高考英語語法專題講義之獨立主格篇

獨立主格（寫作必備口語必會）天下最孝順的孩子到哪都背著爸媽本質(zhì)：非謂語動詞邏輯主語與主句（干）主語不同有自己獨立的主語獨立主格=邏輯主語+非謂語動詞1.常見的構(gòu)成形式有（1）名詞或代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞（表主動）Timepermitting,weshallhaveapicnicthisweekend.邏輯主語現(xiàn)在分詞條件狀語如果時間（天氣）允許的話，我們周末去野餐。Iftimepermits,weshallhaveapicnicthisweekend.條件狀語從句Aluminiumbeingverysoft,wecanpressiteasilyintoanyshapesdesired.鋁很軟，所以我們很容易地將它壓成所需要的形狀。邏輯主語現(xiàn)在分詞短語原因狀語Becausealuminiumisverysoft,wecanpressiteasilyintoanyshapesdesired原因狀語從句Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.邏輯主語現(xiàn)在分詞短語時間狀語做出決定后，下一個問題是如何作出一個好的計劃。Afterhedecisionhadbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan時間狀語從句（2）名詞或代詞+過去分詞（表被動）Theexperimentdone,thestudentswentontotakenotesintheexperimentreport.Aftertheexperimenthadbeendone,thestudentswentontotakenotesintheexperimentreport.實驗做完后，學生們在實驗報告中繼續(xù)作記錄。Thejobfinished,wewenthomestraightaway.Afterthejobhadbeenfinished,wewenthomestraightaway.工作結(jié)束后，我們便立即回了家。Thesumadded,we’llhaveenoughmoneyforthetrip.Ifthesumisadded,we’llhaveenoughmoneyforthetrip.如果加上這筆錢，我們旅行的費用就足夠了。注意：用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，要看前面的名詞或代詞與后面動詞的關(guān)系：是主謂關(guān)系，即名詞代詞作了動詞的邏輯主語，就用v.ing形式；若是動賓關(guān)系，即名詞或代詞是動詞的邏輯賓語，用v.ed形式。（3）名詞或代詞+形容詞（狀語從句中系動詞的省略）Heenteredtheroom,hisnoseredwithcold.他進到房間里，鼻子凍得紅紅的。時間狀語Heenteredtheroom,whilehisnosewasredwithcold時間狀語從句Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.他坐在前排，半張著嘴。時間狀語Hesatinthefrontrow,whilehismouthwashalfopen.他坐在前排，半張著嘴。特殊句子時間狀語從句ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allofthemover600yearsold.ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,andallofthemareover600yearsold.并列句ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allofwhichareover600yearsold.定語從句英格蘭發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大收藏是20萬枚銀制便士，它們都有六百余年的歷史。（4）名詞或代詞+副詞（狀語從句中系動詞的省略）Dinnerover,wedecidetoplaybridge.吃過晚飯，我們決定打橋牌。Afterdinnerisover,wedecidetoplaybridgeThemealover,prayswerereadbyMissMiller.飯后，米勒小姐開始讀祈禱文。Afterthemealhadbeenover,prayswerereadbyMissMiller（5）名詞或代詞+介詞短語（狀語從句中系動詞的省略）Theteachercameintotheclassroom,bookinhand.老師盡了教室，手里拿著書。注意：名詞前不需要冠詞。 Theteachercameintotheclassroom,whilebookwasinhandTheteachercamebacksuddenly,bookinhand.教師手里拿著書突然回來了。Theteachercamebacksuddenly,whilebookwasinhandInhalfanhourDeliacame,herrightinabandage.半小時后，迪莉婭回來了，她右手纏著繃帶。InhalfanhourDeliacame,whileherrightwasinabandageAsquicklyastheycould,themenrantothestepsandupintotheopen,manyofthemwiththeirclothesonfire.Asquicklyastheycould,themenrantothestepsandupintotheopen,whilemanyofthemwiththeirclotheswereonfire.人們盡快地跑向樓梯，爬到戶外，許多人的衣服都燒著了。（6）名詞或代詞+不定式。(表將來)Weshallassembleattenfortyfive,theprocessiontostartmovingatpreciselytwelve.Weshallassembleattenfortyfive,beacusetheprocessionwillstartmovingatpreciselytwelve.我們必須在十點四十五分集合，游行隊伍在十二點整開始出發(fā)。Isendyoutodaythreefourthsofthesumagreeduponbetweenus,theresttofollowwithinamonth.Isendyoutodaythreefourthsofthesumagreeduponbetweenus,andtherestwillfollowwithinamonth.我今天把我們之間已商定的金額總數(shù)的四分之三寄給你，余下的部分將在一個月內(nèi)寄去。Alargenumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometoholdhisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.Alargenumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperorandsomewouldholdhisrobeandotherswouldadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.許多官員尾隨皇帝之后，有的給他拎著衣服，有的給他整理腰帶等。Thetwopartiesshouldfirstreachanagreementonthebasicprinciple,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.Thetwopartiesshouldfirstreachanagreementonthebasicprincipleandthedetailswouldbeworkedoutlater.對方首先應(yīng)該就基本的原則性問題達成協(xié)議，細節(jié)以后再訂。2.with/without+復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)with+邏輯主語+非謂語動詞短語/形容詞/介詞短語/副詞/不定式/名詞/with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語或定語等，構(gòu)成形式只是在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前+with，語法功能與獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)相同，但獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的作邏輯主語的代詞用主格，而with，without，like等介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語用名詞或賓語代詞。如：（1）with+名詞/代詞+分詞。Withthecrowdscheering,theydrovetothepalace.在人群的歡呼聲中，他們驅(qū)車來到皇宮。狀語（介賓短語）賓語賓補WithPeterworkinginBirmingham,andLucytravelingmostoftheweek,thehouseseemsprettyempty.彼得在伯明翰工作，而露西這周對半時間到處跑，屋里顯得空空的。比較：Astimegoeson,ourlifeisbeingmorebeautiful.時間狀語從句Withtimegoingon,ourlifeisbeingmorebeautiful.伴隨狀語伴隨著時間的推移，我們的生活變得更加美好。（2）with+名詞/代詞+形容詞。（系動詞的省略）Hestaredatmewithhismouthopen.他張著嘴，凝視著我。（3）with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語。（系動詞的省略）Hestoodwithhishandinhispocket.他站著，一只手插在衣袋里。注意：與獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。Heranintothehouse,swordinhand.（名詞sword前沒有冠詞）Heranintothehouse,withaswordinhisrighthand.（名詞sword前有冠詞）（4）with+名詞/代詞+副詞。（系動詞的省略）Theboystoodthere,withhisheaddown.這個男孩站在那兒，低著頭。（5）with+名詞/代詞+不定式（系動詞的省略）Withnoonetotalkto,Johnfeltmiserable.由于沒有人說話，約翰感到很悲哀。（6）with+名詞/代詞+名詞 （系動詞的省略）Shediedwithherson(being)yetaschoolboy.她去世時兒子還在上學讀書。with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)還有可能作定語。Troywasastrongcitywithagreatandthickwallaroundit.特洛伊是一座周圍有又大又厚的城墻圍繞的堅固城市。邏輯主語籠統(tǒng)型獨立自主格一種語言簡化方式（people/we/they）Generallyspeaking,menarestrongerthanwomen.（people/we/they）Strictlyspeaking,thisisnotarightanswer.（people/we/they）Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustbefromEngland.4.不能省略being的情況therebeing/代詞+being①當獨立主格的主語是代詞時Asitisaholiday,alltheshopsareshut.Itbeingaho