地?zé)崮馨l(fā)電與地源熱泵簡(jiǎn)要介紹

地?zé)崮馨l(fā)電與地源熱泵技術(shù)1BackgroundIntroductionPowerGenerationDirectUtilizationCatalogue2BackgroundIntroduction

J.Zhuetal./Energy

93(2015)466e483

3BackgroundIntroduction

ItiscriticalforChinatoutilizegeothermalenergyforsustainabledevelopment,asChinaisthelargestcountryinenergyconsumptionandthesecondlargesteconomyintheworld!

J.Zhuetal./Energy93(2015)466e483

4GeothermalResourcesInChina

ThedistributionmapofgeothermalresourcesinChina

J.Zhuetal./Energy93(2015)466e483

5GeothermalResourcesInChinaAssessmentofgeothermalresourcesShallowgeothermalresourcesTotal:?milliontonsofstandardcoalRecovery:?milliontonsofstandardcoal

Sedimentarybasinsresources

Total:?milliontonsofstandardcoalSichuanBasin:31.2%NorthChinaPlain:21.7%

WeiheRiver-YunchengBasin:14.6%

HotdryrockresourcesTotal:?milliontonsofstandardcoal

J.Zhuetal./Energy93(2015)466e4836GeothermalUtilizationInChinaGeothermalpowergeneration1970:Thefirstgeothermalpowergenerationstationwasestablished.1971:Thefirstgeothermalbinarypowerstationwasconstructed.Thelate1970s:SeveralindustrialgeothermalpowerplantsusinghightemperatureresourceswerebuiltinTibet.1977-1991:9testunitsstationwithcapacityofMWewasinstalled.2014:thetotalinstalledcapacityofgeothermalpowerstationsis35.38MWeincludingstationsinTaiwan.

Alltheworkdonebefore,especiallyonmedium-lowtemperaturegeothermalpowertechnologywillcertainlyprovidetechnicalsupportforChina'sgeothermalpowergenerationinthefuture!

J.Zhuetal./Energy93(2015)466e483

7GeothermalUtilizationInChina

Directutilization?GeothermalsourceheatpumpThefirstGSHPprojectwastheapplicationforNewHendersonBuildinginBeijingin1995,ThereisarapiddevelopmentofGSHPapplicationinthe21stcentury.

GSHPapplicationareainChina,2006-2014

J.Zhuetal./Energy93(2015)466e4838GeothermalUtilizationInChina

DirectutilizationGeothermaldistrictheatingHotspringbathandmedicalcareGreenhouseandaquacultureIndustrialutilizationandcropdryingAtpresent,moreandmorestudiesfocusonseasonalenergystorage,integrationofusinghybridsystemsandsavingenergyinbuildings,systemcontrolstrategy,andheatpumpsusingCO?asaworkingfluid!

9GeothermalUtilizationInChinaHotdryrockresourcesAtpresent,theexploitationofHDRresourcesinChinaisinitsinfancy

GeothermalgradientinChina(°C/km).

J.Zhuetal./Energy93(2015)466e48310GovernmentSupportFinancialsupportfromtheChinesegovernmentsince2006.NEAandMOLR:Shallowdepthgeothermalenergy→heatingandcoolingDeepgeothermalenergy→geothermalpowergenerationmediumtemperaturegeothermalpowergenerationandHDRpowergeneration

