportanceof

agriculturetolowerincomecountriesandlowerlevelsofproductivityareamongthefactorsdrivingtheseresults.Thatis,thebeersectorin

lowerincomecountriesis

morelabourintensivethaninhighincomecountries.6

Amongstlowerincome

countries,thebeersector

supportedthehighesttotal

jobscontributionasashareofnationalemploymentin

Mozambique(3.7%).Itwas

followedbyCambodiawith3.3%ofnationalemploymentsupportedbythebeersector.

Similartogrossvalueadded

impacts,thebeersector’s

lowestjobcontributionswereinIndonesia(0.21%),India

(0.26%),andSriLanka(0.33%).

Tobetterunderstandthe

featuresanddriversofthe

sector’simpact,itisimportanttoknowhowbrewers’and

beer’sdownstreamvaluechaincontributedtothisimpact.

Acrosslowerincome

countries,brewerssupportedalargershareofthetotal

grossvalueaddedimpact.

Ofthe$34billiongrossvalueaddedcontributionsupportedbybeerinlowerincome

economiesin2019,brewersaccountedfor61%.Thisis

almostexactlythereverse

inhighincomeeconomies,wherebusinessesalongthedownstreamvaluechain

supported62%oftheoverallgrossvalueaddedimpact.

Thisdifferenceislikely

explainedbythefeaturesandcharacteristicsofdownstreamactivitiesacrossdifferent

incomegroups.Whilebrewerstendtobehighlyproductive

acrossalleconomies,beer’s

downstreamvaluechainvariessubstantiallyacrosstheglobe.

Fig.2:Beersector’stotalemploymentcontributionsbycountryincomegroupin2019

Percentageofnationalemployment

◆Percentoftheeconomy

Employment(million)

Totalemploymentimpact

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

1.3%

◆

1.4%

1.1%

12

◆

6.7

4.5

HighincomeUppermiddleLowerincome

1.4%

1.2%

1.0%

0.8%

0.6%

0.4%

0.2%

0.0%

income

Source:OxfordEconomics

5Thisiscalculatedastheaveragecontributionacrosscountriesintheincomegroup.

6Morelabourintensivemeansthatmoreunitsoflabourarerequiredtoproduceoneunitofoutput.9

Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

10

Agriculture,forestryand?shing

Wholesaleandretail

Professionalandbusinessservices

Transportationandstorage

Foodproducts,beveragesandtobacco

Realestateactivities

Financialandinsuranceactivities

Utilities

Miningofenergyproducingproducts

Others

Distribution,retail,and

hospitalitysectorsinhigh

incomecountriesoftenoffermoremodernservices—

forexample,through

higherpersonalisationand

digitisation—whichtendtobemorecostly.Thisisbecauserunningtheseservices

requireshigherinvestmentsandhigheroperatingcosts,aswellasamorespecialisedandexpensivelabourforce.Thedownstreamvaluechainbeingalabour-intensive

sectorandaveragelabour

wagesbeingrelativelyhigherinhighincomecountriesalsocontributetoexplainingthehighervalueaddedinthesecountriescomparedtolowerincomeeconomies.

Focusingonemployment,brewerssupported55%ofthetotaljobsimpactbythe

beersectorinlowerincomecountries.Inhighincome

countries,however,beer’s

downstreamvaluechain

accountedfor73%ofthe

totaljobsimpact.Becausedownstreambusinesses

tendtobelessproductive

thanbrewers,weseeamorebalanceddistributionofthejobsimpactacrosslower

incomecountries.

Agricultureisbyfarthe

industrybenefittingthe

mostfromthebeersectorinlowerincomecountries.Oftheindirectgrossvalueaddedsupportedinthesecountries($13billion),

22%wasstimulatedinthe

agriculturalindustry,followedbywholesaleandretail

(13%),andprofessionalandbusinessesservices(10%).

Averydifferentpictureis

observedacrosshighincomecountries,wherebusinessesintheprofessionaland

businessesservicesindustrybenefitthemostfrombeer’ssupplychainactivities,

accountingfor20%ofthe

totalindirectcontributiontoGDP.Incontrast,agriculture

didnotfeatureamongthetopfivebeneficiaryindustriesin

thesecountries.

