腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療培訓(xùn)課件

腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療一、概述早在1840年已經(jīng)被Adams所認(rèn)識(shí),Baker在1877年以他的名字命名為貝克囊腫(Baker囊腫)。腘窩囊腫是腘窩滑液囊腫的總稱，多發(fā)生于半膜肌與腓腸肌,并常與關(guān)節(jié)腔相通。臨床表現(xiàn)為關(guān)節(jié)疼痛及活動(dòng)受限。分為原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性兩種。2腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療二、發(fā)病機(jī)制單向流通的“閥門(mén)機(jī)制”（只進(jìn)不出）。存在半膜肌與腓腸肌內(nèi)側(cè)頭滑液囊(GSB)。關(guān)節(jié)積液增多引起關(guān)節(jié)囊內(nèi)壓增高,通過(guò)平股骨髁腓腸肌內(nèi)側(cè)頭處的橫向裂隙樣結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)入GSB,但不能從GSB流向關(guān)節(jié)腔,導(dǎo)致囊腫的形成和持續(xù)存在。關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)疾病(半月板損傷、軟骨退變、交叉韌帶損傷、滑膜炎等)在腘窩囊腫的發(fā)病過(guò)程中起重要作用。Sansone等認(rèn)為半月板尤其是內(nèi)側(cè)半月板損傷是致病的關(guān)鍵,84%-90%的患者可見(jiàn)有內(nèi)側(cè)半月板損傷。3腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療三、臨床表現(xiàn)Rauschning和Lndgren對(duì)腘窩囊腫評(píng)價(jià)分級(jí)如表1：4腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療四、診斷癥狀及體征。MRI、B超。B超將腘窩囊腫分為3型：（1）單純囊腫型：囊腫孤立存在于腘窩軟組織間,與深部關(guān)節(jié)腔不相通,其形態(tài)呈圓形或橢圓形,囊壁較薄,邊界光滑清楚,包膜完整,透聲好。（2）分葉囊腫型：此型基底部與關(guān)節(jié)腔相通,有寬窄不一的蒂部管狀結(jié)構(gòu),囊腫形態(tài)欠規(guī)則呈多樣性,囊壁厚薄不均,可見(jiàn)粗細(xì)不一的光帶及散在點(diǎn)狀回聲,探頭加壓囊腫形態(tài)改變。（3）囊液混濁型：囊腫呈單房或分葉狀,囊壁毛糙增厚,內(nèi)見(jiàn)密集光點(diǎn)回聲或粗斑點(diǎn)狀回聲,呈懸浮狀,可飄動(dòng),下垂部位可見(jiàn)回聲分層,此型可見(jiàn)于囊內(nèi)出血或感染。5腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療六、關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)的方法7腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療方法一：成功治療的關(guān)鍵是膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)相關(guān)病損的處理和重建滑囊與關(guān)節(jié)腔正常的雙向流通,囊腫本身不應(yīng)是外科治療的主要目標(biāo)!8腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療9腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療方法二：FIGURE1.(A)Schematiccross-sectionimageofthekneewiththeopeningoftheconnection.Theimageshowsthelocationoftheposteromedialportalandtheanterolateralviewingportal.(P,poplitealcyst.)(B)Arthroscopicfindingfromtheanterolateralportaloftherightkneeshowsaconnectinghole(curvedarrow)attheposteromedialcompartmentthatverifiestheretractionofthecapsularfold(C)byprobing(straightarrow).(M,medialfemoralcondyle.)10腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療FIGURE2.(A)Arthroscopicfindingfromtheanterolateralportaloftherightkneeshowsthatthecapsularfold(C)wasresectedbybasketforceps(arrow)insertedfromtheposteromedialportal.(B)Arthroscopicfindingfromtheanterolateralportaloftherightkneeshowsayellowishcysticfluidthatgushesouttotheposteromedialcompartmentbycompressingtheposteromedialpartskinoftheballoonedcyst.(M,medialfemoralcondyle.)11腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療FIGURE3.Arthroscopicfindingoftheanterolateralportaloftherightkneeshowsanopening(curvedarrow).Theopeningisshownattheposteromedialsideofthemedialheadofthegastrocnemius(G)afterthecapsularfoldwascompletelyresectedwithashaver(straightarrow)andbasketforceps.(M,medialfemoralcondyle.)12腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療FIGURE4.(A)Schematiccross-sectionalimageofthekneewiththeopeningoftheconnection.Theimageshowsthelocationoftheposteromedialviewingportal(b).(P,poplitealcyst.)(B)Arthroscopicfindingfromtheposteromedialportaloftherightkneeshowsseptationandloosefragmentsoftheinsideofthepoplitealcyst.13腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療FIGURE5.(A)Schematiccross-sectionalimageofthekneewiththeopeningoftheconnection.Theimageshowsthelocationoftheposteromedialviewingportal(b)andtheposteromedialcysticportal(c).(P,poplitealcyst.)(B)Grossviewoftherightkneejointthatwaspositionedforarthroscopicsurgeryforapoplitealcyst.Thearthroscopewasinsertedthroughtheposteromedialportal,andamotorizedshaverwasintroducedfromtheposteromedialcysticportal.(C)Arthroscopicfindingfromtheposteromedialportaloftherightkneeshowsthatamotorizedshaver(S)wasinsertedtotheinsideofthepoplitealcystthroughtheposteromedialportal.Thecystwall(W)wasresectedwiththeshaver.14腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療15腘窩囊腫的關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療FIGURE6.(A)ApreoperativeMRimage(axialview)showsahugepoplitealcystwithmultipleseptation.(B)Afollow-up(postoperative9months)MRimage(axia