J.Zhuetal./Energy93(2015)466e483

11

地?zé)岚l(fā)電技術(shù)12地?zé)岚l(fā)電的分類及發(fā)展過程

TheClassificationandEvolutionofGeothermalPowerPlant13TheClassificationofGeothermalPowerPlantDrysteamplantsFlash-steamplantsBinary-cycleplantsYariM.Exergeticanalysisofvarioustypesofgeothermalpowerplants[J].RenewableEnergy,2010,35(1):112-121.14TheClassificationofGeothermalPowerPlantDrysteamplantsDrysteam,cleaningsteam（Acidicgases，Dissolvedsolids）MaintypeBackpressureturbinepowergeneration（背壓式）Condensingsteamturbinepowergeneration（凝汽式）LuT,GaoXW,WangXD,etal.Thegeothermalpowerandmaintechnicalproblems[C]//InternationalConferenceonSustainablePowerGenerationandSupply,2009.Supergen.IEEE,2009:1-4.15TheClassificationofGeothermalPowerPlantFlash-steamplantsGeothermalfluid,flashvaporizerMaintypeSingle-flashplantsDouble-flashplantsFull-flowmethodLuT,GaoXW,WangXD,etal.Thegeothermalpowerandmaintechnicalproblems[C]//InternationalConferenceonSustainablePowerGenerationandSupply,2009.Supergen.IEEE,2009:1-4.16TheClassificationofGeothermalPowerPlantBinary-cycleplantsLowboilingpointsubstance,Chloroethane(氯乙烷)n-Butane(正丁烷)SteamofworkingmediumMaintypeSingle-binary-cycleplantsDouble-binary-cycleplantsLuT,GaoXW,WangXD,etal.Thegeothermalpowerandmaintechnicalproblems[C]//InternationalConferenceonSustainablePowerGenerationandSupply,2009.Supergen.IEEE,2009:1-4.17DipippoR.Geothermalpowerplants:Evolutionandperformanceassessments[J].Geothermics,2015,53:291-307.ConcernaboutthegeosteamAcidicgasesDissolvedsolids→CannotusedirectlyFerdinandoRaynautGeosteamflowthroughthetubesinsidetheboilerAttacktheboilertubesGeosteammixwithcleansteam→ProblemsintheengineTheEvolutionofGeothermalPowerPlantTheoriginofgeothermalpowergenerationNotsuccessful18DipippoR.Geothermalpowerplants:Evolutionandperformanceassessments[J].Geothermics,2015,53:291-307.TheEvolutionofGeothermalPowerPlantTheoriginofgeothermalpowergenerationAwareofthepotentialcorrosionproblemsSendthesteamthroughatankMarkedthebeginningoftheera(紀(jì)元)ofgeothermalelectricity(July,1904)SurprisinglySuccessfulGinoriContiBoricacidbusinessatLarderelloGenerateelectricityandsavethecost19DipippoR.Geothermalpowerplants:Evolutionandperformanceassessments[J].Geothermics,2015,53:291-307.TheEvolutionofGeothermalPowerPlantTheoriginofgeothermalpowergenerationFirstattempttomakeaproto-type(雛形)commercialelect-ricalpowerplantshellsfilledwithdown-flowingnaturalsteamtubeswithup-flowingliquidwaterpuresteamthatwascollectedinasteamdrumEmployedasurfacecondenser

withcoolingwater20TheEvolutionofGeothermalPowerPlantThegrowthofgeothermalpowergenerationDipippoR.Geothermalpowerplants:Evolutionandperformanceassessments[J].Geothermics,2015,53:291-307.1925BeppuinJapanFirstunittousewetsteam21TheEvolutionofGeothermalPowerPlantThegrowthofgeothermalpowergenerationDipippoR.Geothermalpowerplants:Evolutionandperformanceassessments[J].Geothermics,2015,53:291-307.1942IschiainItalyFirstbinaryplant22TheEvolutionofGeothermalPowerPlantThegrowthofgeothermalpowergenerationDipippoR.Geothermalpowerplants:Evolutionandperformanceassessments[J].Geothermics,2015,53:291-307.1951HakuryuinJapanFirstflashunittooperateonaliquid-dominatedreservoir23TheEvolutionofGeothermalPowerPlantThegrowthofgeothermalpowergenerationDipippoR.Geothermalpowerplants:Evolutionandperformanceassessments[J].Geothermics,2015,53:291-307.1970—1977ChinaFlashunitandBinaryplantappeared24

TheEvolutionofGeothermalPowerPlantThegeothermalpowergenerationtodayMostCapacity→SingleFlashinoperationMostwideuse

→BinaryinoperationBertaniR.GeothermalpowergenerationintheWorld2010-2014updatereport[J].Geothermics,2011,41:1-29.25OrganicRankineCycle(ORC)(朗肯有機(jī)循環(huán))26Construction