Similarresultsareobservableintheinducedchannelof

impact;although,astobe

expected,therearehigher

impactsamongindustries

typicallybelongingtothe

consumereconomy,suchasrealestateservices.These

resultsreflecttheunderlyingstructureoftheeconomy

andhowthisdiffersacrossincomegroups.

Fig.3:Beer’simpactinlowerincomecountries,bychannelandindustry(2019)

0.2

1.0

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.8

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.2

0.5

0.3

1.6

1.2

1.3

2.8

2.3

IndirectchannelInducedchannel

3.7

2.6

Source:OxfordEconomics

01234

Grossvalueadded,$billion,2019prices

Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

11

9

8.9

Fig.4:Beer’simpactinhighincomecountries,bychannelandindustry(2019)

6.7

8.6

2.3

7.3

4.1

7.6

2.7

4.2

2.7

4.7

1.9

12

17

17

22

28

IndirectchannelInducedchannel

32

11

Professionalandbusinessservices

Wholesaleandretail

Realestateactivities

Financialandinsuranceactivities

Humanhealthandsocialwork

Transportationandstorage

Foodproducts,beveragesandtobacco

Utilities

Agriculture,forestryand?shing

Others

Source:OxfordEconomics

0

102030

Grossvalueadded,$billion,2019prices

40

Finally,welookedattheextenttowhichthebeersectoranditsupstreamsupplychains

areintegratedintheglobaleconomy,andwhetherthisvariesacrossincomegroups.

Thebeersectortendstobemoredomesticallyfocusedinlowerincomecountrieswithmostofitsimpactoriginatingfromlocalactivities.

In2019,brewersinlowerincomecountriesexported,onaverage,

1.4%oftheirproduction,

withtheremaining98%of

productionleftforthelocal

market.Meanwhile,businessesinthedownstreamvaluechainimportedonaverage2.6%offinishedproductforresale.

Incontrast,brewersand

downstreambusinessesinhighincomecountriestend

tobemoreintegratedinthe

globaleconomy.In2019,on

average,brewersacrosshighincomecountriesexported

12%oftheirproductionand

businessesinthedownstreamactivitiesimported12%oftheirfinalproducts.

Overall,weidentifyfivedistinct

featuresofthebeersectorinlowerincomecountries.Thefirstisthat,despitehavinganabsolutesmallergrossvalue

addedimpact,thebeersectorcontributesalargershareto

GDPinlowerincomecountries(1.6%)thanhigherincome

countries(0.9%).Thesecondisthatthebeersectorsupportsmorejobsindeveloping

countriesinbothabsolute(6.7millionjobs)andrelativeterms(1.4%ofnationalemployment).Third,lowerincomecountrieshavelowerlevelsoflabour

productivityandamore

prominentroleofagriculture,

helpingexplainthehigher

numberofjobssupported

bythebeersector.Fourth,

thedownstreamsegmentof

thebeersectorismuchless

prominentinlowerincome

countries,accountingfor39%ofthesector’sgrossvalueaddedcontribution,comparedto

62%inhighincomecountries.Andfifth,thebeersectoris

muchlessinternationalisedin

lowerincomecountries,with

thedownstreamsegmentof

thebeersectorimportingan

averageofonly2.6%offinishedproductforresale,comparedto12%inhighincomecountries.

Thenextsectionexploresdifferencesinspending

patternsacrossincomegroupsandhowthesecanexplain

someoftheseobservations.

Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

40385

73

203

28

67

ValueVolumeLowerincome

ValueVolumeValueVolume

HighincomeUppermiddleincome

3.BEERCONSUMPTION

Beerisoneofthemostpopularbeveragesconsumedallovertheworld.Inthissectionofthereport,welookatbeerconsumptionpatternsacrossthe70countriesanalysedinourpreviousstudyandfocusonhowthesevaryacrossandwithindifferentincomegroups.

3.1BEERCONSUMPTIONPATTERNS

BasedonEuromonitordataonbeerconsumptionandpopulationdatafromthe

WorldBank,weestimate

that,in2019,percapita

consumptionofbeeraveraged64litresacrosstheanalysed

70countries.Toconsumethisquantity,theaverageperson

spent$246onbeereachyear.7

Largedifferencesin

spendingpatternsexist

acrosscountriesandincomegroups.Whiletheaverage

personinhighincome

anduppermiddleincome

countriesspent$403and

$203tobuyandconsume

beer,respectively,percapita

expenditureonbeeraveraged$67acrosslowerincome

countriesin2019.Thisimpliesthatindividualsacrosslowerincomecountriesspent,on

average,around17%and33%ofwhattheircounterparts

inhighincomeandmiddleincomecountriesspent.

Amongstlowerincome

countries,therewerelargevariationstoo.Forexample,whileBolivia’spercapita

consumptionin2019was

highat$243,ontheother

endofthespectrumwefindIndiaandIndonesia,withanaveragespendingonbeerat$8and$9,respectively.

Differencesinaveragespendingarepartlydrivenbybeerprices,whichtendtobelowerinlowerincomecountries.In2019,beerpricesaveraged$2.70perlitreinlowerincomecountries,

versusthe$5.10perlitreand$3.40perlitreinhighincomeanduppermiddleincome

countries,respectively.

However,whilebeerischeaperinlowerincomecountries,itbynomeansismoreaffordable.

Acrosslowerincomecountries,percapitaconsumptionofbeeraveraged28litresperyearin

2019.Thisissignificantlylowerthantheaverage85litres

Fig.5:Percapitaconsumptionofbeerin2019,bycountryincomegroup

$percapita,2019prices

Litrepercapita

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Source:Euromonitor,OxfordEconomics

14

7WorldBank,“

WDIpopulationages15-64

”and“

WDIpopulationagesover64

”,datadownloadedNovember2023.GiventheWorldBankdoesnotpublishpopulationdatabylegaldrinkingage,wetakepopulationages15+astheclosestproxy.Euromonitor,2019,“IndustryandEconomicandConsumerData”,datadownloadedNovember2023.

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Theeconomiccontributionofbeerinlowerincomecountries

Consumptionpercapita

Highincome

UppermiddleincomeLowerincome

Germany

US

France

Italy

Botswana

CzechRepublic

and73litresconsumedby

individualsacrosshighincomeanduppermiddleincome

countries,respectively.

Despitehavingbothlowerunitpricesandlowerconsumptionvolumes,peopleacrosslowerincomecountriesallocated

alargerportionoftheir

disposableincometobeer

consumptionthanindividualsacrosshighanduppermiddleincomecountries.In2019,theshareofhouseholddisposable

incomespentonbeer

averaged3.4%acrosscountriesinthelowerincomegroup,

comparedto1.6%and2.7%inhighincomeanduppermiddleincomecountries,respectively.8Thismeansthattheshareof

householddisposableincomespentonbeerinlowerincomecountrieswasmorethantwiceaslargeasthatofhighincomecountries.Thissuggeststhatbeeriscomparativelyless

affordableinlowerincome

countriesinpurchasingpowerparity(PPP)terms.9

Examiningingreaterdetail

therelationshipbetween

disposableincomeandbeerconsumption,weobserveageneraltrendofincreasing

beervolumeconsumption

asdisposableincomelevelsincrease.Theincreaseinbeerconsumptiontapersoffaswereachtherichestcountries

suchastheUS,suggesting

thepresenceofanon-

linearrelationshipbetween

disposableincomeandbeerconsumption.Whilethese

generalobservationscanbemadebasedonconsumptionpatterns,wearenotabletodrawanyconclusionsaboutthesignificanceorcausalityoftherelationshipbetween

thesetwovariables.Thiscouldbefurtherinvestigatedusingadetailedeconometricmodel.

Wealsonotesubstantial

variationwithineachgroup.

Forexample,countrieswith

similarlevelsofdisposable

incomesuchasFranceand

Germanyshowdifferent

consumptionpatterns,withtheaverageGermanconsuming

nearlythreetimesasmuch

beerasthetypicalFrench

person.Thisreflectsdifferent

tastes,asdemonstratedby

wineconsumptionpercapita

being1.5timeshigherinFrancethaninGermany.

Focusingonlowerincomecountries,percapita

consumptionofbeer

acrossIndiaandIndonesia

amountedto2.6litresand

1.3litres,respectively,in2019.Incontrast,eachpersonin

Cambodiaconsumedaround92litresofbeer,whichis

morethanaveragebeer

consumptionacrosshigh

incomecountries(85litres).

Fig.6:Countrylevelpercapitaconsumptionofbeerversusdisposableincomein2019

Litrepercapita

250

200

150

100

50

0

020,00040,00060,00080,000

Disposabl