HEGeothermalreservoirTBCOPPOrganicRankineCycle(ORC)(朗肯有機(jī)循環(huán))Noémie,Chagnon-Lessardetal./Geothermics,2016,(64):111-12427OrganicRankineCycle(ORC)(朗肯有機(jī)循環(huán))ORCSubcriticalcycleTranscriticalcycleturbineinletpressuresmallerthantheworkingfluidcritical（臨界）

pressureturbineinletpressurelargerthantheworkingfluidcriticalpressure次臨界超臨界Noémie,Chagnon-Lessard.Geothermalpowerplantswithmaximizedspecificpoweroutput:OptimalworkingfluidandoperatingconditionsofsubcriticalandtranscriticalOrganicRankineCycles[J].Geothermics,2016,(64):111-12428SecondarycircuitsSubcriticalcycleORCGeofluidfromthereservoirThreeheatexchangersReinjectedinthegroundGeofluidcompressedliquidstatePrimarycircuitsEquipmentarchitectureJalilinasrabadyetal.,2012;Pambudietal.,2014Primarycircuits29SubcriticalcycleORCPrimarycircuitsSecondarycircuitsEquipmentarchitectureThermodynamicdiagramSecondarycircuitsState1:saturatedliquidState2:desiredpressureState3:saturatedliquidState4:saturatedvaporNoémie,Chagnon-Lessard.Geothermalpowerplantswithmaximizedspecificpoweroutput:OptimalworkingfluidandoperatingconditionsofsubcriticalandtranscriticalOrganicRankineCycles[J].Geothermics,2016,(64):111-12430PrimarycircuitsSecondarycircuitsTranscriticalcycleORCGeofluidfromthereservoirOneheatexchangersReinjectedinthegroundPrimarycircuitsEquipmentarchitectureNoémie,Chagnon-Lessard.Geothermalpowerplantswithmaximizedspecificpoweroutput:OptimalworkingfluidandoperatingconditionsofsubcriticalandtranscriticalOrganicRankineCycles[J].Geothermics,2016,(64):111-12431TanscriticalcycleORCPrimarycircuitsSecondarycircuitsEquipmentarchitectureThermodynamicdiagramSecondarycircuitsState1:saturatedliquidState2:desiredpressureState3:superheatvaporNoémie,Chagnon-Lessard.Geothermalpowerplantswithmaximizedspecificpoweroutput:OptimalworkingfluidandoperatingconditionsofsubcriticalandtranscriticalOrganicRankineCycles[J].Geothermics,2016,(64):111-12432Kalina循環(huán)33Kalina循環(huán)簡(jiǎn)介：在1984年，由美籍蘇聯(lián)猶太人Kalina在美國(guó)動(dòng)力學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上宣布了由他創(chuàng)導(dǎo)的動(dòng)力循環(huán)系統(tǒng)，命名為Kalina循環(huán)。是一種以氨水混合物作為工質(zhì)的新型動(dòng)力循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。針對(duì)不同溫度的熱源情況，不同形式的Kalina循環(huán)的應(yīng)用范圍不同，其中KCS1主要用于總輸出容量小于20MW或者低于8MW的底循環(huán)式機(jī)組；KCS6在所有卡琳娜循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中其效率最高，主要用于蒸汽---燃?xì)饴?lián)合循環(huán)的底循環(huán)中；KCS5專門用于直燃式電廠中；在中低溫地?zé)岚l(fā)電，KCS11的性能較優(yōu)；KCS34適宜于溫度低于121攝氏度的低溫?zé)嵩窗l(fā)電。34Kalina循環(huán)Kalina循環(huán)在各地區(qū)應(yīng)用的實(shí)例35朗肯循環(huán)系統(tǒng)原理圖Kalina循環(huán)與朗肯循環(huán)比較36Kalina循環(huán)系統(tǒng)原理圖富氨基液貧氨Kalina循環(huán)與朗肯循環(huán)比較37Kalina循環(huán)與傳統(tǒng)發(fā)電循環(huán)的比較

(一)與傳統(tǒng)水蒸氣朗肯循環(huán)相比，氨水工質(zhì)的沸點(diǎn)比較低，易于蒸發(fā)，在較低的熱源加熱下就能夠達(dá)到蒸汽狀態(tài)，所以可以利用其回收中低溫的地?zé)嵩促Y源;（二）實(shí)際有機(jī)純工質(zhì)的的蒸發(fā)過程是等溫蒸發(fā)，不能緊密配合中低溫?zé)嵩吹姆艧徇^程，造成換熱平均溫差較大，不可逆損失增加，而氨水作為混合工質(zhì)，其蒸發(fā)冷凝過程中是變溫過程，存在溫度滑移，先對(duì)于純工質(zhì)而言，這使得其在換熱過程中能很好的與熱源變溫特性相匹配，從而減小換熱過程中的不可逆損失，提高熱能利用效率。（三）冷凝過程中，純工質(zhì)屬于等溫冷凝，不可逆損失相對(duì)較大，但在氨水混合工質(zhì)冷凝過程中，溫度產(chǎn)生滑移，不可逆損失相對(duì)較小，提高熱能利用效率。（四）與有機(jī)朗肯循環(huán)相比，氨水屬于自然工質(zhì)，價(jià)格便宜，易于獲得，其對(duì)環(huán)境破壞力較弱，環(huán)保性能由于有機(jī)工質(zhì)；（五）另外氨的分子數(shù)與水的分子數(shù)相差非常小，所以氨水蒸汽蒸汽透平在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)上可以借鑒技術(shù)已經(jīng)相對(duì)成熟的蒸汽透平設(shè)計(jì)。（在一定程度上使氨水透平快速展）（六）Kalina循環(huán)比傳統(tǒng)的蒸汽式朗肯循環(huán)的熱效率要高。38優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)參數(shù)系統(tǒng)功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)39優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（一）系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的優(yōu)化選擇：卡琳娜循環(huán)中影響系統(tǒng)的主要參數(shù)有基本氨水濃度蒸發(fā)壓力（即汽輪機(jī)入口壓力），冷源溫度，熱源溫度等。下面討論過程均在其他參數(shù)不變的情況下，分析單一參數(shù)對(duì)循環(huán)性能的影響，從而確定最佳循環(huán)參數(shù)。[中低溫?zé)嵩吹目漳妊h(huán)系統(tǒng)分析及優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)]作者孟金英40優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（一）基本氨水工質(zhì)濃度對(duì)循環(huán)性能的影響?？漳妊h(huán)的初始給定條件41優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（一）凈輸出功和基液濃度的關(guān)系從做功量的角度分析42優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（一）系統(tǒng)熱效率與基液濃度的關(guān)系從熱力學(xué)第一定律角度分析43優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（一）系統(tǒng)火用效率與基液濃度關(guān)系從熱力學(xué)第二定律角度分析44優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（二）卡琳娜功冷聯(lián)供系統(tǒng)在卡琳娜循環(huán)中，從分離器流出的貧氨溶液屬于高溫高壓流體，而回?zé)崞鞯脑O(shè)置僅僅對(duì)其熱能進(jìn)行了利用，但在流體經(jīng)過節(jié)流閥節(jié)流降壓過程中，導(dǎo)致大量高能的損失，如果能將這一部分能量加以回收利用，將隨提高系統(tǒng)性能有重要的意義。目前對(duì)于高壓能回收利用的主要方式有汽輪機(jī)兩相膨脹機(jī)和噴射器，這里采用的是噴射器?？漳裙渎?lián)供系統(tǒng)原理圖45優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（二）噴射器結(jié)構(gòu)原理圖46優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（三）一次抽氣回?zé)崾終CS34-X原理圖一次抽氣回?zé)崾終CS34-X，高濃度氨飽和蒸汽進(jìn)入透平，絕熱膨脹做功，抽出流量系數(shù)為α的蒸汽引入加熱器，其余的（1-α）的蒸汽繼續(xù)膨脹做功到乏氣壓力。乏汽進(jìn)入混合后進(jìn)入冷凝器，冷凝成飽和液體，經(jīng)泵1升壓后在加熱器中與α的抽氣混合，流出加熱起的工質(zhì)為飽和液體，經(jīng)泵2升壓后進(jìn)入換熱器，完成整個(gè)循環(huán)過程47優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（三）一次抽氣二次抽氣分級(jí)抽氣回?zé)崾終CS34-Y原理圖分級(jí)抽汽回?zé)崾終CS34-Y，高濃度氨飽和蒸汽進(jìn)入透平，絕熱膨脹做功，抽出流量系數(shù)為α的蒸汽引入加熱器，其余的（1-α）的蒸汽繼續(xù)膨脹，在一定壓力下再抽出流量系數(shù)為β的蒸汽，剩余蒸汽繼續(xù)膨脹至乏汽壓力。乏汽與來(lái)自分離器的貧氨溶液混合，經(jīng)冷凝器冷凝，由泵升壓后與二次抽汽氣體混合，經(jīng)泵加壓后進(jìn)入加熱器2，由一次抽汽的氣體加熱，經(jīng)泵3加壓進(jìn)入換熱器，完成整個(gè)循環(huán)。48優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)朗肯循環(huán)Kalina循環(huán)+吸收式制冷的部分原理49優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)Kalina循環(huán)Kalina功冷聯(lián)供循環(huán)+氨水蒸發(fā)式制冷50優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)Kalina循環(huán)+一次抽汽式朗肯循環(huán)一次抽汽式Kalina循環(huán)51優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)Kalina循環(huán)多級(jí)抽汽式Kalina循環(huán)+多級(jí)抽汽回?zé)崾嚼士涎h(huán)52

地源熱泵技術(shù)53地源熱泵技術(shù)行業(yè)背景1、隨著人們的生活水平不斷提高，對(duì)建筑環(huán)境的要求也越來(lái)越高。暖通空調(diào)作為高層建筑必不可少的機(jī)電設(shè)備，在給人們營(yíng)造了舒適的居住環(huán)境的同時(shí)，也造成了極大的能源浪費(fèi)。（我國(guó)：暖通空調(diào)能耗/全國(guó)總能耗22.75%）2、地源熱泵技術(shù)是一種利用地源能作為熱泵夏季制冷的冷卻源、冬季采暖供熱的低溫?zé)嵩吹南到y(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)向建筑物提供采暖、制冷和生活熱水的高效節(jié)能環(huán)保型空調(diào)技術(shù)。它用來(lái)替代傳統(tǒng)的用制冷機(jī)和鍋爐進(jìn)行空調(diào)、采暖和供熱的模式，是改善城市大氣環(huán)境和節(jié)約能源的一種有效途徑，也是地源能利用的一個(gè)新發(fā)展方向。

我國(guó)地源熱泵技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展探討_湯志遠(yuǎn)中國(guó)地源熱泵技術(shù)發(fā)展與展望_徐偉54地源熱泵系統(tǒng)的分類根據(jù)地?zé)崮芟到y(tǒng)形式的不同，地源熱泵系統(tǒng)可分為：①地埋管地源熱泵系統(tǒng)：利用地下巖土層中熱量進(jìn)行閉路循環(huán)的熱泵系統(tǒng)。熱泵的換熱器埋于地下，與大地進(jìn)行冷熱交換。②地下水地源熱泵系統(tǒng)：熱源是從水井或廢棄的礦井中抽取的地下水。最常用的系統(tǒng)形式是采用一側(cè)連接地下水，一側(cè)連接熱泵機(jī)組（板式換熱器）。③地表水地源熱泵系統(tǒng)：熱源是池塘、湖泊或河溪中的地表水。中國(guó)地源熱泵技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)_徐偉55國(guó)外地源熱泵發(fā)展歷程1、1912年，瑞士的H．Zoelly首次提出利用淺層地?zé)崮茏鳛闊岜孟到y(tǒng)低溫?zé)嵩吹母拍?。（一次能源充足?、20世紀(jì)50年代，美國(guó)和歐洲國(guó)家開始研究和利用地源熱泵，但熱泵系統(tǒng)相對(duì)利用成本較高，并沒有得到推廣。（一次能源價(jià)格較低）3、1973年至今，由于石油危機(jī)的出現(xiàn)和環(huán)境的惡化，美國(guó)和歐洲加大了對(duì)地源熱泵的研究和利用。（能源危機(jī)）F國(guó)際地源熱泵技術(shù)發(fā)展及工程應(yīng)用情況_張時(shí)聰一次能源供應(yīng)地源熱泵技術(shù)56國(guó)外地源熱泵發(fā)展概況1、早在20世紀(jì)50年代，美國(guó)市場(chǎng)上就開始出現(xiàn)以地下水或者河湖水作為熱源的地源熱泵系統(tǒng)，并用它來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)采暖。（直接式、腐蝕、使用年限較短）2、上世紀(jì)70年代末80年代初，在能源危機(jī)的促使下，人們又開始重新關(guān)注地下水源熱泵，通過技術(shù)改進(jìn)，地下水源熱泵得到廣泛利用。（歐洲板式換熱器，擴(kuò)大水源熱泵機(jī)組進(jìn)水溫度范圍）3、土壤源熱泵系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用：美國(guó)橡樹山和布魯克海文等國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室和研究機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)地下?lián)Q熱器的傳熱特性、土壤的熱物性、不同形式埋管換熱器性能的比較進(jìn)行了大量的研究。（地埋管為聚乙烯等塑料管、避免了腐蝕問題）4、1983~2010年美國(guó)地源熱泵年平均增長(zhǎng)率保持在保持在15%以上。F國(guó)際地源熱泵技術(shù)發(fā)展及工程應(yīng)用情況_張時(shí)聰57國(guó)外地源熱泵技術(shù)應(yīng)用和研究概況國(guó)際地源熱泵技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)展的關(guān)注點(diǎn)：系統(tǒng)的研究（提高效率、冷熱聯(lián)供）部件的研究（減少熱阻、制冷劑、壓縮機(jī)性能）輔助設(shè)計(jì)軟件的研究（數(shù)值模擬）環(huán)保節(jié)能地源熱泵技術(shù)應(yīng)用研究_仉安娜58我國(guó)地源熱泵發(fā)展歷程地源熱泵在我國(guó)的發(fā)展可以分為三個(gè)階段：

起步階段（20世紀(jì)80年代—21世紀(jì)初）一些高等院校開始了關(guān)于地?zé)峁┡睦碚撆c實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，1989年，青島建筑工程學(xué)院和瑞典皇家工學(xué)院建立了第一個(gè)關(guān)于水平埋管的地埋管地源熱泵實(shí)驗(yàn)室。推廣階段（21世紀(jì)初-2004年）進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)后，地源熱泵在中國(guó)的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛，相關(guān)科學(xué)研究也極其活躍，有關(guān)熱泵的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量劇增。2000年~2003年平均專利為1989-1999年平均專利的4.9倍。

中國(guó)地源熱泵發(fā)展研究報(bào)告_徐偉59我國(guó)地源熱泵發(fā)展歷程

快速發(fā)展階段（2005年---至今）從全國(guó)范圍看來(lái)，現(xiàn)有工程數(shù)量已經(jīng)達(dá)到7000多個(gè)，總面積達(dá)1.39億，80%的項(xiàng)目集中在我國(guó)華北和東北南部地區(qū)。2010年上海世博場(chǎng)館和2008年的北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)場(chǎng)館為我國(guó)地源熱泵技術(shù)應(yīng)用最為成功的典范。中國(guó)地源熱泵發(fā)展研究報(bào)告_徐偉60我國(guó)地源熱泵發(fā)展特點(diǎn)1、覆蓋面廣，各種建筑類型都有應(yīng)用2、各種熱泵系統(tǒng)類型均有應(yīng)用3、用于北方供熱居多4、用于城市城郊居多，農(nóng)村很少

中國(guó)地源熱泵技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)展情況調(diào)查報(bào)告_呂悅61我國(guó)地源熱泵技術(shù)應(yīng)用概況1、淺層地?zé)崮苷{(diào)查評(píng)價(jià)2、鉆孔熱反應(yīng)測(cè)試技術(shù)：地層熱物性現(xiàn)場(chǎng)原位測(cè)試技術(shù)，包括地層導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)和鉆孔熱阻3、高效地下熱交換井技術(shù)：地下?lián)Q熱器的類型、回填材料的性能4、地源熱泵與太陽(yáng)能聯(lián)合技術(shù)：利用太陽(yáng)能等其他能源作為輔助供熱或者進(jìn)行地下儲(chǔ)能,可大幅度提高地源熱泵系統(tǒng)的效率

我國(guó)地源熱泵技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展探討_湯志遠(yuǎn)62ThermodynamicPrinciplesADCBTST2T1S1S2T1T2Q1Q2WHightemperatureLowtemperature0

Figure1.

ACarnotcycleactingasaheatengine,illustratedonatemperature-entropydiagram.Figure2.

AclassicalCarnotheatengineEngineeringThermodynamicsCarnotcycleCarnotheatengine63ThermodynamicPrinciplesADCBTST2T1S1S2T2T1Q2Q1WLowtemperatureHightemperature0

Figure3.

AreverseCarnotcycleactingasarefrigeratororaheatpump,illustratedonatemperature-entropydiagram.Figure4.

ArefrigeratororheatpumpEngineeringThermodynamicsReverseCarnotcycleRefrigerator/Heatpump64WorkingprinciplesFancoilorradiatorwaterFigure5.GroundsourceheatpumpheatingsystemHeating65WorkingprinciplesFigure6.GroundsourceheatpumpcoolingsystemFancoilorradiatorwaterCooling66WorkingMediumDifferenttypesofworkingmedium67WorkingMediumStudyontheperformanceofagroundsourceheatpumpusingR22andit’sSubstitutes

SubstitutescomponentsconcentrationsR404AR407CR125/R134a/R143aR32/R125/R134a44/52/423/25/52R410AR410BR32/R125R32/R12550/5045/55Table1

R22SubstitutesrecommendedbyASHRAER22＆It’sSubstitutesTable2

R22SubstitutesrecommendedbyARISubstitutesconcentrationsR290R134a------------R717R32/R134aR32/R227ea------30/7035/6568WorkingMediumThermalperformance(Summer)COP

StudyontheperformanceofagroundsourceheatpumpusingR22andit’sSubstitutes

Resultanalysis:BothR22and

it’sSubstituteshavesimilarcoolingcoefficient(R717(NH3)>R32/R134a>R134a>R22>R290>R407c>R32/227ea>R404a>R410A>R410B)R22sharesthesimilarvolumerefrigeratingcapacitywithR717(NH3),R32/227ea,R404a,R407c,

R32/R134aHighest:R410A>R410BLowest:R290>R134aEvaporationtemperature/℃Evaporationtemperature/℃69WorkingMediumStudyontheperformanceofagroundsourceheatpumpusingR22andit’sSubstitutes

TypicalPerformanceComparison（summer）CoolingcoefficientCondensationpressure/kPaEvaporationpressure/kPaPressureratioCondensationphasetransitiontemperature

/℃Evaporationphasetransitiontemperature/℃Exhausttemperature/℃Table3

ComparativedateforR22andalternativesforTc=35℃andTe=5℃

Overcooling

degree

=5℃,Overheatingdegree=5℃,Adiabaticefficiencyofcompressor=78％70WorkingMediumCOP

StudyontheperformanceofagroundsourceheatpumpusingR22andit’sSubstitutes

Resultanalysis:BothR22and

it’sSubstituteshavesimilarheatingcoefficient(R717(NH3)>R32/R134a>R134a>R22>R290>R407c>R32/227ea>R404a>R410A>R410B)R22sharesthesimilarvolumeheatingcapacitywithR717(NH3),R32/227ea,R404a,R407c,R32/R134aHighest:R410A>R410BLowest:R290>R134aThermalperformance(Winter)Condensingtemperature/℃Condensingtemperature/℃71WorkingMediumStudyontheperformanceofagroundsourceheatpumpusingR22andit’sSubstitutes

TypicalPerformanceComparison（winter）HeatingcoefficientCondensationpressure/kPaEvaporationpressure

/kPaPressureratioCondensationphasetransitiontemperature

/℃Evaporationphasetransitiontemperature/℃Exhausttemperature/℃Table4

ComparativedateforR22andalternativesforTc=55℃andTe=5℃Overcooling

degree

=5℃,Overheatingdegree=5℃,Adiabaticefficiencyofcompressor=78％72WorkingMediumStudyontheperformanceofagroundsourceheatpumpusingR22andit’sSubstitutes

ResultsWhenGSHPoperatedwithinit’sworkingtemperature:Coolingcoefficientreached5insummerHeatingcoefficientreached4inwinterAllofthesubstitutessharethesimilarCOPwithR22,buttheirthermalperformances

aredifferent.R32/R134a,R407c,R404aareidealsubstitutesofR2273Applic